Six sigma is a business methodology for improving quality by reducing defects. It uses statistical tools to measure quality and aims for 3.4 defects per million opportunities. The document outlines the define, measure, analyze, design, and verify phases of a six sigma project. Key tools discussed include stakeholder analysis, Kano modeling, failure mode effects analysis, and control plans. The overall goal is to identify and address root causes of defects in order to achieve process improvements and benefits.

2. Presented by:
Mohammad Abdullah
(Statistics Department PU LAHORE)

4. Six sigma
Six sigma is a business method for improving quality by removing defects and their causes
in business process activities
 The method uses different statistical tools to measure
 3.4 defects per million produce when we achieve the 6σ level

8. Define Phase Tools
 Surveys & Questionnaires
 Project Charter
 Stakeholder analysis
 Tree Diagram

9. Key delivers by Define Phase
 Project description
 Smart goal
 High level project plan defined
 Team launched

10. Stakeholder
Any person or organisation who can be positively or negatively
impacted by, or cause an impact on the actions of a company.
(Freeman, 1984)
They are:

11. Stakeholder Mapping
 Helps to identify which stakeholders may support or
oppose change / organisation’s actions
 Which stakeholders are the most powerful, have most
influence
 Help decision makers formalise / prioritise strategies

12. Power/Interest Matrix
 Classifies stakeholders in relation to their power and the extent to which they
are likely to show interest in the actions of the organisation.
 Can be used to indicate the nature of the relationship which should be adopted
with each group

13. Check Power & Interest

14. Power / Interest Matrix
 Stakeholders in group A: Need only minimum effort an monitoring
 Stakeholders in group B: Should be kept informed as they may be able to
influence more powerful stakeholders
 Stakeholders in group C: Are powerful, but level of interest is low. Generally
expected to be passive, but may move into group D on an issue of particular
interest
 Stakeholders in group D: Are both powerful and interested. Their co-operation
is of key importance for new strategies

15. Measure Phase Tools
 Check Sheets
 KANO Model
 Input/output Process Maps
 Benchmarking

16. KANO Model
The Kano model is a theory developed in the 1980s
by Professor Noriaki Kano.

17. KANO Model Process
Research
Analyze &
Brainstorm
Plot &
Diagram
Strategize
•Research available
data sources
•Determine data
collection strategy
•Design data
collection
instruments
•Collect and
summarize data
•Analyze results
from data
collection
•Brainstorm list of
features and
functionality
•Develop Functional
and Dysfunctional
Questionnaire
•Distribute
Questionnaire
•Develop
Customer
Requirement
Matrix
•Record
Questionnaire
results in Matrix
and Summarize
•Plot results on
Kano Model
•Determine
Project selection
•Product
Development
•Service
Development
•Identify
Marketing
Strategy

18. KANO Model have 3 attributes with
Respect to customer Satisfaction Level

20. Analyze Phase
 Kaizen
 Financial and Operational Analysis
 Design of Experiment
 Non Parametric Tests
 NVA Process (Non value added)

21. Key Delivers
 Define achievable benefits
 Identifies Non value added products in process
 Identifies the root causes

22. KAIZEN
 KAIZEN is a Japanese word means change (KAI) to become good (ZEN)
 KAIZEN means Improvement. Improvements without spending much money,
involving everyone from managers to employees, and using much common
sense.

23. History
In the decade of 1980, management techniques focusing on employee
involvement, and empowerment through teamwork approach and interactive
communications.
On improving job design were not new, but Japanese companies seemed to
implement such techniques much more effectively than others .

27. Example

28. Design Phase
 DFMEA (Design Failure Mode Effects Analysis)
 TRIZ
 Process Scorecard

29. “TRIZ” A Russian acronym

30. TRIZ is based on two basic principles
1) Somebody, sometime, somewhere has
already solved your problem or one similar to it.
2) Creativity means finding that solution and
adapting it to the current problem.Don’t accept
contradictions. Resolve them

32. Fundamentals of TRIZ
2
General Problem
3
General Solutions
1
Specific Problem
4
Solution to Specific
Problem
AnalogyAbstraction

33. Example
“I want to create a uniform flow with Gas A & B, but I can’t because GAS C will
contaminate it when it is blown in to visualize flame extinction.
This uses Physical Contradiction rather than the Technical Contradiction just
described.

34. Verify Phase
Tools
 Control Plan
 Performance Score Card
 Summary score card
 Pilot run

35. Control Plan
In the world of quality management, a control plan is a written summary of the
process that lays out in detail the steps to be taken to maintain a process or a device
operating at the current level of performance.
Control plans include a description of each step in the process, and the parameters
that need to be kept in check to ensure there are no excessive deviations from mean
performance or variation in a batch of products.
Control Plans are extensively utilized by Six Sigma Professionals and are an integral
part of the Six Sigma set of methodologies.

38. Finally