The Roy Adaptation Model (RAM) was developed by Sister Callista Roy, a nurse theorist best known for creating this theoretical approach to nursing. RAM views the person as an adaptive system that responds to environmental changes. The four main concepts in RAM are the person, environment, health, and nursing. The goal of nursing according to RAM is to promote the person's adaptation. Nurses assess a person's adaptive abilities and develop plans to help them positively adapt to their environment in order to achieve health, quality of life, and dignity.
Martha Rogers’s Science of Unitary Human Beings...simplified...with a case sc...Karen V. Duhamel
This PowerPoint is a comprehensive overview of Martha Rogers's abstract conceptual model of the Science of Unitary Human Beings, with a simplified description of her model, including a case scenario illustrating key conceptual principles.
This is the Roy Adaptation Model presented by Callista Roy.
This presentation includes assumptions of the theory, major concepts,meta paradigms and theory's strengths and weaknesses. It also includes the types of stimuli and coping systems of theory.
Orem's theory viewed nursing as an act of helping those who are self care deficit with best nursing care. She described her theory into three interrelated concepts, viz., Theory of self care , Theory of self care deficit, Theory of nursing system.
This Slide Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Philosophy Subjects for the Degree of Master of Nursing (International Program) Prince of Songkla University 2020
Martha Rogers’s Science of Unitary Human Beings...simplified...with a case sc...Karen V. Duhamel
This PowerPoint is a comprehensive overview of Martha Rogers's abstract conceptual model of the Science of Unitary Human Beings, with a simplified description of her model, including a case scenario illustrating key conceptual principles.
This is the Roy Adaptation Model presented by Callista Roy.
This presentation includes assumptions of the theory, major concepts,meta paradigms and theory's strengths and weaknesses. It also includes the types of stimuli and coping systems of theory.
Orem's theory viewed nursing as an act of helping those who are self care deficit with best nursing care. She described her theory into three interrelated concepts, viz., Theory of self care , Theory of self care deficit, Theory of nursing system.
This Slide Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Philosophy Subjects for the Degree of Master of Nursing (International Program) Prince of Songkla University 2020
The Roy Adaptation Model sees the person as a biopsychosocial being in continuous interaction with a changing environment. The environment includes focal, contextual and residual stimuli. A focal stimulus is the confrontation with one's internal and external environment.
UNIT-IV M.Sc I year THEORIES APPLIED IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING.pptxanjalatchi
What are theories and models of nursing?
Image result for community health nursing theories and models
Four major concepts are frequently interrelated and fundamental to nursing theory: person, environment, health, and nursing. These four are collectively referred to as metaparadigm for nursing. Person, Nursing, Environment, and Health – the four main concepts that make up the nursing metaparadigm.
The Roy Adaptation Model sees the person as a biopsychosocial being in continuous interaction with a changing environment. The environment includes focal, contextual and residual stimuli. A focal stimulus is the confrontation with one's internal and external environment.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
1. Sister Callista Roy RN, Ph.D., is a nurse theorist, college professor, researcher,
writer, and lecturer. She is best known for the development of the Roy
Adaptation Model (RAM). RAM is a theoretical approach to nursing and is widely
used in nursing practice, education, and research. One of her core values is the
belief in the basic human good of people.
Callista Roy was born on October 14, 1939 in Los Angeles, California. She is the 2nd of fourteen
children in her family. During her high school years, she was fortunate to work as a nurse’s aide
at the hospital where her mother worked as a nurse. Upon graduating high school, she entered
the Sister of St. Joseph of Carondelet. Sister Callista Roy received a four-year scholarship to
Mount Saint Mary’s College in Los Angeles, where she received her Bachelor of Arts with a
major in nursing in 1963. She worked one year as a staff nurse in Tucson, Arizona working in
pediatrics. She then started to work on her Master's Degree at UCLA. After receiving her
Master's Degree in pediatric nursing in 1966, Sister Callista Roy returned to her Alma Mater
Mount Saint Mary's College, where she taught on and off for seventeen years. In 1975, she
received a Master's in Sociology from UCLA, followed by her Doctoral Degree in Sociology in
1977. Dr. Roy received one of the very first Postdoctoral Fellowships from the Robert Wood
Johnson Foundation. She conducted her postdoctoral studies at the University of California in
San Francisco focusing on neuroscience nursing. (Alumni UCLA, 2012 UCLA awards; Boston
College, 2013. Featured faculty; UCDenver, 2012. Nurse theorists portraits of excellence)
2. While Sister Callista Roy was working as a pediatric nurse, she noticed how
children were able to adapt to physical and psychological experiences. This led
to her creation of the Roy Adaptation Model. The model gives a path for what
nurses can do to help patients deal with health challenges. The Roy Adaptation
Model was first published in 1970. (Sacred Heart University, 2013. Nursing
grand theory and theorists; Masters, 2012)
Today Dr. Roy is a professor and nurse theorist at Boston College where
she has been for the last twenty-six years. She is also a Faculty Senior
Nurse Scientist at Massachusetts General Hospital. Roy continues to
refine and redefine the Roy Adaptation Model. Dr. Roy has over 130
publications including twelve books, many of which have been
translated into other languages. Roy has presented lectures and
workshops in over thirty countries on topics related to nursing theory,
research curriculum, clinical practice, and professional trends in nursing.
Dr. Roy has received many awards and accolades including:
o Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing
o Named a Living Legend by the American Academy of Nursing
o Inaugural member of the Sigma Theta Tau International Nurse
Researcher Hall of Fame (Alumni UCLA, 2012. UCLA awards; Boston
College, 2013. Featured faculty)
3. The Roy Adaptation Model (RAM) is one of the most applied models in nursing practice, research, and
education today. The central concept of RAM is that the person is an adaptive system that needs to respond
positively to the environmental changes of focal, contextual, and residual stimuli. Dr. Roy proposed that the
goal of nursing was promoting patient adaptation.
Four elements are included in the Roy Adaptation Model: person, nursing, health, and environment. People
are seen as living adaptive systems and their behaviors may be classified as either adaptive responses or
ineffective responses. According to the Roy Adaptation Model, the goal of nursing is to promote adaptive
responses with respect to the four adaptive modes: 1) Physiological/physical, 2) Self-concept/group identity,
3) Role function, and 4) Interdependence. Health is the process of being able to meet the goals of survival,
growth, reproduction, and mastery. The environment is composed of the internal and external stimuli that
exist around an individual. (Boston College, 2013. The Roy adaptation model; Current Nursing, 2012. Roy’s
adaptation model)
4. Person: In nursing care, the main focus is the person who is the recipient of the care. RAM focuses on the
metaparadigm of person as a holistic adaptive system with coping mechanisms manifested by four adaptive
modes: physiologic, self concept, role concept, and interdependence. This system is described as a whole
compromised of parts that functions as a unity for some purpose. It includes people as individuals or in groups
(families, organizations, communities, nations, and society as a whole).
1. Physiologic: The physiologic mode deals with the maintenance of the physical body.
-In the individual, there are five needs:
1. Oxygenation
2. Nutrition
3. Elimination
4. Activity
5. Rest and protection
-There are also four regulatory processes:
1. The senses
2. Fluids and electrolytes
3. Neurologic
4. Endocrine functions
2. Self Concept: The self concept mode deals with the maintenance of the mind. The person's perception of
his or her physical and personal self are included in this mode.
3. Role Function: Roles that individuals occupy in society, fulfilling the need for social integrity such as role
development, instrumental and expressive behaviors, and role taking process. This addresses people's
adaptations to different role changes that occur throughout a lifetime. It is knowing who one is in relation to
others.
4. Interdependence: The close relationships of people and their purpose, structure, and development
individually and in groups. It involves ways of seeking help, affection, and attention. It is the ability to love,
respect, value, and accept. (Boston College, 2013. The Roy adaptation model; Current Nursing, 2012. Roy’s
adaptation model; Masters, 2012)
5. Environment: A person's environment is in constant change. Dr. Roy's model
relates to the metaparadigm of environment in that in order to respond
positively to one's changing environment, they must adapt to all the stimuli they
encounter. The goal of nursing care is to help the patients to adopt positive
responses to the various stimuli of their environment. A patient's environment
includes both internal and external stimuli consisting of all conditions,
circumstances, and influences that surround and affect the development and
behavior of people and groups with particular consideration of mutuality of
person and earth resources. These may be viewed as inputs into the adaptive
model that affect transformation. The environment has three components:
Focal: Stimuli that is internal or external and immediately confronts the person
Contextual: All stimuli present in the situation that all contribute to the effect of
the focal stimulus
Residual: Stimuli whose effects in the current situation are unclear
Nursing should promote adaption interventions to help the patients respond
positively to the stimuli of their environment so as to contribute to their overall
health and quality of life. (Boston College, 2013. The Roy adaptation model;
Current Nursing, 2012. Roy’s adaptation model; Masters, 2012)
6. Health: The Roy Adaptation Model focuses on the metaparadigm of health on
the process and outcome of adaptation. A person's health will be influenced
by his or her adaptive abilities to:
• Inevitable dimension of person's life
• Represented by a health-illness continuum
• A state and a process of being and becoming integrated and whole,
reflecting a person and environment mutuality
Roy wrote about health existing as a continuum in her early writings. However,
she now views this conceptualization of health as “simplistic and unrealistic
since it does not accommodate the existence of wellness and illness, and
excludes individuals with chronic disabilities or terminal illness who are
dealing effectively with life’s challenges, in spite of their conditions.” (Masters,
2012)
Roy’s writing began to focus on health as a process in which illness and health
can coexist. (Roy, 2009)
7. Nursing: The Roy Adaptation Model is extremely useful in nursing. Nursing is the science and practice that
expands adaptive abilities and enhances person and environment transformation. (Roy, 2009) The goal of
promoting adaptation contributes to the patients’ health, quality of life, and dying with dignity. In order to achieve
these goals, the nurse must determine an individual’s ability to adapt. The nurse can make this determination by
thoroughly assessing behaviors as well as identifying factors that could potentially inhibit the patient’s adaptation
ability.
To incorporate Roy’s adaptive model into practice, the following 6 steps should be used:
1. Assess the behaviors from the four adaptive modes using observational skills, intuition, accurate measurements,
and interviewing skills:
o Physiological – physical
o Self-concept – group
o Role function
o Interdependence
2. Assess and categorize the stimuli for those behaviors into the following categories:
o Focal: Stimuli that is internal or external and immediately confronts the person
o Contextual: All stimuli present in the situation that all contribute to the effect of the focal stimulus
o Residual: Stimuli whose effects in the current situation are unclear (Boston College, 2012)
3. Make a nursing diagnosis based on the persons adaptive state:
o The wording of the diagnosis is a key facilitator in the development of goals
4. Set goals to promote adaptation:
o Goals should identify the behavior to be observed in addition to the way the behavior is expected to change
5. Implement interventions aimed at managing stimuli to promote adaptation:
o Interventions can include changing of stimuli and/or strengthening the adaptive processes
o During this phase, the nurse should work in collaboration with the patient to determine what outcomes are
considered desirable vs. undesirable
6. Evaluate achievement of adaptive goals:
o The nurse employs the skills of observation, intuition, measurement, and interviewing to evaluate and
8. Nurses can use The Roy Adaptation Model (RAM) in the treatment of their patients to gather
data, discover the needs of the patient's adaptive system, develop nursing care, and evaluate
the effectiveness of the care provided. An application of this model in practice can be seen in
the following example. A nurse is caring for a young patient named Julie with Type I
diabetes. With help from her mom, Julie did a good job managing her diabetes from early
age. Now in her teenage years, she is not managing her diabetes as well. RAM can be used by a
nurse in the care of Julie by:
o Adaptation: How is Julie coping with being a teenager in high school having to take insulin
injections?
o Person: How does Julie see herself in comparison to her friends that do not have diabetes?
o Environment: How is being a teenager and the friendships developed in high school influence
Julie's management of her diabetes?
o Health: How is Julie's management of her diabetes affecting her overall health?
o Nursing: As a nurse, what nursing care plan can I develop to help Julie now that she is a
teenager facing new challenges with being a diabetic? What is the nursing diagnosis and what
interventions can be implemented? What goals can we set, and how will we measure the
effectiveness of the nursing care?
9. Adaptive Modes:
o Physiological – physical > Compromised level of adaptation, shown in blood glucose level
o Self-concept – > Compensates for feeling different – does not tell friends she
group identity has diabetes
o Role function > Her roles are beginning to change – will change more
throughout high school
o Interdependence > Good relationship with parents, but wants to handle things
herself
A nurse can use RAM as a tool to speak with Julie to see how she is dealing with rapid periods of
growth, influences from peers, more activities away from home, and new stresses at school. All
of these issues (stimuli) can be affecting how Julie is now managing her diabetes. The nurse and
Julie can work together on a plan that will help Julie adapt as a person who is now a teenager
experiencing a new environment with changing influences, as well as new challenges to her
health. The nurse can develop a nursing plan with specific goals that will help contribute in a
positive way to Julie's health and overall well being. This plan should help Julie attain her goal of
becoming an expert on managing her diabetes throughout her teen-age years.
10.
11. Alumni UCLA (2012). UCLA awards. Retrieved from
http://alumni.ucla.edu/share/ucla-awards/bio/callista-roy.aspx
Boston College (2013). Featured faculty theorist. Retrieved from
http://www.bc.edu/schools/son/faculty/featured/theorist.html
Boston College (2013). The Roy adaptation model. Retrieved from
http://www.bc.edu/content/bc/schools/son/faculty/featured/theorist/Roy_Adaptation_Model.html
Current Nursing (2012). Roy’s adaptation model. Retrieved from
http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Roy_adaptation_model.html
Masters, K. (2012). Roy Adaption Model: Sister Callista Roy. Nursing theories: a framework for professional practice (p. 128).
Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Roy, Sr. C. (2009). The Roy adaption model (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Sacred Heart University (2013). Nursing grand theory and theorists. Retrieved from
http://nursingtheoryandtheoristsroyorem.weebly.com/about-sr-callista-roy.html
UC Denver (2012). Nurse theorists portraits of excellence, vol. 1 Callista Roy adaptation model. Retrieved from
http://www.fitne.net.hsl-ezproxy.ucdenver.edu/vlrc/user/content/nt_cr/index.html
Figure 1 retrieved from http://aquichan.unisabana.edu.co/index.php/aquichan/article/view/1527/1974
Photo image retrieved from http://knowledgenurse.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/callista_roy.png