The document discusses the human digestive system. It defines the digestive system as the system of organs that receives food from outside the body and prepares it for absorption. The two main divisions are the alimentary tube (mouth to anus) and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. Mechanical digestion is the physical breaking of food into smaller pieces through chewing. Chemical digestion uses enzymes to break down complex nutrients into simpler molecules that can be absorbed.

1. ANATOMI
FISIOLOGI
SISTEM
PENCERNAAN
MANUSIA
dr. Andika Eka Herlina

2. PENGERTIAN
 Sistem pencernaan adalah suatu sistem
organ yang bekerja menerima makanan
dari luar dan mempersiapkannya untuk
diserap oleh tubuh melalui rangkaian
proses tertentu baik secara mekanis
maupun enzimatik.

3. FUNGSI SISTEM PENCERNAAN
 The function of the digestive system is to
change these complex organic nutrient
molecules into simple organic and
inorganic molecules that can then be
absorbed into the blood or lymph to be
transported to cells (Scanlon, 2007)

4. BAGIAN SISTEM
PENCERNAAN
2 divisions of the digestive system are :
 The alimentary tube extends from the mouth
to the anus. It consists of the oral cavity, pharynx
(oropharynx), esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, and large intestine
 The accessory organs of digestion are the
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder,
and pancreas.
Digestion does not take place within these
organs, but each contributes something to the
digestive process
(Scanlon, 2007)

5. JENIS PROSES
PENCERNAAN
 Mechanical digestion is the physical breaking up of
food into smaller pieces.
Example: Chewing
 The work of the digestive enzymes is the chemical
digestion of broken-up food particles, in which complex
chemical molecules are changed into much simpler
chemicals that the body can utilize.
Such enzymes are specific with respect to the fat,
protein, or carbohydrate.
Example: protein-digesting enzymes work only on
proteins, not on carbohydrates or fats.
(Scanlon, 2007)

6. MOLEKUL ORGANIK DALAMMOLEKUL ORGANIK DALAM
MAKANANMAKANAN
 3 types of complex organic molecules
found in food are :
– Carbohydrates (amilum & disaccharides) 
are digested to maltose & monosaccharides
such as glucose, fructose, and galactose
– Proteins  amino acids
– Fats  fatty acids and glycerol
 Also part of food, and released during
digestion, are vitamins, minerals, and
water (Scanlon,2007)

7. SISTEM PENCERNAAN
 Oral cavity (teeth, tongue and the openings of
the ducts of the salivary glands)
 Pharynx
 Esophagus
 Stomach / Gaster (Cells: mucous, chief, parietal,
G)
 Small intestine (Cells: goblet, microvilli,
enteroendocrine; Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas)
 Large intestine
 Anus

8. ORAL CAVITY
 Batas Rongga Mulut :
– Superior : palatum durum (hard palates) &
palatum mole (soft palates)
– Lateral : mukosa pipi
– Inferior : dasar mulut
 Di dalam rongga mulut terdapat :
– Gigi geligi
– Lidah
– Muara kelenjar liur

9. ORAL CAVITY

10.  Teeth
– Fungsi : mengunyah (proses mekanik dimana
makanan diubah menjadi potongan-potongan yang
lebih kecil, sambil dicampur dengan air liur)
– Jenis gigi : sulung & permanen
– Sulung  20 gigi (incisivus, caninus, molar)
– Permanen  32 gigi (incisivus, caninus, premolar,
molar)
 Tongue
– Fungsi Lidah : membantu menggerakkan makanan
saat dikunyah / ditelan, pengecapan (indera perasa),
bicara

11.  Salivary glands
– Air liur / saliva = cairan pencernaan dalam
rongga mulut
– Muara dari : kelenjar parotis, submandibula,
sublingual
– Memicu sekresi saliva : makanan, benda
asing, bau makanan  parasimpatis
– Mengurangi sekresi : stress  simpatis
– Enzim Amylase : Amilum  Maltose
 Pharynx  reflex
– Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx
– Food passageways connecting oral cavity -
esophagus, no digestion

12.  Esophagus
– Peristaltik, no digestion.
– Lower esophageal sphincter
 Relax  bolus masuk ke lambung
 Kontraksi  mencegah cairan lambung masuk ke
esofagus

13. Stomach / GasterStomach / Gaster
Mucous cell  mucus
Parietal cell  HCl & faktor intrinsik
Chief cell  Pepsinogen
G cell  hormon Gastrin
HCl : Pepsinogen  pepsin
Pepsin : Polypeptide  peptide

14. Pencernaan Enzimatik
molekul organik
kompleks
Lokasi pencernaan Perubahan molekul yang terjadi
Karbohidrat 1. Mulut
2. Duodenum
3. Jejunum - Ileum
1. Amilum  maltosa (amylase saliva)
2. Amilum  maltosa (amylase pancreas)
3. Maltosa  glucosa + glucosa (maltase)
Laktosa  glucosa + galactosa (lactase)
Sukrosa  glucosa + fruktosa (sucrase)
Protein 1. Lambung
2. Duodenum
3. Jejunum - Ileum
1. Protein  polypeptide (pepsin)
2. Polypeptide  peptide (trypsin)
3. Peptide  asam amino (peptidase)
Lemak 1. Duodenum,
jejunum, ileum
1. Lipid  lipid teremulsi (garam empedu)
Lipid teremulsi  asam lemak + glycerol
(lipase)