Sinus and allergy
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This document discusses sinus and allergies (pratisyaya and peenasam) in Ayurveda. It defines allergies as an individual's sensitivity to usually harmless substances called allergens or antigens. Allergic rhinitis is the inflammation of the nasal passages caused by an allergic reaction to airborne substances, with symptoms like sneezing, nasal discharge, itchy eyes, and nasal congestion. When allergic rhinitis is neglected, it can lead to sinusitis (pratisyaya). Sinusitis is the inflammation of the sinus cavities between the nasal bones. Causes include exposure to dust/smoke, temperature extremes, improper diet and bowel/bladder habits. Treatment involves
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SINUS AND ALLERGY
• Individual sensitivity to a foreign substance that is usually harmless. These substances are called as allergens & antigen which is introduced in the immune system by a number of different routes.
• An allergic reaction can occur almost anywhere in the body. The symptom of reaction often occurs at the site of reaction.
Allergic rhinitis
This document defines allergic rhinitis and outlines its classification, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines allergic rhinitis as an IgE-mediated disease characterized by sneezing, nasal discharge, and congestion. It classifies allergic rhinitis as intermittent or persistent, and mild, moderate, or severe. Treatment includes allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy with corticosteroids, antihistamines, and immunotherapy, which involves administering increasing doses of allergens to reduce symptoms.
Allergic rhinitis symptoms signs treatment ent ppt
This document summarizes allergic rhinitis, including its causes, pathogenesis, symptoms, signs, diagnosis, complications, and treatment. Allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated immunologic response in the nasal mucosa to airborne allergens. It can be seasonal or perennial depending on the allergen. Symptoms include sneezing, nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, and itching. Diagnosis involves history, examination showing signs like nasal crease or edema, and tests like skin tests or RAST. Complications include sinusitis, nasal polyps, or asthma. Treatment options include avoidance of allergens, antihistamines, decongestants, corticosteroids,
SINUSITIS _POSITIVE HOMEOPATHY
A 24 years old female complains “my head feels heavy, can’t bend down, something tight feeling around the head, my nose is stuffed, and I cannot breath. I got very ill one winter, dizzy, fever, congestion, and ear infection, fatigue. My sinuses were constantly draining, green, thick mucus. Because I let it go so long thinking it was just a cold, it turned into Bronchitis and I was out of work for 2 weeks on a strong course of antibiotics.” this is what we hear most of them complaining. If we try to enquire about the past they give a history of recurrent cold or coryza. That is how a case of sinusitis presents.
Vasomotor and atrophic rhinitis
This document provides information about vasomotor and atrophic rhinitis:
1. It defines rhinitis as inflammation of the nasal lining characterized by symptoms like congestion, runny nose, sneezing, and itching.
2. It classifies rhinitis into allergic and non-allergic types, describing vasomotor rhinitis as a non-allergic, non-infectious form that clinically resembles allergic rhinitis.
3. It explains atrophic rhinitis as a chronic inflammatory condition where the nasal mucosa, glands, and bones are destroyed, leaving the nasal cavities widened with crusts.
allergic rhinitis
This document provides an overview of allergic rhinitis (hay fever). It defines allergic rhinitis as an inflammation of the nasal mucosa caused by an allergic reaction to airborne allergens like pollen, dust mites, or animal dander. Common symptoms include a runny nose, sneezing, nasal congestion, and itchy eyes. The document discusses the causes, risk factors, diagnosis through medical history and skin/blood tests, and potential complications like asthma, sinusitis, or sleep issues. Treatment options including medications and lifestyle changes are also mentioned.
Atrophic rhinitis and Allergic rhinitis-ENT 3rd MBBS
This document discusses ozaena and allergic rhinitis. It defines ozaena as a chronic inflammation of the nose characterized by nasal mucosa atrophy. It describes the primary atrophic and secondary causes. It also discusses the clinical features, investigations, and treatments for allergic rhinitis including antihistamines, corticosteroids, immunotherapy, and the ARIA classification system for intermittent vs persistent and mild vs moderate to severe disease.
Chronic sinuistis treatment in hyderabad
Get Sinusitis Prevention with advanced chronic sinusitis treatment In Hyderabad. Sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinuses, usually caused by infection.
Long Description:
If you have nasal congestion, facial pressure, cough, and thick nasal discharge, you may have rhinosinusitis, commonly known as sinusitis.
Your sinuses are hollow cavities in your cheek bones, around your eyes and behind your nose. They contain mucus, which helps to warm, moisturize and filter the air you breathe. When mucus usually prevents anything from drying out, infection can occur.
Acute sinusitis:
Acute sinusitis refers to the symptoms of sinusitis in less than four weeks. In most cases, the cold begins. Symptoms often go from one week to 10 days; But in some people, bacterial infection can develop.
Chronic sinusitis:
Chronic sinusitis, also called chronic rhinosinusitis, is often diagnosed when the symptoms are over 12 weeks, despite medical treatment.
People with allergic rhinitis or asthma are more likely to suffer from chronic sinusitis. When allergic rhinitis or asthma, the airways can become inflamed. Sinusitis infection, a fungus, nasal septum, nasal polyps or, in rare cases, an immune system deficiency.
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SINUS AND ALLERGY
• Individual sensitivity to a foreign substance that is usually harmless. These substances are called as allergens & antigen which is introduced in the immune system by a number of different routes.
• An allergic reaction can occur almost anywhere in the body. The symptom of reaction often occurs at the site of reaction.
Allergic rhinitis
This document defines allergic rhinitis and outlines its classification, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines allergic rhinitis as an IgE-mediated disease characterized by sneezing, nasal discharge, and congestion. It classifies allergic rhinitis as intermittent or persistent, and mild, moderate, or severe. Treatment includes allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy with corticosteroids, antihistamines, and immunotherapy, which involves administering increasing doses of allergens to reduce symptoms.
Allergic rhinitis symptoms signs treatment ent ppt
This document summarizes allergic rhinitis, including its causes, pathogenesis, symptoms, signs, diagnosis, complications, and treatment. Allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated immunologic response in the nasal mucosa to airborne allergens. It can be seasonal or perennial depending on the allergen. Symptoms include sneezing, nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, and itching. Diagnosis involves history, examination showing signs like nasal crease or edema, and tests like skin tests or RAST. Complications include sinusitis, nasal polyps, or asthma. Treatment options include avoidance of allergens, antihistamines, decongestants, corticosteroids,
SINUSITIS _POSITIVE HOMEOPATHY
A 24 years old female complains “my head feels heavy, can’t bend down, something tight feeling around the head, my nose is stuffed, and I cannot breath. I got very ill one winter, dizzy, fever, congestion, and ear infection, fatigue. My sinuses were constantly draining, green, thick mucus. Because I let it go so long thinking it was just a cold, it turned into Bronchitis and I was out of work for 2 weeks on a strong course of antibiotics.” this is what we hear most of them complaining. If we try to enquire about the past they give a history of recurrent cold or coryza. That is how a case of sinusitis presents.
Vasomotor and atrophic rhinitis
This document provides information about vasomotor and atrophic rhinitis:
1. It defines rhinitis as inflammation of the nasal lining characterized by symptoms like congestion, runny nose, sneezing, and itching.
2. It classifies rhinitis into allergic and non-allergic types, describing vasomotor rhinitis as a non-allergic, non-infectious form that clinically resembles allergic rhinitis.
3. It explains atrophic rhinitis as a chronic inflammatory condition where the nasal mucosa, glands, and bones are destroyed, leaving the nasal cavities widened with crusts.
allergic rhinitis
This document provides an overview of allergic rhinitis (hay fever). It defines allergic rhinitis as an inflammation of the nasal mucosa caused by an allergic reaction to airborne allergens like pollen, dust mites, or animal dander. Common symptoms include a runny nose, sneezing, nasal congestion, and itchy eyes. The document discusses the causes, risk factors, diagnosis through medical history and skin/blood tests, and potential complications like asthma, sinusitis, or sleep issues. Treatment options including medications and lifestyle changes are also mentioned.
Atrophic rhinitis and Allergic rhinitis-ENT 3rd MBBS
This document discusses ozaena and allergic rhinitis. It defines ozaena as a chronic inflammation of the nose characterized by nasal mucosa atrophy. It describes the primary atrophic and secondary causes. It also discusses the clinical features, investigations, and treatments for allergic rhinitis including antihistamines, corticosteroids, immunotherapy, and the ARIA classification system for intermittent vs persistent and mild vs moderate to severe disease.
Chronic sinuistis treatment in hyderabad
Get Sinusitis Prevention with advanced chronic sinusitis treatment In Hyderabad. Sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinuses, usually caused by infection.
Long Description:
If you have nasal congestion, facial pressure, cough, and thick nasal discharge, you may have rhinosinusitis, commonly known as sinusitis.
Your sinuses are hollow cavities in your cheek bones, around your eyes and behind your nose. They contain mucus, which helps to warm, moisturize and filter the air you breathe. When mucus usually prevents anything from drying out, infection can occur.
Acute sinusitis:
Acute sinusitis refers to the symptoms of sinusitis in less than four weeks. In most cases, the cold begins. Symptoms often go from one week to 10 days; But in some people, bacterial infection can develop.
Chronic sinusitis:
Chronic sinusitis, also called chronic rhinosinusitis, is often diagnosed when the symptoms are over 12 weeks, despite medical treatment.
People with allergic rhinitis or asthma are more likely to suffer from chronic sinusitis. When allergic rhinitis or asthma, the airways can become inflamed. Sinusitis infection, a fungus, nasal septum, nasal polyps or, in rare cases, an immune system deficiency.
Allergic rhinitis- Signs & symptoms, treatment & home remedies
Allergic rhinitis occurs seasonally or year-round.
Diagnosis involves history-taking, examination of the nasal passages and sometimes skin testing.
Over 400 million people suffer from allergic rhinitis around the world, which to a large extent remains underdiagnosed and undertreated.
In the United States it affects between 10-30% of the adult general population and up to 40% of children, making it the fifth most common chronic disease. Unfortunately the health and economic impact of allergic rhinitis historically has been grossly underestimated and it is only recently that rhinitis has been recognized as a serious issue with epidemic proportions. Direct medical costs in The US increased from $6.1 billion in 2000 to $11.2 billion in 2005, with an estimated productivity decrease of $600 per employee yearly; this cost is greater than diabetes, coronary heart disease and asthma. Indirect losses represent an even heavier burden in societies with emerging economies. In eight countries in the Asia Pacific region, the annual per-patient direct costs ranged from the equivalent of US$ 108 to US$ 1,010.62 Total per-patient costs, including productivity costs, ranged from US$ 184 to US$ 1,189. Thus, the cost of allergic rhinitis is enormous and widely under-appreciated.
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This document discusses different types of rhinitis including allergic, non-allergic, and infectious rhinitis. It defines rhinitis as inflammation of the nasal membranes characterized by sneezing, congestion, itching, and rhinorrhea. Allergic rhinitis is the most common cause and can be seasonal or perennial. Other types discussed include vasomotor, atrophic, and coryza (common cold) rhinitis. The document provides details on symptoms, signs, causes, pathology, and treatment for each type.
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Allergic rhinitis is a common disease caused by an IgE-mediated reaction to allergen exposure in the nasal mucosa. It affects 10-20% of the general population and is more prevalent in children and adolescents. Common symptoms include sneezing, nasal itching, rhinorrhea, and nasal blockage. Common allergens are indoor allergens like dust mites, pollen, and animals, as well as outdoor pollens. Treatment options include reducing turbinate size, correcting septal deviations, and functional endoscopic sinus surgery.
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This document provides an overview of allergic rhinitis. It defines allergic rhinitis as an IgE-mediated inflammation of the nasal membranes induced by allergen exposure. It notes the prevalence in different age groups. Clinical manifestations include sneezing, nasal congestion, and eye/ear symptoms. Allergic rhinitis negatively impacts quality of life through fatigue, sleep disorders, and impaired functioning. Diagnosis involves history, exam, and testing like skin prick tests. Management includes allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy like antihistamines, decongestants, leukotriene inhibitors, and intranasal corticosteroids which are the most effective treatment.
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Rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal cavity lining. It can be classified as allergic, infectious, or non-infectious non-allergic. Allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated response to allergens like pollen, dust mites, or animal dander. Symptoms include sneezing, runny nose, and nasal obstruction. Treatment involves avoidance of allergens, medications like antihistamines, nasal steroids, and immunotherapy. Infectious rhinitis can be acute or chronic and caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Non-allergic rhinitis may be due to intrinsic factors, drugs, hormonal changes, or rebound from nasal decon
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brief summary of Allergic rhinitis and its management
images on slideshow obtained from google search
Vasomotor rhinitis and other rhinitis
1. Vasomotor rhinitis is a non-allergic form of rhinitis characterized by symptoms like nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, and sneezing without an allergic cause.
2. It occurs due to an imbalance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems leading to hyperreactivity of the nasal mucosa.
3. Treatment includes avoidance of triggers, oral antihistamines, topical steroids, and addressing any psychological factors. Surgery may help if medical treatment fails.
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Common diseases of ear, nose and throat prevalent in community level populaton of Nepal.
These are the most common conditions that the people present in primary health center level.
The slide includes the short introduction and management of those conditions and primary preventive measures in case they are far away from well equipped hospitals.
Acute Sinusitis
Sinusitis is inflammation of the paranasal sinuses that can be acute or chronic. Acute sinusitis lasts less than 4 weeks and is usually caused by a viral infection leading to secondary bacterial infection when the sinus defenses are breached. It can be caused by infections, swimming/bathing, trauma, or general diseases. The osteomeatal complex is an important drainage site that when blocked can cause bacterial sinusitis. Treatment involves antibiotics, nasal decongestants, antihistamines, and anti-inflammatories while surgery is rarely needed and complications are common.
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This document provides an overview of allergic rhinitis including pathogenesis, triggers, treatment recommendations, and key takeaways. Globally important allergens include house dust mites, grass, tree and weed pollen, pets, cockroaches, and molds. Intranasal corticosteroids are the mainstay treatment, while allergen immunotherapy is effective for patients where pharmacologic therapy is not effective or tolerated. The document also discusses rhinitis in pregnancy and breastfeeding, differential diagnosis, allergen avoidance strategies, and when to refer to an ENT specialist.
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This document provides information on various upper respiratory diseases and disorders, including epistaxis (nosebleed), nasal obstruction, rhinitis, viral rhinitis (common cold), acute sinusitis, chronic sinusitis, and acute pharyngitis. It describes the causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. The key information provided includes that epistaxis is caused by ruptured blood vessels in the nose, nasal obstruction can be due to septal deviations or polyps, rhinitis involves nasal inflammation, and acute pharyngitis is usually caused by viral or bacterial infections.
Allergic rhinitis powerpointt
Allergic rhinitis is a very common disorder that affects people of all ages. It is frequently ignored, under diagnosed, misdiagnosed, and mistreated, which not only is detrimental to health but also has societal costs. Although allergic rhinitis is not a serious illness, it is clinically relevant because it underlies many complications, is a major risk factor for poor asthma control, and affects quality of life and productivity at work or school. Hidden direct costs include the treatment of co-morbid asthma, chronic sinusitis, otitis media, upper respiratory infection, and nasal polyp. Nasal congestion, the most prominent symptom in AR, is associated with sleep-disordered breathing, a condition that can have a profound effect on mental health, including increased psychiatric disorders, depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse. Furthermore, sleep-disordered breathing in childhood and adolescence is associated with increased disorders of learning performance, behavior, and attention. Management of allergic rhinitis is best when directed by guidelines. At this juncture Homoeopathic system of medicine offers a safe and effective solution of the illness if followed under the guidance of expertise. This article provides an overview of the patho-physiology, diagnosis, and appropriate homoeopathic management of this disorder.
Dr. Smita Brahmachari
M.O., Dept. of AYUSH, Govt. of NCT Delhi.
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1) The document discusses diseases of the paranasal sinuses, focusing on sinusitis which is the inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the sinuses.
2) Sinusitis can be acute or chronic and involves inflammation of the maxillary, ethmoidal, frontal, or sphenoid sinuses.
3) Sinusitis is usually caused by infection spreading from the nasal cavity or upper teeth, but may also be due to immunodeficiency, anatomical abnormalities blocking sinus drainage, or changes in sinus secret quality.
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Sinusitis is inflammation of the sinuses caused by infection, allergies, or blockages. Acute sinusitis lasts less than 4 weeks while chronic sinusitis persists over 12 weeks. Symptoms include nasal congestion, headache, facial pain, and reduced sense of smell. Diagnosis involves physical exam, x-rays, or CT scan. Treatment depends on cause but may include saline rinses, decongestants, antibiotics, steroids, or surgery to improve drainage if drug therapy is ineffective. Complications can include bone infections, eye or brain infections if not properly treated.
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References: Diseases of Ear, Nose, Throat by Dhingra PL.
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1. allergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis is a hypersensitivity reaction of the nasal mucosa to allergens like pollen or dust mites. It causes sneezing, runny nose, nasal itching and congestion. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and examining the nose for swelling and discharge. Skin or blood tests can identify allergens. Treatment includes allergen avoidance, oral antihistamines like cetirizine or leukotriene inhibitors like montelukast, intranasal steroids, and immunotherapy for long term management.
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Diagnosis involves history-taking, examination of the nasal passages and sometimes skin testing.
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In the United States it affects between 10-30% of the adult general population and up to 40% of children, making it the fifth most common chronic disease. Unfortunately the health and economic impact of allergic rhinitis historically has been grossly underestimated and it is only recently that rhinitis has been recognized as a serious issue with epidemic proportions. Direct medical costs in The US increased from $6.1 billion in 2000 to $11.2 billion in 2005, with an estimated productivity decrease of $600 per employee yearly; this cost is greater than diabetes, coronary heart disease and asthma. Indirect losses represent an even heavier burden in societies with emerging economies. In eight countries in the Asia Pacific region, the annual per-patient direct costs ranged from the equivalent of US$ 108 to US$ 1,010.62 Total per-patient costs, including productivity costs, ranged from US$ 184 to US$ 1,189. Thus, the cost of allergic rhinitis is enormous and widely under-appreciated.
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This document discusses different types of rhinitis including allergic, non-allergic, and infectious rhinitis. It defines rhinitis as inflammation of the nasal membranes characterized by sneezing, congestion, itching, and rhinorrhea. Allergic rhinitis is the most common cause and can be seasonal or perennial. Other types discussed include vasomotor, atrophic, and coryza (common cold) rhinitis. The document provides details on symptoms, signs, causes, pathology, and treatment for each type.
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Allergic rhinitis is a common disease caused by an IgE-mediated reaction to allergen exposure in the nasal mucosa. It affects 10-20% of the general population and is more prevalent in children and adolescents. Common symptoms include sneezing, nasal itching, rhinorrhea, and nasal blockage. Common allergens are indoor allergens like dust mites, pollen, and animals, as well as outdoor pollens. Treatment options include reducing turbinate size, correcting septal deviations, and functional endoscopic sinus surgery.
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brief summary of Allergic rhinitis and its management
images on slideshow obtained from google search
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1. Vasomotor rhinitis is a non-allergic form of rhinitis characterized by symptoms like nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, and sneezing without an allergic cause.
2. It occurs due to an imbalance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems leading to hyperreactivity of the nasal mucosa.
3. Treatment includes avoidance of triggers, oral antihistamines, topical steroids, and addressing any psychological factors. Surgery may help if medical treatment fails.
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Common diseases of ear, nose and throat prevalent in community level populaton of Nepal.
These are the most common conditions that the people present in primary health center level.
The slide includes the short introduction and management of those conditions and primary preventive measures in case they are far away from well equipped hospitals.
Acute Sinusitis
Sinusitis is inflammation of the paranasal sinuses that can be acute or chronic. Acute sinusitis lasts less than 4 weeks and is usually caused by a viral infection leading to secondary bacterial infection when the sinus defenses are breached. It can be caused by infections, swimming/bathing, trauma, or general diseases. The osteomeatal complex is an important drainage site that when blocked can cause bacterial sinusitis. Treatment involves antibiotics, nasal decongestants, antihistamines, and anti-inflammatories while surgery is rarely needed and complications are common.
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This document provides an overview of allergic rhinitis including pathogenesis, triggers, treatment recommendations, and key takeaways. Globally important allergens include house dust mites, grass, tree and weed pollen, pets, cockroaches, and molds. Intranasal corticosteroids are the mainstay treatment, while allergen immunotherapy is effective for patients where pharmacologic therapy is not effective or tolerated. The document also discusses rhinitis in pregnancy and breastfeeding, differential diagnosis, allergen avoidance strategies, and when to refer to an ENT specialist.
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This document provides information on various upper respiratory diseases and disorders, including epistaxis (nosebleed), nasal obstruction, rhinitis, viral rhinitis (common cold), acute sinusitis, chronic sinusitis, and acute pharyngitis. It describes the causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. The key information provided includes that epistaxis is caused by ruptured blood vessels in the nose, nasal obstruction can be due to septal deviations or polyps, rhinitis involves nasal inflammation, and acute pharyngitis is usually caused by viral or bacterial infections.
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Allergic rhinitis is a very common disorder that affects people of all ages. It is frequently ignored, under diagnosed, misdiagnosed, and mistreated, which not only is detrimental to health but also has societal costs. Although allergic rhinitis is not a serious illness, it is clinically relevant because it underlies many complications, is a major risk factor for poor asthma control, and affects quality of life and productivity at work or school. Hidden direct costs include the treatment of co-morbid asthma, chronic sinusitis, otitis media, upper respiratory infection, and nasal polyp. Nasal congestion, the most prominent symptom in AR, is associated with sleep-disordered breathing, a condition that can have a profound effect on mental health, including increased psychiatric disorders, depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse. Furthermore, sleep-disordered breathing in childhood and adolescence is associated with increased disorders of learning performance, behavior, and attention. Management of allergic rhinitis is best when directed by guidelines. At this juncture Homoeopathic system of medicine offers a safe and effective solution of the illness if followed under the guidance of expertise. This article provides an overview of the patho-physiology, diagnosis, and appropriate homoeopathic management of this disorder.
Dr. Smita Brahmachari
M.O., Dept. of AYUSH, Govt. of NCT Delhi.
Diseases of the paranasal sinuses.
1) The document discusses diseases of the paranasal sinuses, focusing on sinusitis which is the inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the sinuses.
2) Sinusitis can be acute or chronic and involves inflammation of the maxillary, ethmoidal, frontal, or sphenoid sinuses.
3) Sinusitis is usually caused by infection spreading from the nasal cavity or upper teeth, but may also be due to immunodeficiency, anatomical abnormalities blocking sinus drainage, or changes in sinus secret quality.
Introduction to sinus
Sinusitis is inflammation of the sinuses caused by infection, allergies, or blockages. Acute sinusitis lasts less than 4 weeks while chronic sinusitis persists over 12 weeks. Symptoms include nasal congestion, headache, facial pain, and reduced sense of smell. Diagnosis involves physical exam, x-rays, or CT scan. Treatment depends on cause but may include saline rinses, decongestants, antibiotics, steroids, or surgery to improve drainage if drug therapy is ineffective. Complications can include bone infections, eye or brain infections if not properly treated.
Allergic rhinitis
Presentation on the topic 'allergic rhinitis'
References: Diseases of Ear, Nose, Throat by Dhingra PL.
Allergic and intrinsic Rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis is a very much prevalent condition in the community. This presentation hopes to spread a ray of hope in treating allergic and intrinsic rhinitis.
1. allergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis is a hypersensitivity reaction of the nasal mucosa to allergens like pollen or dust mites. It causes sneezing, runny nose, nasal itching and congestion. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and examining the nose for swelling and discharge. Skin or blood tests can identify allergens. Treatment includes allergen avoidance, oral antihistamines like cetirizine or leukotriene inhibitors like montelukast, intranasal steroids, and immunotherapy for long term management.
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Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
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Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
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Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
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Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
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Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
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Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
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Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
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Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
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Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Sinus and allergy
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- 2. Are the causes which may instantly usher in an attack of pratisyaya. Premonitary symptoms: Heaviness of head Sneezing Aching in limbs Appearance of goose – flesh upon the body Hoarseness of voice In ayurveda acc to dosha predominance symptoms have been explained. Vataja - harness of voice sense of stuffiness in nostrils dynes of throat, Palate , lips, excursive sneezing. Pittaja - hot & yellowish secretion from nose thirst & heated skin emaciation & Yellow ness of complexion Kaphaja - constant running of nose secretion being white & cold paleness & swelling of yes. Heaviness of head. Tridoshaja -spontaneous disappearance as well as appearance of pratisyaya. Raktaja - discharge of blood redness of eyes. Bruised pain chest seems as it Struck with a blow betide smell in breath & mouth. Prognosis: If neglected or not properly remedied at the outset of an attack, any type of pratisyaya may bring on cases of malignant peens a which it time gives rise to number of diseases & produce deafness, blindness & loss of smell. Constant alternate sliminess & dryness as well as alternate contraction expansion of nostrils such a case is regarded as hard to cure. Treatment: Various sorts of emetics & fomentations (sveda) prescribed in pratisyaya except in fresh & acute cases.
- 3. The mucous found matured thick & pendant should be made to secrete by applying sirovireka ( head purgatives) Acc to ayurveda we can give general treatment (sananya) & specific treatment (vishesha) In general treatment langhana (fasting) is to be done for five days. Under specific treatment we have 1. Grithapana – medicated clarified butter 2. Swedhana – hot fomentation 3. Vamana – medicationemesics 4. Avapida nasya – medicine inserted through 5. Dumas pans – ayurvedic smoking 6. Kavalla graham – garbling of salted water.