Brachytherapy techniques have evolved over time from early historical systems like the Paris and Stockholm systems to more modern techniques. The document discusses the key aspects of different brachytherapy systems including: the Paris system which used small amounts of radium over 5 days, the Stockholm system which used repeated high dose radium treatments over shorter times, and the Manchester system which modified the Paris system and introduced standardized dose measurement points like Point A. Modern brachytherapy planning incorporates 3D imaging, contouring of tumor and organ-at-risk volumes, and advanced dose reporting metrics to better optimize treatment while sparing healthy tissues.
This document discusses various time-dose models used in radiotherapy, including the Strandqvist, Cohen, NSD, and TDF models. It explains the need for these models to optimize treatment regimes for tumor control while sparing normal tissues. The document also covers gap correction factors used when treatment schedules are interrupted and the various factors that can affect tumor control outcomes due to gaps in treatment. Compensatory methods like accelerated scheduling and increased dosing are presented to account for treatment gaps.
This document discusses planned and unplanned gaps in radiation therapy treatment schedules. Planned gaps are built into the schedule to account for tumor repopulation during weekends and holidays. Unplanned gaps negatively impact treatment outcomes by prolonging the overall time and allowing tumors to regrow. The effects of gaps depend on the prolongation length, tumor proliferation rate, and timing of the interruption. Corrections like increasing the dose or number of fractions are sometimes made to account for biological effects of treatment gaps.
The vmat vs other recent radiotherapy techniquesM'dee Phechudi
VMAT is a new type of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment technique that uses the same hardware (i.e. a digital linear accelerator) as used for IMRT or conformal treatment, but delivers the radiotherapy treatment using a rotational or arc geometry rather than several static beams.
This technique uses continuous modulation (i.e. moving the collimator leaves) of the multileaf collimator (MLC) fields, continuous change of the fluence rate (the intensity of the X rays) and gantry rotation speed across a single or multiple 360 degree rotations
This document discusses the clinical implementation of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) at UT M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. It provides an overview of VMAT, the advantages it offers over other radiation therapy techniques, and the steps taken to configure the accelerator, treatment planning system, and quality assurance processes for VMAT delivery. Key aspects covered include accelerator prerequisites, TPS commissioning, patient-specific quality assurance using films and ion chambers, monthly constancy checks, and tips for rapid arc treatment planning for prostate cases.
This is a made easy summary of ICRU 89 guidelines for gynecological brachytherapy. Extra practical questions for MD/DNB Radiotherapy exams are also attached.
This document provides information about total body irradiation (TBI). It discusses that TBI uses megavoltage photon beams to destroy the recipient's bone marrow and tumor cells prior to bone marrow transplantation. It is used to treat various diseases like leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. TBI can be delivered at high or low doses, to half the body, or total nodes. Techniques include parallel opposed beams from linear accelerators or cobalt-60 machines. Dosimetry and in vivo dosimetry are important due to the large fields and difficulty achieving uniform dose. Complications can include sterility, secondary cancers, and growth issues.
Brachytherapy techniques have evolved over time from early historical systems like the Paris and Stockholm systems to more modern techniques. The document discusses the key aspects of different brachytherapy systems including: the Paris system which used small amounts of radium over 5 days, the Stockholm system which used repeated high dose radium treatments over shorter times, and the Manchester system which modified the Paris system and introduced standardized dose measurement points like Point A. Modern brachytherapy planning incorporates 3D imaging, contouring of tumor and organ-at-risk volumes, and advanced dose reporting metrics to better optimize treatment while sparing healthy tissues.
This document discusses various time-dose models used in radiotherapy, including the Strandqvist, Cohen, NSD, and TDF models. It explains the need for these models to optimize treatment regimes for tumor control while sparing normal tissues. The document also covers gap correction factors used when treatment schedules are interrupted and the various factors that can affect tumor control outcomes due to gaps in treatment. Compensatory methods like accelerated scheduling and increased dosing are presented to account for treatment gaps.
This document discusses planned and unplanned gaps in radiation therapy treatment schedules. Planned gaps are built into the schedule to account for tumor repopulation during weekends and holidays. Unplanned gaps negatively impact treatment outcomes by prolonging the overall time and allowing tumors to regrow. The effects of gaps depend on the prolongation length, tumor proliferation rate, and timing of the interruption. Corrections like increasing the dose or number of fractions are sometimes made to account for biological effects of treatment gaps.
The vmat vs other recent radiotherapy techniquesM'dee Phechudi
VMAT is a new type of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment technique that uses the same hardware (i.e. a digital linear accelerator) as used for IMRT or conformal treatment, but delivers the radiotherapy treatment using a rotational or arc geometry rather than several static beams.
This technique uses continuous modulation (i.e. moving the collimator leaves) of the multileaf collimator (MLC) fields, continuous change of the fluence rate (the intensity of the X rays) and gantry rotation speed across a single or multiple 360 degree rotations
This document discusses the clinical implementation of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) at UT M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. It provides an overview of VMAT, the advantages it offers over other radiation therapy techniques, and the steps taken to configure the accelerator, treatment planning system, and quality assurance processes for VMAT delivery. Key aspects covered include accelerator prerequisites, TPS commissioning, patient-specific quality assurance using films and ion chambers, monthly constancy checks, and tips for rapid arc treatment planning for prostate cases.
This is a made easy summary of ICRU 89 guidelines for gynecological brachytherapy. Extra practical questions for MD/DNB Radiotherapy exams are also attached.
This document provides information about total body irradiation (TBI). It discusses that TBI uses megavoltage photon beams to destroy the recipient's bone marrow and tumor cells prior to bone marrow transplantation. It is used to treat various diseases like leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. TBI can be delivered at high or low doses, to half the body, or total nodes. Techniques include parallel opposed beams from linear accelerators or cobalt-60 machines. Dosimetry and in vivo dosimetry are important due to the large fields and difficulty achieving uniform dose. Complications can include sterility, secondary cancers, and growth issues.
This document discusses immobilization devices used in radiotherapy. It begins by explaining the goals of immobilization which are to limit patient motion and reduce positioning errors. It then describes various immobilization devices for different body sites including masks, supports, straps, and indexing systems. Thermoplastic masks are discussed in detail as effective head and neck immobilization devices. The document also notes some dosimetric considerations and ideal properties for immobilization devices.
The document discusses craniospinal irradiation (CSI), which delivers radiation to the entire cranial-spinal axis to treat intracranial tumors. It was pioneered in the 1950s and is commonly used to treat tumors that may spread through the cerebrospinal fluid such as medulloblastoma. The document outlines the techniques, challenges, indications, and evolving approaches for CSI such as reduced dose protocols and hyperfractionated regimens. It discusses topics like patient positioning, target volumes, critical structures, field arrangements, and the use of newer technologies like virtual simulation.
This document discusses central axis depth doses in water for both SSD and SAD techniques. For SSD technique:
- Percentage depth dose (PDD) curves measure attenuation at different depths and are affected by beam quality, field size, and SSD.
- Buildup region occurs as secondary electrons deposit energy downstream, increasing dose with depth until maximum.
- Depth dose maximum (zmax) depends on beam energy and field size.
- PDD increases with larger field sizes due to increased scatter radiation.
- PDD increases with longer SSD due to the inverse square law of radiation intensity.
Motion management strategies in radiation therapy aim to account for tumor movement during treatment. Key strategies include gating methods that deliver radiation only during specific respiratory phases, breath hold methods that immobilize tumors during deep inhalation or exhalation, tracking methods that follow tumor motion in real-time and adjust beam targeting accordingly, and encompassing methods that define larger target volumes to cover full respiratory excursion. No single approach is clearly superior, as appropriate management depends on tumor location, motion extent, and available technology. The goal of all motion management is to safely escalate dose to tumors while reducing dose to surrounding healthy tissues.
Surface Guided Radiotherapy for Accuracy, Volume Reduction, Real time Trackin...SGRT Community
1) Surface guided radiotherapy uses optical cameras to track the external surface of a patient in real-time during treatment and provides sub-millimeter accuracy for patient positioning and motion management.
2) The technique has been used at MSKCC for several clinical applications including frameless SRS for brain tumors, head and neck cancers, and deep inspiratory breath hold treatments for breast cancers.
3) Preliminary results found surface guided radiotherapy improved patient comfort for frameless SRS over framed SRS and doubled the treatment throughput. Motion tracking also ensured frameless SRS accuracy to within 1mm.
The document discusses guidelines from the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) for prescribing, recording, and reporting intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). It describes the different target volumes and organs at risk that must be delineated for treatment planning according to ICRU reports 50, 62, and 83. These include the gross tumor volume, clinical target volume, planning target volume, internal target volume, treated volume, and irradiated volume. Factors such as margins for internal motion and patient setup must be considered when defining volumes. Dose specifications, dose-volume histograms, conformity, and homogeneity are also discussed. Proper delineation of volumes and standardization of dose reporting are emphasized.
Three dimensional conformal radiotherapy - 3D-CRT and IMRT - Intensity modula...Abhishek Soni
Conformal radiation therapy techniques like 3D CRT and IMRT aim to concentrate radiation dose in the tumor while sparing surrounding normal tissues. This is achieved through advances in imaging, treatment planning and delivery. 3D CRT uses geometric field shaping with multiple beams while IMRT further modulates beam intensity across each field. Both require contouring of target and organs at risk on imaging along with inverse or forward treatment planning to optimize dose distribution. Conformal techniques allow higher tumor doses with improved normal tissue sparing compared to conventional radiation therapy.
This document discusses various radiotherapy techniques used for breast cancer treatment planning and delivery. It covers topics like positioning, immobilization, target volume delineation, treatment planning, dose prescription, and techniques to minimize doses to organs at risk. Some key points include the use of breast boards and immobilization devices for reproducible patient setup, delineating whole breast or chest wall as well as nodal clinical target volumes, employing tangential fields with wedges or compensators for uniform dose distribution, and using additional fields like supraclavicular or internal mammary nodes when indicated. The goal is to adequately cover targets while minimizing doses to lungs, heart, and contralateral breast.
1) The document discusses measurement of dose distribution in external beam radiation therapy, including beam profiles, isodose curves, and percentage depth dose.
2) Beam profiles measure dose variation across a radiation beam, while isodose curves connect points of equal absorbed dose.
3) Several parameters can affect dose distribution, including beam quality, field size, and distance from the source. Proper measurement and modeling of dose distribution is important for treatment planning.
Simultaneously integrated boost (SIB) allows different doses to be delivered simultaneously to the planning target volume (PTV) and gross tumor volume (GTV), reducing the number of fractions needed. SIB provides a greater biological effective dose while allowing individual dose optimization to both targets in a single plan, overcoming limitations of conventional fractionation. An institutional study compared SIB to conventional 3D conformal radiation therapy in 30 patients with brain, breast, or bladder cancer, finding SIB reduced maximum doses to targets and organs at risk while shortening treatment duration by about a week.
1. The document discusses commissioning parameters for flattening filter free (FFF) photon beams from a linear accelerator, including profile normalization methods, dosimetric field size, penumbra, and slope.
2. Profile normalization can be done using the inflection point or renormalization value to compare FFF and flattened beams. Dosimetric field size is measured as the 50% dose width. Penumbra is defined as the 20-80% distance for FFF beams after normalization.
3. Slope describes the peak shape of FFF profiles, and flatness/unflatness parameters are discussed to characterize beam homogeneity for both FFF and flattened beams.
Electron beam therapy uses accelerated electrons to treat superficial tumors. Electrons interact with matter through inelastic collisions that cause ionization and excitation, and elastic collisions that scatter the electrons. This gives electron beams a characteristically sharp dose drop-off beyond the tumor depth. Key applications of electron beams include treatment of skin cancers, chest wall irradiation for breast cancer, and boost doses to lymph nodes.
This document discusses intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and the inverse planning process. It begins by outlining the clinical rationale for IMRT, including dose escalation to improve tumor control and reducing normal tissue complications. It then describes the complex IMRT planning process, which involves patient immobilization, image acquisition, structure segmentation, and treatment optimization. The key aspects of inverse planning are discussed, including the use of an objective function to determine the best achievable dose distribution and corresponding beam weights. Various optimization algorithms are also reviewed. The document concludes that inverse planning provides a customized plan but not necessarily an optimal one, and that treatment optimization is an important part of clinical IMRT implementation.
This document discusses the importance of treatment verification in radiotherapy and outlines the process. It notes that even small errors can have negative consequences so treatment verification is essential to ensure the right dose is delivered to the right area. The key aspects of treatment verification are machine setup, monitor units, patient positioning and imaging by comparing images to references. Errors can be systematic from planning or random from daily variations; various methods are described to reduce errors and ensure treatments are accurately delivered.
This document discusses forward intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) using the field-in-field (FIF) technique for whole breast irradiation. It begins by introducing the goals of treatment planning to deliver a uniform dose to the target volume while minimizing dose to normal tissues. It then describes how the FIF technique uses multiple subfields in addition to the main tangential fields to improve dose homogeneity. Several studies have shown that improved homogeneity decreases skin toxicities. The document evaluates different methods for generating subfields and finds the alternate subfields method provides the best dose distribution. In summary, the FIF forward planning technique improves dose uniformity in the breast compared to conventional techniques.
ICRU 83 report on dose prescription in IMRTAnagha pachat
this slide is about the report 83 which is published by international commission for units and measurements on the topic dose prescription reporting and recording in intensity modulated radiation therapy . it is useful for personals and students in the field of radiation oncology.
The document summarizes interstitial brachytherapy, including indications, contraindications, isotopes used, and details of various planning systems like Paterson-Parker, Quimby, Paris, and computer-based systems. It discusses dose rates, types of implants, applicators, volume definition, and dosimetry parameters like reference isodose and uniformity criteria for different planning approaches.
The document discusses key concepts and parameters for prescribing, recording, and reporting photon beam therapy as defined by ICRU Report 50. It outlines volumes such as the gross tumor volume (GTV), clinical target volume (CTV), planning target volume (PTV), treated volume, and irradiated volume. It also discusses doses like the prescribed dose, maximum dose, and minimum dose. Parameters like the internal margin, set-up margin, and ICRU reference point and dose are introduced to help standardize reporting across centers for effective information exchange.
1) The document discusses the implementation of the SGRT system across four sites of The Christie NHS Foundation Trust to provide DIBH for breast cancer patients.
2) Timelines show that SGRT was installed and validated at Oldham by October 2020 and the other three sites by November 2020, allowing DIBH to be offered to all left-sided breast patients across the Trust.
3) Results found translations within tolerance, reduced need for corrections, and average time savings of over 2 minutes per patient for standard positioning compared to pre-SGRT workflows. DIBH average time was 16 minutes compared to 30 minutes for spirometer.
AlignRT as a Respiratory Motion Management Tool for SBRTSGRT Community
This document discusses the use of AlignRT as a tool for managing respiratory motion during stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). It notes that SBRT requires very accurate targeting to minimize risks, but respiratory motion can cause targeting errors if not addressed. Several methods for managing motion are described, including internal target volume expansion, respiratory gating, and breath hold techniques. The document indicates that deep inspiration breath hold may be optimal as it eliminates motion without relying on 4D imaging, but reproducibility is challenging. It then describes how AlignRT can help ensure reproducible deep inspiration breath holds are achieved during SBRT treatment planning and delivery.
This document discusses immobilization devices used in radiotherapy. It begins by explaining the goals of immobilization which are to limit patient motion and reduce positioning errors. It then describes various immobilization devices for different body sites including masks, supports, straps, and indexing systems. Thermoplastic masks are discussed in detail as effective head and neck immobilization devices. The document also notes some dosimetric considerations and ideal properties for immobilization devices.
The document discusses craniospinal irradiation (CSI), which delivers radiation to the entire cranial-spinal axis to treat intracranial tumors. It was pioneered in the 1950s and is commonly used to treat tumors that may spread through the cerebrospinal fluid such as medulloblastoma. The document outlines the techniques, challenges, indications, and evolving approaches for CSI such as reduced dose protocols and hyperfractionated regimens. It discusses topics like patient positioning, target volumes, critical structures, field arrangements, and the use of newer technologies like virtual simulation.
This document discusses central axis depth doses in water for both SSD and SAD techniques. For SSD technique:
- Percentage depth dose (PDD) curves measure attenuation at different depths and are affected by beam quality, field size, and SSD.
- Buildup region occurs as secondary electrons deposit energy downstream, increasing dose with depth until maximum.
- Depth dose maximum (zmax) depends on beam energy and field size.
- PDD increases with larger field sizes due to increased scatter radiation.
- PDD increases with longer SSD due to the inverse square law of radiation intensity.
Motion management strategies in radiation therapy aim to account for tumor movement during treatment. Key strategies include gating methods that deliver radiation only during specific respiratory phases, breath hold methods that immobilize tumors during deep inhalation or exhalation, tracking methods that follow tumor motion in real-time and adjust beam targeting accordingly, and encompassing methods that define larger target volumes to cover full respiratory excursion. No single approach is clearly superior, as appropriate management depends on tumor location, motion extent, and available technology. The goal of all motion management is to safely escalate dose to tumors while reducing dose to surrounding healthy tissues.
Surface Guided Radiotherapy for Accuracy, Volume Reduction, Real time Trackin...SGRT Community
1) Surface guided radiotherapy uses optical cameras to track the external surface of a patient in real-time during treatment and provides sub-millimeter accuracy for patient positioning and motion management.
2) The technique has been used at MSKCC for several clinical applications including frameless SRS for brain tumors, head and neck cancers, and deep inspiratory breath hold treatments for breast cancers.
3) Preliminary results found surface guided radiotherapy improved patient comfort for frameless SRS over framed SRS and doubled the treatment throughput. Motion tracking also ensured frameless SRS accuracy to within 1mm.
The document discusses guidelines from the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) for prescribing, recording, and reporting intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). It describes the different target volumes and organs at risk that must be delineated for treatment planning according to ICRU reports 50, 62, and 83. These include the gross tumor volume, clinical target volume, planning target volume, internal target volume, treated volume, and irradiated volume. Factors such as margins for internal motion and patient setup must be considered when defining volumes. Dose specifications, dose-volume histograms, conformity, and homogeneity are also discussed. Proper delineation of volumes and standardization of dose reporting are emphasized.
Three dimensional conformal radiotherapy - 3D-CRT and IMRT - Intensity modula...Abhishek Soni
Conformal radiation therapy techniques like 3D CRT and IMRT aim to concentrate radiation dose in the tumor while sparing surrounding normal tissues. This is achieved through advances in imaging, treatment planning and delivery. 3D CRT uses geometric field shaping with multiple beams while IMRT further modulates beam intensity across each field. Both require contouring of target and organs at risk on imaging along with inverse or forward treatment planning to optimize dose distribution. Conformal techniques allow higher tumor doses with improved normal tissue sparing compared to conventional radiation therapy.
This document discusses various radiotherapy techniques used for breast cancer treatment planning and delivery. It covers topics like positioning, immobilization, target volume delineation, treatment planning, dose prescription, and techniques to minimize doses to organs at risk. Some key points include the use of breast boards and immobilization devices for reproducible patient setup, delineating whole breast or chest wall as well as nodal clinical target volumes, employing tangential fields with wedges or compensators for uniform dose distribution, and using additional fields like supraclavicular or internal mammary nodes when indicated. The goal is to adequately cover targets while minimizing doses to lungs, heart, and contralateral breast.
1) The document discusses measurement of dose distribution in external beam radiation therapy, including beam profiles, isodose curves, and percentage depth dose.
2) Beam profiles measure dose variation across a radiation beam, while isodose curves connect points of equal absorbed dose.
3) Several parameters can affect dose distribution, including beam quality, field size, and distance from the source. Proper measurement and modeling of dose distribution is important for treatment planning.
Simultaneously integrated boost (SIB) allows different doses to be delivered simultaneously to the planning target volume (PTV) and gross tumor volume (GTV), reducing the number of fractions needed. SIB provides a greater biological effective dose while allowing individual dose optimization to both targets in a single plan, overcoming limitations of conventional fractionation. An institutional study compared SIB to conventional 3D conformal radiation therapy in 30 patients with brain, breast, or bladder cancer, finding SIB reduced maximum doses to targets and organs at risk while shortening treatment duration by about a week.
1. The document discusses commissioning parameters for flattening filter free (FFF) photon beams from a linear accelerator, including profile normalization methods, dosimetric field size, penumbra, and slope.
2. Profile normalization can be done using the inflection point or renormalization value to compare FFF and flattened beams. Dosimetric field size is measured as the 50% dose width. Penumbra is defined as the 20-80% distance for FFF beams after normalization.
3. Slope describes the peak shape of FFF profiles, and flatness/unflatness parameters are discussed to characterize beam homogeneity for both FFF and flattened beams.
Electron beam therapy uses accelerated electrons to treat superficial tumors. Electrons interact with matter through inelastic collisions that cause ionization and excitation, and elastic collisions that scatter the electrons. This gives electron beams a characteristically sharp dose drop-off beyond the tumor depth. Key applications of electron beams include treatment of skin cancers, chest wall irradiation for breast cancer, and boost doses to lymph nodes.
This document discusses intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and the inverse planning process. It begins by outlining the clinical rationale for IMRT, including dose escalation to improve tumor control and reducing normal tissue complications. It then describes the complex IMRT planning process, which involves patient immobilization, image acquisition, structure segmentation, and treatment optimization. The key aspects of inverse planning are discussed, including the use of an objective function to determine the best achievable dose distribution and corresponding beam weights. Various optimization algorithms are also reviewed. The document concludes that inverse planning provides a customized plan but not necessarily an optimal one, and that treatment optimization is an important part of clinical IMRT implementation.
This document discusses the importance of treatment verification in radiotherapy and outlines the process. It notes that even small errors can have negative consequences so treatment verification is essential to ensure the right dose is delivered to the right area. The key aspects of treatment verification are machine setup, monitor units, patient positioning and imaging by comparing images to references. Errors can be systematic from planning or random from daily variations; various methods are described to reduce errors and ensure treatments are accurately delivered.
This document discusses forward intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) using the field-in-field (FIF) technique for whole breast irradiation. It begins by introducing the goals of treatment planning to deliver a uniform dose to the target volume while minimizing dose to normal tissues. It then describes how the FIF technique uses multiple subfields in addition to the main tangential fields to improve dose homogeneity. Several studies have shown that improved homogeneity decreases skin toxicities. The document evaluates different methods for generating subfields and finds the alternate subfields method provides the best dose distribution. In summary, the FIF forward planning technique improves dose uniformity in the breast compared to conventional techniques.
ICRU 83 report on dose prescription in IMRTAnagha pachat
this slide is about the report 83 which is published by international commission for units and measurements on the topic dose prescription reporting and recording in intensity modulated radiation therapy . it is useful for personals and students in the field of radiation oncology.
The document summarizes interstitial brachytherapy, including indications, contraindications, isotopes used, and details of various planning systems like Paterson-Parker, Quimby, Paris, and computer-based systems. It discusses dose rates, types of implants, applicators, volume definition, and dosimetry parameters like reference isodose and uniformity criteria for different planning approaches.
The document discusses key concepts and parameters for prescribing, recording, and reporting photon beam therapy as defined by ICRU Report 50. It outlines volumes such as the gross tumor volume (GTV), clinical target volume (CTV), planning target volume (PTV), treated volume, and irradiated volume. It also discusses doses like the prescribed dose, maximum dose, and minimum dose. Parameters like the internal margin, set-up margin, and ICRU reference point and dose are introduced to help standardize reporting across centers for effective information exchange.
1) The document discusses the implementation of the SGRT system across four sites of The Christie NHS Foundation Trust to provide DIBH for breast cancer patients.
2) Timelines show that SGRT was installed and validated at Oldham by October 2020 and the other three sites by November 2020, allowing DIBH to be offered to all left-sided breast patients across the Trust.
3) Results found translations within tolerance, reduced need for corrections, and average time savings of over 2 minutes per patient for standard positioning compared to pre-SGRT workflows. DIBH average time was 16 minutes compared to 30 minutes for spirometer.
AlignRT as a Respiratory Motion Management Tool for SBRTSGRT Community
This document discusses the use of AlignRT as a tool for managing respiratory motion during stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). It notes that SBRT requires very accurate targeting to minimize risks, but respiratory motion can cause targeting errors if not addressed. Several methods for managing motion are described, including internal target volume expansion, respiratory gating, and breath hold techniques. The document indicates that deep inspiration breath hold may be optimal as it eliminates motion without relying on 4D imaging, but reproducibility is challenging. It then describes how AlignRT can help ensure reproducible deep inspiration breath holds are achieved during SBRT treatment planning and delivery.
The document discusses problems caused by respiratory motion during radiotherapy treatment planning and delivery. It describes limitations in image acquisition, treatment planning, and radiation delivery due to organ motion. It then outlines several methods to account for respiratory motion, including motion encompassing techniques like slow CT, inhale/exhale breath-hold CT, and 4D CT. Respiratory gating techniques using external markers like the Varian Real-time Position Management (RPM) system or internal markers are also summarized. The RPM system and process for using external markers for respiratory gated imaging and treatment are described in detail.
This document discusses respiratory motion management in radiotherapy. It notes that respiratory motion can cause artifacts during image acquisition and limitations in treatment planning and delivery. It describes several methods to account for respiratory motion, including motion encompassing methods like slow CT, inhale/exhale breath-hold CT, and 4D CT. It also discusses respiratory gating techniques using external markers or internal fiducials, noting that gating involves administering radiation within a particular portion of the breathing cycle. Respiratory gating systems synchronize radiation with the patient's breathing pattern to reduce motion effects.
This document provides an overview of optimizing respiratory care for patients with ALS. It discusses testing and treatment for hypoventilation including non-invasive ventilation. It reviews various modes, settings, and features of non-invasive ventilators. It also covers monitoring downloads, interfaces, desensitization steps, and assessing tidal volume, usage, leaks, minute ventilation, pulse oximetry, and apnea/hypopnea to optimize care. Barriers to compliance like FTD and bulbar onset are addressed. The document provides a comprehensive guide to respiratory management in ALS.
The 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care featured several important changes based on an extensive international review process. Key changes included separating the adult Chain of Survival into in-hospital and out-of-hospital chains, emphasizing the importance of chest compressions for lay rescuers and minimizing interruptions during compressions for healthcare providers, and recommending public access defibrillation programs. The guidelines also focused on systems of care and continuous quality improvement to optimize resuscitation outcomes.
This document discusses how radiation oncology centers can thrive in the modern era through advances like surface guided radiation therapy (SGRT). SGRT allows for accurate initial patient positioning, continuous monitoring of intrafraction motion, and automatic beam holds if motion exceeds thresholds. It can help centers by reducing costs through more efficient treatments, improving quality outcomes by mitigating adverse events, and enhancing patient experience through reduced toxicity and more comfortable treatments without skin marks. SGRT fits into a center's needs by supporting evidence-based hypofractionated treatments, total cost of care, quality outcomes, patient experience, and shared decision making.
Respiratory gating is needed to accurately delineate tumor volume affected by respiration. Two main methods are respiratory gating and deep inspiratory breath hold (DIBH). Respiratory gating uses external monitors like optoelectric or pressure methods to track respiration and bin PET/CT data. 4D CT can be prospective or retrospective, with retrospective preferred. 4D PET data is binned by time or amplitude. Data is processed as MIP, AVE or summed images, with summed preferred for PET. Limitations include longer scan time and potential patient discomfort from irregular breathing.
The document discusses the key steps in pre-SBRT workup including medical evaluation, tumor assessment, imaging, and motion management. It notes that patients with stage I lung cancer can be treated with surgery, sublobar resection, or SBRT depending on their risk level. For medically inoperable patients, imaging includes PET/CT and pathology confirmation if possible. Pulmonary function tests and cardiac evaluation are done. Tumor characteristics like size and location are assessed. During simulation, immobilization and respiratory motion management techniques like 4DCT are used to accurately define the tumor and organs at risk.
basics of mechanical ventilator Dr Asaduzzaman.pptxDr. Habibur Rahim
Mechanical ventilation is an important life-saving intervention for extremely premature and sick newborns. While it supports oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal, it can also cause lung injury if not optimized. The document discusses the physiology of ventilation, components of mechanical ventilators like pressures and volumes, basic ventilation modes, and pulmonary graphics. Modes like volume guarantee aim to balance supporting gas exchange while limiting volumes and pressures. Understanding ventilation principles, ventilator operations, and individualizing strategies are important for achieving optimal outcomes for mechanically ventilated newborns.
Vision RT was implemented at Children's Hospital Los Angeles in 2013. Initially, therapists were reluctant to change workflows but found that using Vision RT decreased repeat imaging and increased treatment efficiency. Key aspects of the workflow include using separate set up and monitoring fields, tight positioning tolerances, and patient monitoring. Vision RT has been used for treatments such as chest, abdomen, pelvis, craniospinal, head and neck, and extremities. Benefits include decreased imaging, more efficient treatments, and allowing some patients to be treated without anesthesia through monitoring. Troubleshooting considerations include limited body contours, lines/tubes in the ROI, belly breathing, movement, and inadvertent items in the ROI.
Tips, Tricks and Best Practices to Get Maximum Benefit from your EMRCientis Technologies
Implementation of electronic medical records does not necessarily mean that the systems are being used effectively. Using EMRs optimally requires extensive optimization. This presentation provides a number of useful tips trick and best practices to assist practices with the optimal use of their EMR systems.
1.Aim of Radiotherapy
The goal of radiotherapy is to deliver a prescribed dose of radiation to the Target while sparing surrounding Healthy tissues to the largest extent possible
2.Organ Motion
Intra-fraction motion
during the fraction
Heartbeat
Swallowing
Coughing
Eye movement
Inter-fraction motion
- in between the fractions
Tumour change
Weight gain/loss
Positioning deviation
Breathing
Bowel and rectal filling
Bladder filling
Muscle relaxation/tension
3. Respiratory motion affects:
Respiratory motion affects all tumour sites in the thorax, abdomen and Pelvis. Tumours in the Lung, Liver, Pancreas, Oesophagus, Breast, Kidneys, prostate
Tumour displacement varies depending on the site and organ Location
Lung tumours can move several cm in any direction during irradiation
It is most prevalent and prominent in Lung cancers
4. Problems associated with respiratory motion during RT
Image acquisition limitations
Treatment planning limitations
Radiation delivery limitations
5. Methods to Account for Respiratory Motion
1. Motion encompassing methods
2. Respiratory gating methods
3. Breath hold methods
4. Forced shallow breathing with abdominal compression
5. Real-time tumor tracking methods
Summary:
The management of respiratory motion in radiation oncology is an evolving field
IGRT provides a solution for combating organ motion in radiotherapy
Delivering higher dose to tumor and less dose to normal tissue.
Limited clinical studies, needs to be studied further
IGRT – the future of radiotherapy
NIV, or non-invasive ventilation, is a form of ventilation therapy that is applied non-invasively through a mask rather than an endotracheal tube. It is commonly used to treat conditions like COPD exacerbations, pulmonary edema, and respiratory failure. Key settings that must be adjusted include IPAP, EPAP, Ti min/max, trigger sensitivity, and backup rate. Modes include spontaneous, timed, and bi-level positive airway pressure. Proper mask fitting and troubleshooting issues like leaks are important for ensuring effective ventilation. Regular monitoring of parameters like ABGs, SpO2, and ventilation is needed to optimize NIV therapy.
This document discusses motion management techniques for lung cancer radiotherapy. It begins by explaining why motion management is important, as standard CT scans do not fully capture lung tumor motion. It then describes 4DCT and other methods for assessing tumor motion, as well as techniques like ITV, gating, tracking and breath-holding to control for motion. Specific examples of tracking systems like ExacTrac and Cyberknife are provided. Overall, the document provides an overview of the challenges of lung tumor motion and different strategies used to manage it in radiation treatment planning and delivery.
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Clinical implementation of Surface Guided Radiotherapy (SGRT) for palliative ...SGRT Community
Jack Hannant
Senior Radiographer
The Christie at Oldham NHS Foundation Trust
UK
Helen Squibbs
Superintendent Radiographer
The Christie at Oldham NHS Foundation Trust
UK
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share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
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• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
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SimRT: Workflows and optimizing DIBH planning
1. Sim RT: Optimizing practice
and DIBH workflows
Julie Kilkenny
Pre-Treatment Technical Lead, QEH Birmingham
2. Our Clinical uses of Sim RT
• 4DCT – Lungs
• For DIBH coaching and scanning on Left Breast
patients
• Ad hoc to control extent of inhale/exhale breath hold
scans to prevent an exaggerated extent of motion
About to explore it for the use of Abdominal 4DCT in
compression as we explore the move to Gated RT
3. DIBH - What are we looking for?
• Breath hold of 25 seconds
• No arching, hunching, tensing
• No huge breaths… but a distinct movement
• Reproducible each time
• Sustainable for the BH duration
• No leaking
No matter what the method – SGRT, pen marks..
So why is SGRT better?
4. Using Sim RT for DIBH
• Real Time Coach • Patient Side
5. Advantages Sim RT for DIBH – Staff uses:
Patient side
• Use the amplitude axis of the graph to coach the patient
into a smaller or bigger Breath Hold as required
6. Advantages Sim RT for DIBH – Staff uses:
Patient side (1)
• Use the amplitude axis of the graph to coach the patient
into a smaller or bigger Breath Hold as required
7. Advantages Sim RT for DIBH – Staff uses:
Patient side
• Use the amplitude axis of the graph to coach the patient
into a smaller or bigger Breath Hold as required
• Assess the reproducibility of the Breath Hold (reaching
the same point?)
8. Advantages Sim RT for DIBH – Staff uses:
Patient side
• Use the amplitude axis of the graph to coach the patient
into a smaller or bigger Breath Hold as required
• Assess the reproducibility of the Breath Hold (reaching
the same point?)
9. Advantages Sim RT for DIBH – Staff uses:
Patient side
• Use the amplitude axis of the graph to coach the patient
into a smaller or bigger Breath Hold as required
• Assess the reproducibility of the Breath Hold (reaching
the same point?)
• Assess the suitability of the Breath Hold (leaking?
Suitable amplitude?)
10. Advantages Sim RT for DIBH – Staff uses:
Patient side
• Use the amplitude axis of the graph to coach the patient
into a smaller or bigger Breath Hold as required
• Assess the reproducibility of the Breath Hold (reaching
the same point?)
• Assess the suitability of the Breath Hold (leaking?
Suitable amplitude?)
11. Advantages Sim RT for DIBH – Staff uses:
Patient side
• Use the amplitude axis of the graph to coach the patient
into a smaller or bigger Breath Hold as required
• Assess the reproducibility of the Breath Hold (reaching
the same point?)
• Assess the suitability of the Breath Hold (leaking?
Suitable amplitude?)
• Use the threshold function to allow the patient to use the
RTC to achieve their Breath Hold
• Use the threshold function to time the breath hold and
ensure reproducibility
14. Advantages Sim RT for DIBH – Patient uses:
RTC
• Confidence of knowing they are ‘reaching the right spot’
• Gives them a focus to ensure no leaking to hold the BH
• Feeling ‘in control’
• Measurable BH to reach in terms of ‘a little bit more’ or ‘a
little bit less’
• Allows feedback between Radiographer and Patient
15. Rescan data
• Rescans usually due to BH amplitude – unmeasurable
Audit over a 10 week period:
Pre Sim RT - 14.9% rescan rate
With Sim RT – 2.3% rescan rate
16. *Disclaimer..
• We use the RTC to scan, but this isn't how we were
trained. We explored how to use the system further with
the bed moving and the ramp up times required