The document provides circuit diagram symbols for various electrical network elements used in industrial electrical network design. It includes symbols for common components like lines, cables, resistors, transformers, switches, circuit breakers, meters, as well as motors, generators and other machines. It also includes abbreviations for terms like UPS, RCD, and neutral/earth designations. Standards that define these symbols are referenced at the end.
Protection of transmission lines (distance)Rohini Haridas
This gives idea about necessity of protection of transmission line and protection based on time grading as well as on current grading. Also includes three step distance protection of transmission line
Protection of transmission lines (distance)Rohini Haridas
This gives idea about necessity of protection of transmission line and protection based on time grading as well as on current grading. Also includes three step distance protection of transmission line
Perkongsian informasi menjana teknologi mencerna kreativiti mencetus inovasi demi suatu transformasi mengungguli generasi MADANI....http://www.facebook.com/elektrikduniaku
Perkongsian informasi menjana teknologi mencerna kreativiti mencetus inovasi demi suatu transformasi mengungguli generasi MADANI....http://www.facebook.com/elektrikduniaku
Timer with audible warning with circuit Diagram Team Kuk
From detectors to automobiles, audible alarms (also known to be called buzzers) have become a part of our everyday life. Some of the uses of these alarms are innocuous such as in a microwave oven. However, in some applications such as in a smoke detector or medical equipment, a person’s life may depend upon the audible warning sound. In all cases, the equipment designer should consider the desired characteristics of the audible alarm at the initial design-planning phase to obtain satisfactory performance and avoid costly redesign. The first characteristic for a designer to consider is the type of sound such as a continuous, intermittent or specialty sound. Other critical criteria include sound level, frequency, current draw, quality, mounting configuration, cost, and availability
This paper proposes fault location model for underground power cable using microcontroller. The aim of this project is to determine the di stance of underground cable fault from base station in kilometers. This project uses the simple c oncept of ohm�s law.When any fault like short circuit occurs,voltage drop will vary depending on the length of fault in cable,since the current varies. A set of resistors are ther efore used to represen t the cable and a dc vol tage is fed at one end and the fault is detected by detecting the change in voltage using a analog to voltage converter and a microcontroller is used to make the necessary calculations so that the fault distance is displayed on the LCD display.
A Study on Protection of Cables by Solkor Differential Protection Relay with ...IJERA Editor
This paper intends to briefly compare the protection of buried three phase high voltage cable with Solkordifferential protection relay using metallic pilot wires orfibre optic pilot wires. Dielectric property of the fiber optic provides complete electrical isolation as well as interference free signaling. This provides total immunity from GPR (ground potential rise), longitudinal induction, and differential mode noise coupling andhigh-voltage hazards to personnel safety. So Fibre optic provides great advantage for Solkor differential protection relaying.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
DOWNLOAD
The main objective of this project is to develop a device for wireless power transfer. The concept of wireless power transfer was realized by Nikolas tesla. Wireless power transfer can make a remarkable change in the field of the electrical engineering which eliminates the use conventional copper cables and current carrying wires.
Based on this concept, the project is developed to transfer power within a small range. This project can be used for charging batteries those are physically not possible to be connected electrically such as pace makers (An electronic device that works in place of a defective heart valve) implanted in the body that runs on a battery.
The patient is required to be operated every year to replace the battery. This project is designed to charge a rechargeable battery wirelessly for the purpose. Since charging of the battery is not possible to be demonstrated, we are providing a DC fan that runs through wireless power.
This project is built upon using an electronic circuit which converts AC 230V 50Hz to AC 12V, High frequency. The output is fed to a tuned coil forming as primary of an air core transformer. The secondary coil develops a voltage of HF 12volt.
Thus the transfer of power is done by the primary(transmitter) to the secondary that is separated with a considerable distance(say 3cm). Therefore the transfer could be seen as the primary transmits and the secondary receives the power to run load.
Moreover this technique can be used in number of applications, like to charge a mobile phone, iPod, laptop battery, propeller clock wirelessly. And also this kind of charging provides a far lower risk of electrical shock as it would be galvanically isolated.
A Novel Configuration of A Microstrip Power Amplifier based on GaAs-FET for I...IJECEIAES
Power Amplifiers (PA) are very indispensable components in the design of numerous types of communication transmitters employed in microwave technology. The methodology is exemplified through the design of a 2.45GHz microwave power Amplifier (PA) for the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) applications using microstrip technology. The main design target is to get a maximum power gain while simultaneously achieving a maximum output power through presenting the optimum impedance which is characteristically carried out per adding a matching circuit between the source and the input of the power amplifier and between the load and the output of the power amplifier. A "T" matching technique is used at the input and the output sides of transistor for assure in band desired that this circuit without reflections and to obtain a maximum power gain. The proposed power amplifier for microwave ISM applications is designed, simulated and optimized by employing Advanced Design System (ADS) software by Agilent. The PA shows good performances in terms of return loss, output power, power gain and stability; the circuit has an input return loss of -38dB and an output return loss of -33.5dB. The 1-dB compression point is 8.69dBm and power gain of the PA is 19.4dBm. The Rollet's Stability measure B1 and the stability factor K of the amplifier is greater than 0 and 1 respectively, which shows that the circuit is unconditionally stable. The total chip size of the PA is 73.5× 36 mm 2 .
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
DOWNLOAD
The main objective of this project is to develop a device for wireless power transfer. The concept of wireless power transfer was realized by Nikolas tesla. Wireless power transfer can make a remarkable change in the field of the electrical engineering which eliminates the use conventional copper cables and current carrying wires.
Based on this concept, the project is developed to transfer power within a small range. This project can be used for charging batteries those are physically not possible to be connected electrically such as pace makers (An electronic device that works in place of a defective heart valve) implanted in the body that runs on a battery.
The patient is required to be operated every year to replace the battery. This project is designed to charge a rechargeable battery wirelessly for the purpose. Since charging of the battery is not possible to be demonstrated, we are providing a DC fan that runs through wireless power.
This project is built upon using an electronic circuit which converts AC 230V 50Hz to AC 12V, High frequency. The output is fed to a tuned coil forming as primary of an air core transformer. The secondary coil develops a voltage of HF 12volt.
Thus the transfer of power is done by the primary(transmitter) to the secondary that is separated with a considerable distance(say 3cm). Therefore the transfer could be seen as the primary transmits and the secondary receives the power to run load.
Moreover this technique can be used in number of applications, like to charge a mobile phone, iPod, laptop battery, propeller clock wirelessly. And also this kind of charging provides a far lower risk of electrical shock as it would be galvanically isolated.
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Simbol
1. 17
Circuit diagram symbols
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2. 18
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SYMBOLS
n electrical network elements
three-phase line or cable
single-phase line or cable
short circuit
earth electrode
outgoing feeder
supply incoming feeder
resistor
variable resistor
reactor or transformer,
motor or generator winding
iron core reactor
capacitor
impedance (Z, R, L or C)
star-connected winding
delta-connected winding
varistor or surge arrester
spark gap or overvoltage
limiter
diode
thyristor
inverter
rectifier
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3. 19
source of current
metering
M
J
measuring device
electrical power outlet
switch disconnector
isolator
fuse
switch-fuse
circuit-breaker
circuit-breaker fitted with a
(thermal) overload and
(magnetic) short-circuit trip
relay
contactor
fuse contactor
drawout circuit-breaker
changeover switch
changeover circuit-breaker
transformer
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4. 20
transformer fitted with an
on-load tap changer
voltage transformer
artificial neutral or earthing
transformer
battery
current transformer
asynchronous generator
AG
G
M
A.C. generator or
alternator
motor
n abbreviations
- UPS
: uninterruptible power supply
- PIM
: permanent insulation monitor
- RCD
: residual current device
- IT
: unearthed neutral and earthed exposed conductive part
-N
: neutral
- NC
: normally closed
- NO
: normally open
- PE
: protective conductor
- PEN
: combined protective and neutral conductor
- Ph1, Ph2, Ph3
:
- TN
: earthed neutral and neutral-connected exposed conductive part
- TNC
: earthed neutral, neutral-connected exposed conductive part, combined
neutral and protective conductor
- TNS
: earthed neutral, neutral-connected exposed conductive part, separate
neutral conductor and protective conductor
- TT
: earthed neutral and earthed exposed conductive part
- Z1//Z2
: signifies that impedances Z1 and Z2 are in parallel.
phase 1, 2, and 3
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5. 21
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF DIAGRAM SYMBOLS
n standards
o
IEC 27-1 (12.1992): letter symbols to be used in electrical technology
o
IEC 617-2 (1983): graphic symbols for diagrams, second part: symbol elements, qualifying
symbols and other symbols having general application
o
IEC 617-7 (1983): graphic symbols for diagrams, part seven: switchgear, controlgear and
protective devices
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6. 17
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF DIAGRAM SYMBOLS
n standards
o
IEC 27-1 (12.1992): letter symbols to be used in electrical technology
o
IEC 617-2 (1983): graphic symbols for diagrams, second part: symbol elements, qualifying
symbols and other symbols having general application
o
IEC 617-7 (1983): graphic symbols for diagrams, part seven: switchgear, controlgear and
protective devices
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7. 18
CHAPTER 1 BIBLIOGRAPHY
n standards
o
IEC 38 (1983): IEC standard voltages
n Schneider cahiers techniques
o
Automatic changeover switching on LV and HV network supplies,
Cahier Technique n° 75, G. Thomasset
o
o
Guide to the design of industrial HV systems, Cahier Technique n° 124, M. Dana
High availability electrical power distribution, Cahier Technique n° 148, A. Longchamp,
G. Gatine
o
MV public distribution networks throughout the world, Cahier Technique n° 155, Ch. Puret
o
HV industrial network design, Cahier Technique n° 169, G. Thomasset
n Schneider publications
o
Electrical installation guide, (07.1996), ref. MD1 ELG 2E
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8. 19
CHAPTER 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY
n standards
o
IEC 364: Electrical installations of buildings
o
IEC 801-2: Electromagnetic compatibility for industrial-process measurement and control
equipment. Part 2: Electrostatic discharge requirements
o
IEC 801-3: Electromagnetic compatibility for industrial-process measurement and control
equipment. Method of evaluating susceptibility to radiated electromagnetic energy
o
IEC 801-4: Electromagnetic compatibility for industrial-process measurement and control
equipment. Part 4. Electrical for transient/burst requirements
n Schneider cahiers techniques
o
o
Neutral system in LV and MV networks up to 20 kV, Cahier Technique n° 20, J.B. Bézin
Earthing of the neutral conductor in High-Voltage networks, Cahier Technique n° 62,
F. Sautriau
o
Residual current devices, Cahier Technique n° 114, R. Calvas,
o
MV public distribution networks throughout the world, Cahier Technique n° 155, Ch. Puret
o
HV industrial network design, Cahier Technique n° 169, G. Thomasset
o
Earthing systems in LV, Cahier Technique n° 172, B. Lacroix, R. Calvas
o
Earthing systems worldwide and evolutions, Cahier Technique n° 173, B. Lacroix, R. Calvas
n Schneider publications
o
Medium voltage protection guide, (1990 - 05), ref. CG0021X
o
Electrical installation guide, (1996 - 07), ref. MD1 ELG 2E
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9. 20
CHAPTER 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY
n standards
o
IEC 34-1 (03.1994): rotating electrical machines. Part 1: rating and performance
o
IEC 146-1-1 (03.1991): semiconductor convertors. General requirements and line
commutated convertors. Part 1-1: specifcations and basic requirements
o
IEC 1000-1-1 (04.1992): electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 1: general.
Section 1: application and interpretation of fundamental definitions and terms
o
IEC 1000-2-1 (05.1990): electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 2: environment.
Section 1: description of the environment - electromagnetic environment for low-frequency
conducted disturbances and signalling in public supply systems
o
IEC 1000-2-2 (05.1990): electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 2: environment.
Section 2: compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signalling in
public low-voltage power supply systems
o
IEC 1000-2-3 (09.1992): electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 2: environment.
Section 3: description of the environment - radiated and non-network-frequency-related
conducted phenomena
o
IEC 1000-2-4 (1994): electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 2: environment.
Section 4: compatibility levels in industrial plants for low-frequency conducted disturbances
o
IEC 1000-3-2 (03.1995): electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 3: limits.
Section 2: limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current ≤ 16 A per phase)
o
IEC 1000-3-3 (12.1994): electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 3: limits.
Section 3: limitation of voltage fluctuations and flicker in low-voltage supply systems for
equipment with rated current ≤ 16 A
o
IEC 1000-3-5 (12.1994): electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 3: limits.
Section 5: limitation of voltage fluctuations and flicker in low-voltage power supply systems
for equipment with rated current greater than 16 A
o
EN 50160 (05.1995): voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution
systems
n Schneider cahiers techniques
o
Behaviour of the SF6 MV circuit-breakers Fluarc for switching motor starting currents,
Cahier Technique n° 143, J. Hennebert, D. Gibbs
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10. 21
o
Electromagnetic compatibility, Cahier Technique n° 149, F. Vaillant
o
Control, monitoring and protection of HV motors, Cahier Technique n° 165, JY. Blanc,
n Schneider publications
o
Electrical installation guide, (1996 - 07), ref. MD1 ELG 2E
n Other publications
o
3-phase cage induction motors, LEROY-SOMER technical catalogue
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11. 22
CHAPTER 4 BIBLIOGRAPHY
n standards
o
EN 50160 (05.1995): voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution
systems
n Schneider cahiers techniques
o
Process generating plants in industrial systems, Cahier Technique n° 99, P.Bibollet
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12. 23
CHAPTER 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY
n standards
o
IEC 60-01 (1989): high-voltage test techniques: part 1: general definitions and test
requirements
o
IEC 71-1 (12.1993): insulation co-ordination. Part 1: definitions, principles and rules
o
IEC 71-2 (1976): insulation co-ordination. Part 2: application guide
o
IEC 76-3 (1980): power transformers. Part 3: insulation levels and dielectric tests
o
IEC 99-1 (05.1991): surge arresters. Part 1: Non-linear resistor type gapped surge arresters
for a.c. systems
o
IEC 99-4 (11.1991): surge arresters. Part 4: metal-oxyde surge arresters without gaps for
a.c. systems
o
IEC 99-5 (02.1996): surge arresters. Part 5: selection and application recommendations
o
IEC 364: electrical installations of buildings
o
IEC 831-1 (1988): shunt power capacitors of the self-healing type for a.c. systems having a
rated voltage up to and including 660 V. Part 1: General - Performance, testing, and rating Safety requirements - Guide for installation and operation
o
IEC 871-1 (1987): shunt capacitors for a.c. power systems having a rated voltage above 660
V. Part 1: General. Performance, testing and rating - Safety requirements - Guide for
installation and operation
n Schneider cahiers techniques
o
The behaviour of SF6 puffer circuit-breakers under exceptionally severe conditions,
Cahier Technique n° 101, J.C. Henry, G. Perrissin, C. Rollier
o
Behaviour of the SF6 circuit-breakers Fluarc for switching motor starting currents,
Cahier Technique n° 143, J. Hennebert, D. Gibbs
o
Overvoltages and insulation co-ordination in MV and HV, Cahier Technique n°151,
D. Fulchiron
o
Control, monitoring and protection of HV motors, Cahier Technique n° 165, JY Blanc,
o
Lightning and Hv electrical installations, Cahier Technique n° 168, B. De Metz-Noblat
o
Breaking by auto-expansion, Cahier Technique n° 171, G. Bernard
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13. 24
CHAPTER 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY
n standards
o
IEC 38 (1983): IEC standard voltages
o
IEC 269-1 (1986): low-voltage fuses, part 1: general requirements
o
IEC 287 (1982): calculation of the continuous current rating of cables (100% load factor)
o
IEC 364: electrical installations of buildings
o
IEC 898 (04.1992): circuit-breakers for overcurrent protection for household and similar
applications
o
IEC 947-2 (01.1989): low-voltage switchgear and controlgear, part 2: circuit-breakers
applications
n Schneider publications
o
Electrical installation guide, (07. 1996), ref. MD1 ELG 2E
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14. 25
CHAPTER 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY
n standards
o
IEC 831-1 (1988): shunt power capacitors of the self-healing type for a.c. systems having a
rated voltage up to and including 660 V. Part 1: General - Performance, testing, and rating Safety requirements - Guide for installation and operation
o
IEC 871-1 (1987): shunt capacitors for a.c. power systems having a rated voltage above 660
V. Part 1: General. Performance, testing and rating - Safety requirements - Guide for
installation and operation
n Schneider cahiers techniques
o
Switching MV capacitor banks, Cahier Technique n° 142, D. Koch
n Schneider publications
o
LV application guide: power factor correction and harmonic filtering, Rectiphase,
ref. CG0064E
o
LV capacitors and banks, Rectiphase, ref. AC0373/2E
o
Rectiphase medium voltage capacitors and equipment catalogue, ref. AC0303/2E
o
Electrical installation guide (07.1996), ref. MD1 ELG 2E
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15. 26
CHAPTER 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
n standards
o
IEC 34-1 (03.1994): rotating electrical machines. Part 1: rating and performance
o
IEC 146-1-1 (03.1991): semiconductor convertors. General requirements and line
commutated convertors. Part 1-1: specifications and basic requirements
o
IEC 146-1-2 (03.1991): semiconductor convertors. General requirements and line
commutated convertors. Part 1-2: Application guide
o
IEC 146-4 (1986): semiconductor convertors. Part 4: Method of specifying the performance
and test requirements of uninterruptible power systems
o
IEC 831-1 (1988): shunt power capacitors of the self-healing type for a.c. systems having a
rated voltage up to and including 660 V. Part 1: General - Performance, testing, and rating Safety requirements - Guide for installation and operation
o
IEC 871-1 (1987): shunt capacitors for a.c. power systems having a rated voltage above 660
V. Part 1: General. Performance, testing and rating - Safety requirements - Guide for
installation and operation
o
IEC 1000-1-1 (04.1992): electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 1: general.
Section 1: application and interpretation of fundamental definitions and terms
o
IEC 1000-2-1 (05.1990): electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 2: environment.
Section 1: description of the environment - electromagnetic environment for low-frequency
conducted disturbances and signalling in public supply systems
o
IEC 1000-2-2 (05.1990): electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 2: environment.
Section 2: compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signalling in
public low-voltage power supply systems
o
IEC 1000-2-4 (02.1994): electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 2: environment.
Section 4: compatibility levels in industrial plants for low-frequency conducted disturbances
o
IEC 1000-3-2 (03.1995): electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 3: limits.
Section 2: limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current ≤ 16 A per phase)
n Schneider cahiers techniques
o
o
Harmonics in industrial networks, Cahier Technique n° 152, P. Roccia, N. Quillon
Inverters and harmonics (case studies of non-linear loads), Cahier Technique n°159
J.N. Fiorina
o
Harmonics upstream of rectifiers in UPS, Cahier Technique n° 160, J.N. Florina
o
Active harmonic conditioners for unity power factor rectifiers, Cahier Technique n° 183,
E. Bettega J.N. Florina
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16. 27
CHAPTER 9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
n standards
o
EN 50160 (05.1995): voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution
systems
n Schneider cahiers techniques
o
MV public distribution networks throughout the world, Cahier Technique n° 155,
Ch. Puret
o
Automatic changeover switching on L.V. and H.V. network supplies,
Cahier Technique n° 75, G. Thomasset
o
Control, monitoring and protection of HV motors, Cahier Technique n° 165, JY. Blanc
o
HV industrial network design, Cahier Technique n° 169, G. Thomasset
o
Protection of industrial and commercial MV networks, Cahier Technique n° 174, A. Sastré
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17. 28
CHAPTER 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
n standards
o
IEC 50 (191) (1990): international electrotechnical vocabulary. Chapter 191: dependability
and quality of service
o
IEC 812 (1985): analysis techniques for system reliability - Procedure for failure mode and
effects analysis
o
IEC 863 (1986): presentation of reliability, maintainability and availability predictions
n Schneider cahiers techniques
o
Introduction to dependability design, Cahier Technique n° 144, P. Bonnefoi
o
High availability electrical power distribution, Cahier Technique n° 148, A. Longchamp,
G. Gatine
o
Dependability of MV and HV protection devices, Cahier Technique n° 175, M. Lemaire
o
Industrial approach to dependability, Cahier Technique n° 134, H. Krotoff
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Industrial electrical network design guide
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6 883 427/A
18. 29
CHAPTER 12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
n standards
o
IEC 354 (09.1991): loading guide for oil-immersed power transformers
n Schneider cahiers techniques
o
Automatic changeover switching on L.V. and H.V. network supplies,
Cahier Technique n° 75, G. Thomasset
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The publication, translation and reproduction, either wholly or partly, of this document are not allowed without our written consent.
Industrial electrical network design guide
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6 883 427/A
19. 30
CHAPTER 13 BIBLIOGRAPHY
n standards
o
IEC 76-2: power transformers. Part 2: temperature rise
o
IEC 364: electrical installations of buildings
o
IEC 909 (1988): short circuit calculations in three-phase a.c. systems
o
IEC 1000-2-4 (1994): electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Part 2: environment.
Section 4: compatibility levels in industrial plants for low-frequency conducted disturbances
o
IEC 50160 (05.1995): voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution
systems
n Schneider cahiers techniques
o
Guide to the design of industrial H.V. systems, Cahier Technique n° 124, M. Dana
o
Enclosures and degrees of protection, Cahier Technique n° 166, J. Pasteau
o
HV industrial network design, Cahier Technique n° 169, G. Thomasset
o
Protection of industrial and commercial MV networks, Cahier Technique n° 174, A. Sastré
n Schneider publications
o
o
Industrial network protection guide, C. Prévé (05-1996), ref. 02 888 608/BE
SELENA, calculating short-circuit currents according to IEC 909 (10.1995), F. Dumas,
T. Rutgé
o
Electrical installation guide (07.1996), ref. MD1 ELG 2E
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crite de nos services.
The publication, translation and reproduction, either wholly or partly, of this document are not allowed without our written consent.
Industrial electrical network design guide
T&D
6 883 427/A