This document reviews applications of remote sensing tools for geo-environmental terrain assessments and territorial zoning. It discusses two main approaches - analytical and synthetic - and describes a three stage process involving terrain unit delimitation, characterization, and evaluation/classification. Several case studies demonstrate using satellite imagery texture analysis to delimit terrain units for purposes like hazard mapping and land use planning. Remotely sensed data provides new information where data is limited and allows cost-effective coverage of large areas.
Soil Organic Carbon mapping by geo- and class- matchingExternalEvents
The presentation was given by Mr. Bas Kempen & Ms. V.L. Mulder, ISRIC, during the GSOC Mapping Global Training hosted by ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6 - 23 June 2017, Wageningen (The Netherlands).
Impact of climate change, land use change and residential mitigation measures...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Jennifer K. POUSSIN1,2, Philip J. WARD1,2, Philip BUBECK1,2,3, Jeroen C.J.H. AERTS1,2
1Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 2Amsterdam Global Change Institute (AGCI), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 3German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Section Hydrology, Germany
Bio-physical impact analysis of climate change with EPIC
Presented by Christine Heumesser at the AGRODEP Workshop on Analytical Tools for Climate Change Analysis
June 6-7, 2011 • Dakar, Senegal
For more information on the workshop or to see the latest version of this presentation visit: http://www.agrodep.org/first-annual-workshop
المؤتمر الاول لإدارة الازمات و الكوارث و الحد م اخطارها نحو فعالية افضل للحد من اخطار الكوارث
Thursday, April 23, 2009
http://www.eip.gov.eg/crisisCD/Main.htm
Soil Organic Carbon mapping by geo- and class- matchingExternalEvents
The presentation was given by Mr. Bas Kempen & Ms. V.L. Mulder, ISRIC, during the GSOC Mapping Global Training hosted by ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6 - 23 June 2017, Wageningen (The Netherlands).
Impact of climate change, land use change and residential mitigation measures...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Jennifer K. POUSSIN1,2, Philip J. WARD1,2, Philip BUBECK1,2,3, Jeroen C.J.H. AERTS1,2
1Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 2Amsterdam Global Change Institute (AGCI), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 3German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Section Hydrology, Germany
Bio-physical impact analysis of climate change with EPIC
Presented by Christine Heumesser at the AGRODEP Workshop on Analytical Tools for Climate Change Analysis
June 6-7, 2011 • Dakar, Senegal
For more information on the workshop or to see the latest version of this presentation visit: http://www.agrodep.org/first-annual-workshop
المؤتمر الاول لإدارة الازمات و الكوارث و الحد م اخطارها نحو فعالية افضل للحد من اخطار الكوارث
Thursday, April 23, 2009
http://www.eip.gov.eg/crisisCD/Main.htm
Use of remote sensing techniques for nutrient studies in soil and plant _Knig...KnightNthebere
Remote Sensing Techniques used in nutrient studies in plant and soil . Prospects as far as space technology is concerned in agriculture. The usefulness of Hyperspectral and multispectral remote sensing in agriculture sector. How can remote sensing protect the soil from degradation and increase food production with sustainable management practice of agricultural land?
Remote sensing of the environment and Earth observation sciences are relatively young research domains that are highly interdisciplinary, combining expertise in biology, ecology, geography, physics, and computing science. Combining data from space-based and airborne sensors with traditional field observations provides powerful insights on how different ecosystems function and what drives changes in them at a global scale. With the turn of the 21st century we have seen a major expansion of our Earth observation capabilities with hundreds of new satellite systems in orbit around our planet and a myriad of new environmental sensor systems at the surface keeping an eye on how our planet is changing and how those changes influence our societies.
This presentation reviews the basics of remote sensing of vegetation biophysics for ecology and environmental monitoring and explores in greater depth how we can use these new technologies to better understand how more sensitive ecosystems respond to global change forces and can act as canaries in the coal mine for the early detection of climate change risks. I will also discuss how our research capabilities in this field are changing with the start-up of commercial aerospace agencies, the ever-decreasing size and cost of consumer electronics, and the emergence of affordable unmanned aerial vehicles, or ‘drones’.
GIS-Based Soil Properties Analysis for Sustainable Agriculture in Bani Waleed...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This paper presents an study Soil Properties analysis for sustainable agriculture by GIS through 15 soil samples chemical characterization conducts to soil numerical classification and crops soil suitability that has the advantage to guide the practices of soil management is as follows: Soil Salinity: The results of electrical conductivity indicated that the studied soils were generally positioned into the very saline class that had an area of (3847.96 ha) representing (79.50 %). The soils assembled into five classes; non-saline (198.5 ha) and it is suitable for most crops, moderately saline (385.75ha), where crops salt-tolerant crops give yield with marginal reduction. Finally, strong saline (112.00 ha) that it is suitable just for high salt-tolerant crops but also with yield reduction. Soil Sodic: the non-sodic soil class occupied the majority of the studied area with 96.8 % (4689.18 ha). The sodic soil had only (151.27 ha) 13.12 %. calcium carbonate to moderately calcareous soil (2317.93 ha) 47.89% and calcareous soil (2522.51 ha)52.11%. Crops soil suitability (Wheat): (S1), (S2) and (NS2) It is as follows (4000.78ha) 82.65 %, 114.37ha 2.36 %, and 725.30ha 14.98% of the studied area, respectively. (Tomato): is as follows: (4190.85 ha) 86.58 % of the study area is highly suitable (S1) and (NS2) (649.61ha) 13.42 % is unsuitable represent respectively. (Olive): The majority of the study area 4081.04 ha (84.31 %) was classified as highly suitable soils (S1), potentially suitable class (NS1) is about 236.61ha (4.89 %) and unsuitable class (NS2) is about (522.81ha) 10.80 % respectively. Soil Management and Crops tolerance for soil parameters The GIS-ESP soil map divided the studied area into three categories of ESP tolerance crops soil; Extremely sensitive ESP crop (4164.65 ha), sensitive ESP crop (594.13 ha) and moderately tolerant crop (81.67 ha). The GIS-CaCO3 soil map divided the studied area into two categories of CaCO3 tolerance crops soil; Crops that tolerate a certain (1924.92 ha) and Crops which support high (2915.54 ha). EC tolerance crops soil; Sensitive (3835.38 ha), moderately (224.28ha), highly (650.86 ha) and very highly (129.93ha).
Estimation of Spatial Variability of Land Surface Temperature using Landsat 8...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Class Project
Mapping of Crop Residues Using Hyperspectral Data:
· Techniques and indexes for quantification,
· Data sources and
· Unsupervised classification for tillage systems
Table of contents / INDEX
Topic
Page
1.
Problem / application
3
2.
Working hypothesis
3
3.
Project outcomes
4
4.
Literature review
4
5.
Data sources
8
6.
Methods
10
7.
Results
16
8
Issues and learning
20
9
Conclusions and future works
21
10.
Annex 1. Corrected bands and columns
22
11
Annex 2. Copy of in-running matlab code for de-striping
23
12
References
25
2
1. PROBLEM / APPLICATION
Agriculture is a widespread, basic activity around the world, which main purpose is to harvest food, fiber or/and energy. After every growing season residues are left in fields. It is important to quantify the amount and cover of agricultural residues for enhancing the understanding in global biogeochemical cycles, and for applications such as their role for preventing soil erosion and their contribution in carbon sequestration. However, it is not completely understood yet how to estimate crop residues cover, their discrimination under tillage or no tillage cropping systems, and its seasonal variability as well as their temporal changes. This class project proposes to explore the estimation and mapping of crop residues by remote sensing techniques using hyperspectral image data.
2. WORKING HYPOTHESIS
Crop residues cover and amount can be accurately estimated by remote sensing techniques. A wide range of crop species and their residues can be studied in the near future and they might be even differentiated by spectral classification. Future work might include description of temporal patterns upon analyzing hyperspectral data (EO-1 Hyperion) in complement with multispectral data (Landsat 7 ETM+ and EO-1 ALI).
3
3. PROJECT OUTCOMES
This class project will generate an estimation of crop residues cover in agricultural fields in Central Indiana in Tipton County. In addition, the amount of crop residues will be approximately calculated based upon yield/residues ratio assumptions. Also, unsupervised classifications for different tillage management (two classes: tilled areas and no-tilled areas) in agricultural fields in Tipton County. Finally, by this study we expect to integrate/use three different data sources (Landsat 7 ETM+, EO-1 ALI and EO-1 Hyperion) and to calculate Cellulose Absorption Index on hyperspectral data.
4. LITERATURE REVIEW
Crop residues are any portion of crop plants that is left in the field after harvest. Crop residues cover is a relevant topic to be studied because of three main reasons: they are widespread in the landscape of agriculture in the Midwest, they represent one of the most important organic inputs for soil carbon sequestration estimating input, and also they relate to soil conservation and reduction of soil erosion (Lal, 2002 & 2004). Remote sensing techniques are also a potential fo ...
Land Use/Land Cover Mapping Of Allahabad City by Using Remote Sensing & GIS IJMER
The present study was carried out to produce and evaluate the land use/land cover maps by on
screen visual interpretation. The studies of land cover of Allahabad city (study area) consist of 87517.47 ha
out of which 5500.35 ha is build up land (Urban / Rural) Area. In this respect, the Build up land (Urban /
Rural) area scorers 6.28% of the total area. It has also been found that about 17155.001ha (19.60 %) of
area is covered by current fallow land. The double/triple crop land of 30178.44ha (34.84%). The area
covered by gullied / ravines is 1539.20 ha (1.75 %) and that of the kharif crop land is 2828.00 ha (3.23 %).
The area covered by other wasteland is 2551.05ha (2.91%). Table 4.1 shows the area distribution of the
various land use and land cover of Allahabad city.
GESTÃO DE RISCOS DE DESASTRES DEVIDO A FENÔMENOS GEODINÂMICOS NO ESTADO DE SÃ...Maria José Brollo
BROLLO, M.J. & FERREIRA, C.J. 2016. GESTÃO DE RISCOS DE DESASTRES DEVIDO A FENÔMENOS GEODINÂMICOS NO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO: CENÁRIO 2000-2015 – Boletim do Instituto Geológico nº 67 – São Paulo : I G / SMA, 2016. 72p ; ISSN 0100-431X. Disponível em: http://igeologico.sp.gov.br/files/2016/10/boletim_IG_vol_67.pdf
Estudos desenvolvidos no Instituto Geológico desde 2009 resultaram em um sistema de indicadores de riscos de desastres do Estado de São Paulo que permitiu o estabelecimento de cenários anuais e de referência para o tema. Constitui, também, a base para um retrato da dimensão dos problemas e suas consequências, o que vem auxiliando a eficaz gestão das situações de risco e desastre no Estado. A presente publicação consolida este histórico, apresentando o cenário 2000-2015 da situação de riscos de desastres devido a fenômenos geodinâmicos no Estado de São Paulo em termos de ocorrência de problemas (acidentes e danos) e de gestão, destacando como os mesmos vem sendo enfrentados pelo Poder Público por meio de instrumentos de gestão de riscos. São expostos conceitos, bases de dados, forma de abordagem do assunto e o Sistema de Indicadores de Riscos de Desastres construído para o Estado de São Paulo, que abarca 5 indicadores (número de acidentes, número de óbitos, número de pessoas afetadas, número de edificações afetadas, número de municípios com instrumentos de gestão de risco), agrupados em 2 grupos-chave (Indicadores de Estado ou Situação, Indicadores de Resposta). Esta abordagem envolve a análise e discussão dos indicadores em um período de 16 anos, e do ano de 2015 em particular, promovendo uma comparação entre os mesmos, a análise de tendências e de criticidade de municípios, assim como a apresentação de perspectivas futuras.
Campos do Jordão (SP): mapeamento de perigos e riscos de escorregamentos e in...Maria José Brollo
ANDRADE, E.; BROLLO, M.J.; FERNANDES DA SILVA, P.C.; ROSSINI PENTEADO, D.; SANTORO, J.; RIBEIRO, F.S.; GUEDES, A.C.M.; BRAGA, E.S. 2015. Campos do Jordão (SP): mapeamento de perigos e riscos de escorregamentos e inundação no Bairro de Vila Albertina, como subsídio à gestão de riscos. In: SBG, Simpósio de Geologia do Sudeste, 14, Campos do Jordão-SP, 26 a 29 de outubro de 2015, Anais..., http://www.acquacon.com.br/geosudeste/anais.php
RESUMO
O município de Campos do Jordão – SP apresenta um histórico de acidentes de natureza geológica de grandes proporções, associados, principalmente, à ocorrência de escorregamentos de encostas que resultou em vítimas fatais e em vultosos prejuízos financeiros. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados do mapeamento de áreas de risco de escorregamentos e inundações do Bairro Vila Albertina, parte integrante da avaliação de riscos realizada em Campos do Jordão por IG-SMA (2014). A Vila Albertina, situada na porção sudeste da mancha urbana, ocupa a face sul do morro e parte do vale situado na margem esquerda do córrego Piracuama. Corresponde a uma das mais extensas áreas de risco do município, com aproximadamente 180.000m². Deste total, 165.000m2 estão relacionados à setores de risco de escorregamentos, sendo que um único setor de risco muito alto ocupa 56% desta área. O levantamento histórico de acidentes (IG-SMA, 2014 e ANDRADE et al., 2015) apontou ocorrências de escorregamentos na Vila Albertina em 1972, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013, e de inundações em 2003, 2009 e 2010. Como resultado do mapeamento de riscos em escala de detalhe 1:3.000 foram obtidos 13 setores de risco (9 setores de escorregamento e 4 de inundação), com 750 moradias em risco e cerca de 3.000 moradores (6% da população do município). Dos nove setores de risco de escorregamentos, 1 deles apresenta risco muito alto (somente este concentra 706 moradias), 1 risco alto, 5 risco médio e 2 risco baixo. Dos quatro setores de risco de inundação, com 44 moradias e 4 estabelecimentos comerciais, 1 apresenta risco alto e 3 risco médio. Foram apontadas recomendações voltadas à gestão dos riscos em cada um dos setores identificados, incluindo a indicação de remoção definitiva de pelo menos 350 moradias (47% do total desta área), fiscalização efetiva por toda a área e o congelamento dos setores de maior risco. Além disso, foram sugeridas soluções para a redução e para a convivência com os riscos existentes. Estudos técnicos como este apresentado em IG-SMA (2014), devem ser objeto de constante atualização, servindo de subsídio às ações preventivas e emergenciais, competindo ao Poder Público local sua implementação, contando, caso necessário, com o apoio do Estado e da União.
Campos do Jordão (SP): Notícias veiculadas na mídia impressa como apoio à ges...Maria José Brollo
ANDRADE, E; BROLLO, MJ; TOMINAGA, LK; FERNANDES DA SILVA, PC. 2015. Campos do Jordão (SP): notícias veiculadas na mídia impressa como apoio à gestão de riscos de desastres. In: SBG, Simpósio de Geologia do Sudeste, 14, Campos do Jordão-SP, 26 a 29 de outubro de 2015, Anaisem formato eletrônico http://geosudeste.com.br/anais/ANAIS-GEOSUDESTE-2015-completo.pdf
RESUMO
O município de Campos do Jordão apresenta um histórico de diversos acidentes em áreas de risco com a ocorrência de vítimas fatais e significativos prejuízos financeiros e sociais. O levantamento de notícias de acidentes e desastres naturais veiculadas na mídia impressa no período de 1999 a 2013 constituiu-se em uma forma alternativa e prática de complementar os bancos de dados existentes na Defesa Civil Estadual e na Defesa Civil Municipal, fornecendo assim subsídios ao mapeamento de perigos e riscos do município. Em IG-SMA (2014) foram adotados procedimentos padronizados para a pesquisa, coleta e derivação de dados e informações a partir de notícias publicadas em dois jornais ("Vale Paraibano” e “O Vale"), buscando registros sobre datas e locais de ocorrências de movimentos de massa (escorregamentos, erosão, solapamento de margens de drenagens), inundações e processos correlatos (enchentes, alagamentos, enxurradas), colapsos e subsidências de solo, tempestades e vendavais. Com este propósito, as seguintes etapas foram contempladas: a) pesquisa e coleta de dados nos jornais; b) sistematização e consolidação de dados; c) georreferenciamento das ocorrências. Como resultado foram levantadas 32 matérias jornalísticas referentes a 27 eventos. A partir destas matérias, foi possível extrair 122 registros individuais segundo data, tipo e local de ocorrência, dos quais 117 foram passíveis de espacialização. O agrupamento destes dados resultou em 94 registros distribuídos por um total de 43 localidades distintas do município (bairros), com a seguinte distribuição conforme o tipo de processo: 49 registros de deslizamentos (51%), 31 registros de enchentes/inundações/alagamentos (33%), 14 registros de vendavais e temporais (15%), 1 registro referente a subsidência/afundamento (1%). Apesar de dificuldades relacionadas à consolidação do banco de dados e à completa caracterização dos eventos em decorrência da falta de consistência na terminologia empregada em algumas matérias jornalísticas, assim como à impossibilidade de espacialização de alguns locais de ocorrência, devido à veiculação de informações genéricas ou parciais, a utilização destes registros foram fundamentais na indicação de áreas-alvo para a execução dos trabalhos de campo e na caracterização e classificação de setores de perigo e de risco.
Sistema Gerenciador de Informações sobre Riscos Geológicos no Estado de São P...Maria José Brollo
GUEDES, A.C.M.; BROLLO, M.J.; RIBEIRO, F.S.; GOMES, R.L.O.; PEINADO, M.E.; ALMEIDA, T.W.B. 2015. Sistema Gerenciador de Informações sobre Riscos Geológicos no Estado de São Paulo (SGI-RISCOS-IG): geotecnologia como subsídio para tomada de decisões em cenários de risco de desastres naturais. In: SBG, Simpósio de Geologia do Sudeste, 14, Campos do Jordão-SP, 26 a 29 de outubro de 2015, Anais em formato eletrônico http://geosudeste.com.br/anais/ANAIS-GEOSUDESTE-2015-completo.pdf
RESUMO
O Sistema Gerenciador de Informações sobre Riscos Geológicos no Estado de São Paulo – SGI-RISCOS-IG foi desenvolvido pelo Instituto Geológico (IG) no âmbito do Programa Institucional de Gestão de Riscos e Prevenção de Desastres Naturais para permitir uma gestão integrada do tema e subsidiar decisões de órgãos estaduais e municipais. Organiza, padroniza e disponibiliza os resultados de dois tipos de avaliações de risco a eventos geodinâmicos (escorregamento, inundação, erosão e solapamento) executados pelo Instituto Geológico: a) mapeamento de áreas de risco de municípios; b) pareceres técnicos de atendimentos emergenciais de situações de risco.
A partir da avaliação de outros Sistema Gerenciadores de Informação desenvolvidos em diferentes áreas do IG, em diversos formatos, optou-se pelo uso da plataforma proprietária da Environmental Systems Research Institute - ESRI, já existente no instituto. As informações são armazenadas em um Banco de Dados de código aberto PostgreSQL, que se relaciona com o ambiente de mapas do Sistema – ArcGIS for Server Enterprise Advanced - utilizando o cartucho espacial (ST_Geometry). As informações de risco (poligonais e pontuais) são publicadas como web services no ambiente ArcGIS for Server. A ferramenta de desenvolvimento Microsoft Silverlight foi utilizada para a programação e customização de funcionalidades de navegação, controle e manipulação de mapas, uma avançada administração de usuários, pesquisa espacial e por atributos, entrada e edição de dados espaciais e alfanuméricos.
O presente artigo apresenta o modelo de dados e arquitetura do Sistema, as principais funcionalidades e anota alguns diferenciais em relação a outros mecanismos conhecidos. Mostra, enfim, algumas das razões pelas quais o SGI-RISCOS-IG tem se mostrado uma ferramenta bem recebida pelos responsáveis pela gestão da questão de risco geológico, em nível estadual e também junto a municípios mapeados.
Encerra elencando importantes ações em curso no Estado de São Paulo onde ocorre uma franca interação com o Sistema Gerenciador de Informações sobre Riscos.
Itaoca (SP) : histórico de acidentes e desastres relacionados a perigos geoló...Maria José Brollo
BROLLO, M.J.; SANTORO, J.; ROSSINI PENTEADO, D.; FERNANDES DA SILVA, P.C.; RIBEIRO, R.R. 2015. Itaoca (SP) : histórico de acidentes e desastres relacionados a perigos geológicos. In: SBG, Simpósio de Geologia do Sudeste, 14, Campos do Jordão-SP, 26 a 29 de outubro de 2015, Anais em meio eletrônico http://geosudeste.com.br/anais/ANAIS-GEOSUDESTE-2015-completo.pdf
ITAOCA (SP) : HISTÓRICO DE ACIDENTES E DESASTRES RELACIONADOS A PERIGOS GEOLÓ...Maria José Brollo
BROLLO, M.J.; SANTORO, J.; ROSSINI PENTEADO, D.; FERNANDES DA SILVA, P.C.; RIBEIRO, R.R. 2015. Itaoca (SP) : histórico de acidentes e desastres relacionados a perigos geológicos. In: SBG, Simpósio de Geologia do Sudeste, 14, Campos do Jordão-SP, 26 a 29 de outubro de 2015, Anais em meio eletrônico http://geosudeste.com.br/anais/ANAIS-GEOSUDESTE-2015-completo.pdf
Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar o histórico de eventos críticos que ocorreram em Itaoca-SP. O município apresenta uma configuração fisiográfica favorável ao desencadeamento de processos de corridas de massa, escorregamentos e inundações. Nos últimos 23 anos, Itaoca foi cenário de ocorrência de 5 eventos críticos, principalmente relacionados a enxurradas, inundações e enchentes, incluindo o desastre de janeiro de 2014, relacionado a corrida de massa e enxurrada, onde vários núcleos urbanos foram afetados, com grande impacto social, prejuízos econômicos e perdas de vida, que resultou na decretação de estado de calamidade pública no município. Após o desastre de janeiro de 2014, percebeu-se que o município não estava preparado para enfrentar qualquer situação de risco de desastre. Iniciou-se então um esforço da Coordenadoria Estadual de Defesa Civil para instrumentalizar o poder público municipal no enfrentamento de situação de riscos de desastres, com a elaboração de um diagnóstico de perigos e riscos em escala regional e local (IG-SMA, 2015). Dentre os resultados deste estudo, sugere-se o monitoramento climático e pluviométrico, o treinamento da população em termos de percepção de riscos e a implantação de Sistemas de Alerta, conforme preconizado no Programa Estadual de Prevenção de Desastres Naturais e Redução de Riscos Geológicos (Decr. Est. nº 57.512, de 11/11/2011).
SISTEMA GERENCIADOR DE INFORMAÇÕES SOBRE RISCOS GEOLÓGICOS NO ESTADO DE SÃO P...Maria José Brollo
GUEDES, A.C.M.; BROLLO, M.J.; RIBEIRO, F.S.; GOMES, R.L.O.; PEINADO, M.E.; ALMEIDA, T.W.B. 2015. Sistema Gerenciador de Informações sobre Riscos Geológicos no Estado de São Paulo (SGI-RISCOS-IG): geotecnologia como subsídio para tomada de decisões em cenários de risco de desastres naturais. In: SBG, Simpósio de Geologia do Sudeste, 14, Campos do Jordão-SP, 26 a 29 de outubro de 2015, Anais..., CD-ROM
RESUMO
O Sistema Gerenciador de Informações sobre Riscos Geológicos no Estado de São Paulo – SGI-RISCOS-IG foi desenvolvido pelo Instituto Geológico (IG) no âmbito do Programa Institucional de Gestão de Riscos e Prevenção de Desastres Naturais para permitir uma gestão integrada do tema e subsidiar decisões de órgãos estaduais e municipais. Organiza, padroniza e disponibiliza os resultados de dois tipos de avaliações de risco a eventos geodinâmicos (escorregamento, inundação, erosão e solapamento) executados pelo Instituto Geológico: a) mapeamento de áreas de risco de municípios; b) pareceres técnicos de atendimentos emergenciais de situações de risco.
A partir da avaliação de outros Sistema Gerenciadores de Informação desenvolvidos em diferentes áreas do IG, em diversos formatos, optou-se pelo uso da plataforma proprietária da Environmental Systems Research Institute - ESRI, já existente no instituto. As informações são armazenadas em um Banco de Dados de código aberto PostgreSQL, que se relaciona com o ambiente de mapas do Sistema – ArcGIS for Server Enterprise Advanced - utilizando o cartucho espacial (ST_Geometry). As informações de risco (poligonais e pontuais) são publicadas como web services no ambiente ArcGIS for Server. A ferramenta de desenvolvimento Microsoft Silverlight foi utilizada para a programação e customização de funcionalidades de navegação, controle e manipulação de mapas, uma avançada administração de usuários, pesquisa espacial e por atributos, entrada e edição de dados espaciais e alfanuméricos.
O presente artigo apresenta o modelo de dados e arquitetura do Sistema, as principais funcionalidades e anota alguns diferenciais em relação a outros mecanismos conhecidos. Mostra, enfim, algumas das razões pelas quais o SGI-RISCOS-IG tem se mostrado uma ferramenta bem recebida pelos responsáveis pela gestão da questão de risco geológico, em nível estadual e também junto a municípios mapeados.
Encerra elencando importantes ações em curso no Estado de São Paulo onde ocorre uma franca interação com o Sistema Gerenciador de Informações sobre Riscos.
A REDUÇÃO DOS RISCOS DE DESASTRES COMEÇA NA ESCOLA: ESTUDO DE CASO EM CAMPOS ...Maria José Brollo
RIBEIRO, RR; ANDRADE, E; BROLLO, MJ; TOMINAGA, LK; RIBEIRO, FS. 2015. A redução dos riscos de desastres começa na escola: estudo de caso em Campos do Jordão (SP). In: ABGE, Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia de Engenharia e Ambiental, 15, Bento Gonçalves-RS, 18 a 21 de outubro de 2015, Anais..., CD-ROOM
Resumo – O município de Campos do Jordão (SP) foi objeto de estudo de avaliação de riscos em IG-SMA (2014) e teve como um dos produtos finais a aplicação do curso “Percepção de Perigos e Riscos Geológicos Voltados aos Profissionais da Educação”. O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados da aplicação deste curso a um grupo de profissionais da educação do município, no qual adquiriram conhecimentos e capacidades básicas para inserir a temática de prevenção dos desastres naturais nos currículos pedagógicos, bem como nos ambientes interno e externo de suas unidades escolares. Esta atividade pode ser entendida como o início de uma mudança cultural para a disseminação de comportamentos de prevenção e de autoproteção dos alunos que poderão contribuir para redução dos desastres e para o desenvolvimento sustentável local. Esta experiência vai ao encontro das premissas do Marco de Ação de Hyogo (UNESCO – 2000 a 2015), que visam aumentar a resiliência das nações e das comunidades frente aos desastres naturais.
Abstract -The city of Campos do Jordão (SP) was risk assessment study object in IG-SMA (2014) and had as one of the final products the implementation of the course "Hazard Perception and Risk Geological Facing the Education Professionals". This paper presents the results of applying this course to a group of professionals in the municipal education, which acquired basic knowledge and skills to enter the issue of prevention of natural disasters in educational curricula as well as in internal and external environments of units school. This activity can be understood as the beginning of a cultural change for the dissemination of prevention behaviors and self-protection of students who can contribute to disaster reduction and for local sustainable development. This experience meets the premises of the Hyogo Framework for Action (UNESCO - 2000 to 2015), aimed at increasing the resilience of nations and communities with respect to natural disasters.
PERIGOS E RISCOS GEOLÓGICOS EM CAMPOS DO JORDÃO (SP) : DIAGNÓSTICO EM 2014 - ...Maria José Brollo
ANDRADE, E.& BROLLO, M.J. 2015. Perigos e riscos geológicos em Campos do Jordão (SP): diagnóstico em 2014. In: ABGE, Simp. Bras. Cartografia Geotécnica, 9, Cuiabá-MT, 20 a 25 de março de 2015, Anais..., CD-ROM. ISBN 978-85-7270-066-5.
RESUMO
Este trabalho refere-se ao mapeamento das áreas de risco associados a escorregamentos, inundações, erosão e solapamento de margens de drenagens do Município de Campos do Jordão (SP), em diagnóstico finalizado em 2014. Promovido pela Coordenadoria Estadual de Defesa Civil, da Casa Militar do Estado de São Paulo e executado pelo Instituto Geológico com o propósito de atualizar a avaliação de riscos no município, abrangendo perigos até então não estudados, como o de inundação.
Em síntese foram identificadas 40 áreas alvo para estudos de detalhe, com a identificação das situações de risco, com graus diferenciados quanto à probabilidade de ocorrência, à tipologia dos processos geodinâmicos envolvidos e à severidade dos potenciais eventos. Os estudos resultaram na delimitação de 175 setores de risco (17% em risco muito alto, 26% em risco alto, 38% em risco médio e 19% em risco baixo), compreendendo 3.985 moradias em risco (com estimativa de 15.940 moradores) e estendendo-se por aproximadamente 5% da mancha urbana do município. Ou seja, cerca de 33% da população do município encontra-se em áreas de risco, sendo que 2,6% situam-se em setores de risco de escorregamento com grau muito alto.
Assim, o mapeamento de áreas de riscos, de posse do poder público municipal, passa a ser importante instrumento de controle e redução do risco de Campos do Jordão, devendo passar por atualização constante pela prefeitura municipal, principal agente no adequado uso e ocupação do território.
ABSTRACT
This paper refers to risk mapping of landslides, floods, erosions processes on Campos do Jordão County (SP). Finalized in 2014, this task was sponsored by Civil Defence Cordenadory of the Military House of the São Paulo State Government, and executed by the Geological Institute in order to update the existent risk evaluations on the studied municipality covering some kinds of hazards never had studied before, such as flood hazard.
It where identified 40 areas for later detailed studies by risk conditions reconnaissance. The studies resulted in 175 risk sectors (17% at very high risk, 26% at high risk, 38% at medium risk, and 19% at low risk), comprising 3,985 houses at risk (15,940 estimated population), and spreading through approximately 5% of the County´s urban sprawl. That means, about 33% of municipality population lives at risk zones, wherein 2,6% lives at sectors classified as very high landslinding risk.
Thus, the risk mapping must be considered an important instrument for control and risk reduction on municipality´s territory and should be appropriated proceed its constant update by the local government.
Solo - Desastres naturais e riscos geológicos no estado de São Paulo – cenári...Maria José Brollo
BROLLO, M.J.; TOMINAGA, L.K.; FARIA, D.G.M. 2014. Texto Diagnóstico do Solo: Desastres naturais e riscos geológicos no estado de São Paulo – cenário 2013. Trabalho produzido para São Paulo (Estado). Secretaria do Meio Ambiente / Coordenadoria de Planejamento Ambiental. 2014. Meio Ambiente Paulista: Relatório de Qualidade Ambiental 2014. Organização: Edgar Cesar de Barros, Priscila Ferreira Capuano. São Paulo: SMA/CPLA, 2014. 215p. ISBN 978-85-8156-018-2. Disponível em: http://www.ambiente.sp.gov.br.
Diante do aumento dos efeitos dos desastres naturais e de riscos geológicos no Estado de São Paulo, em 11 de novembro de 2011 foi instituído o Programa Estadual de Prevenção de Desastres Naturais e de Redução de Riscos Geológicos – PDN, por meio do Decreto Estadual nº 57.512/2011. Esse decreto trouxe uma nova forma de enfrentar os problemas relacionados à ocorrência de desastres naturais e riscos geológicos no Estado. Indicando formas de evitar, reduzir, gerenciar e mitigar situações de risco no Estado de São Paulo, busca a articulação de ações, programas e projetos das Secretarias de Governo e das Instituições Públicas que atuam com o tema desastres naturais e riscos geológicos (Brollo & Tominaga, 2012). Esta articulação é operacionalizada por meio do Grupo de Articulação de Ações Executivas (GAAE), constituído por representantes técnicos de diversos órgãos e secretarias estaduais. Um importante produto oriundo deste trabalho foi o Boletim nº1, entitulado “Desastres naturais e riscos geológicos no estado de São Paulo: Cenário de Referência – 2012” (Brollo & Tominaga, 2012), onde se estabelecem indicadores para o tema, cuja evolução é tratada a seguir.
PERIGOS E RISCOS GEOLÓGICOS EM CAMPOS DO JORDÃO (SP) : DIAGNÓSTICO EM 2014Maria José Brollo
ANDRADE, E.; BROLLO, M.J. 2015. Perigos e riscos geológicos em Campos do Jordão (SP) : diagnóstico em 2014. In: ABGE, Simpósio Brasileiro de Cartografia Geotécnica, 9, Cuiabá-MT, 20 a 25 de março de 2015, Anais..., CD-ROM. ISBN 978-85-7270-066-5.
Este trabalho refere-se ao mapeamento das áreas de risco associados a escorregamentos, inundações, erosão e solapamento de margens de drenagens do Município de Campos do Jordão (SP), em diagnóstico finalizado em 2014. Promovido pela Coordenadoria Estadual de Defesa Civil, da Casa Militar do Estado de São Paulo e executado pelo Instituto Geológico com o propósito de atualizar a avaliação de riscos no município, abrangendo perigos até então não estudados, como o de inundação.
Em síntese foram identificadas 40 áreas alvo para estudos de detalhe, com a identificação das situações de risco, com graus diferenciados quanto à probabilidade de ocorrência, à tipologia dos processos geodinâmicos envolvidos e à severidade dos potenciais eventos. Os estudos resultaram na delimitação de 175 setores de risco (17% em risco muito alto, 26% em risco alto, 38% em risco médio e 19% em risco baixo), compreendendo 3.985 moradias em risco (com estimativa de 15.940 moradores) e estendendo-se por aproximadamente 5% da mancha urbana do município. Ou seja, cerca de 33% da população do município encontra-se em áreas de risco, sendo que 2,6% situam-se em setores de risco de escorregamento com grau muito alto.
Assim, o mapeamento de áreas de riscos, de posse do poder público municipal, passa a ser importante instrumento de controle e redução do risco de Campos do Jordão, devendo passar por atualização constante pela prefeitura municipal, principal agente no adequado uso e ocupação do território.
Avaliação e mapeamento de risco a escorregamentos no município de Guaratingue...Maria José Brollo
Tominaga, LK; Marchiori Faria, DG; Ferreira, CJ; Rossini-Penteado, D.; Brollo, MJ; Guedes, ACM; Coutinho, O. (2012). Avaliação e mapeamento de risco a escorregamentos no município de Guaratinguetá, SP. Santos, SP. In: 46º Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia.
O crescimento da ocupação urbana em áreas sujeitas a processos perigosos, as quais propiciam o surgimento de situações de
risco em várias regiões do Brasil, motivou o Instituto Geológico a elaborar uma cartografia de risco abrangendo tanto as áreas de risco
existentes como aquelas com potencial de risco. Assim, a metodologia adotada pelo Instituto Geológico nos mapeamentos realizados
por meio da Cooperação Técnica com a CEDEC de São Paulo, considera a análise de perigo e risco em duas escalas de abordagem:
escala regional (1:50.000) e local (1:3.000).
A abordagem regional baseia-se na análise da paisagem e envolve avaliação regional de perigos, vulnerabilidade, danos e riscos
(Ferreira & Penteado, 2011). A cartografia gerada nessa escala pode ser utilizada para subsidiar instrumentos de planejamento e para a
identificação e seleção de áreas alvo para estudos em escala local (1:3.000), juntamente com os cadastros de eventos e as informações
da Defesa Civil municipal.
A cartografia de risco na escala de detalhe enfoca as áreas de risco definidas pela análise regional e as indicadas pela Defesa Civil
municipal. Os produtos gerados nessa escala implicam na definição de setores de risco a processos, com atribuição de graus de risco
variando de baixo a muito alto. Consiste em instrumento de gerenciamento de risco, de suporte a decisões pelo poder público municipal
na adoção de medidas necessárias à redução, mitigação ou eliminação do risco, além de orientar o trabalho da Defesa Civil Municipal
no atendimento de situações emergenciais.
Neste trabalho, apresenta-se o resultado do mapeamento de risco de Guaratinguetá, envolvendo a análise de processos de
escorregamentos. Os procedimentos incluíram as etapas: definição de unidades de análise (áreas-alvo); determinação e obtenção dos
atributos de análise; setorização e avaliação do risco.
O mapeamento de risco de Guaratinguetá identificou 21 setores de risco, sendo 7 setores de risco muito alto, 8 de risco alto, 5 de
risco médio e 1 de risco baixo, com um total de 577 moradias, dos quais 325 (56%) estão em risco muito alto e 128 (22%) em risco alto. A
cartografia final forneceu os setores de risco definidos e as recomendações técnicas para a redução, mitigação ou eliminação do risco.
PROGRAMA ESTADUAL DE PREVENÇÃO DE DESASTRES NATURAIS E DE REDUÇÃO DE RISCOS G...Maria José Brollo
Brollo, MJ; Tominaga, LK (2013) . PROGRAMA ESTADUAL DE PREVENÇÃO DE DESASTRES NATURAIS E DE REDUÇÃO DE RISCOS GEOLÓGICOS – Avanços na gestão de riscos de desastres no Estado de São Paulo (2011-2013). Revista ABGE | n. 93-94 | Edição Especial.
Com a assinatura do Decreto Estadual nº 57.512, de 11/11/2011, há quase 2 anos, instituindo o Programa Estadual de Prevenção de Desastres Naturais e de Redução de Riscos Geológicos (PDN), definiu-se um marco importante na gestão de riscos de desastres no Estado de São Paulo, trazendo uma nova forma do Poder Executivo Estadual enfrentar de modo articulado os problemas relacionados a ocorrência de desastres naturais e riscos geológicos no Estado de São Paulo.
O PDN busca a articulação de ações, programas e projetos das Secretarias de Governo e das Instituições Públicas que atuam com o tema desastres naturais e riscos geológicos, indicando formas de evitar, reduzir, gerenciar e mitigar situações de risco no Estado de São Paulo.
Conforme determina o decreto, logo nos primeiros seis meses (em 2012) foi elaborado um “Plano de Trabalho de Curto e Médio Prazo” com projeção até o ano 2020, estabelecendo um cenário de referência em 2012 e detalhando ações para melhoria da gestão de riscos no Estado. Em continuidade vem ocorrendo o acompanhamento das ações, atualização de propostas e projetos e assessoria técnica em situações específicas, promovendo uma melhor articulação ente os órgãos técnicos estaduais e secretarias de governo, proporcionando consistência técnica e validando decisões políticas.
Importante ressaltar que este Programa complementa de forma bastante objetiva as necessidades da Política Estadual de Mudanças Climáticas (Lei nº 13.798, de 09/12/2009), especialmente quando esta trata em seu artigo 20º do “Plano Estratégico para Ações Emergenciais”, que encontra correspondência no “Plano de Trabalho de Curto e Médio Prazo do PDN”. Este Programa já vislumbra também inúmeras ações futuramente estabelecidas na Política Nacional de Proteção e Defesa Civil (Lei Federal nº 12.608, de 10/04/2012).
Desastres naturais e riscos geológicos no Estado de São Paulo: Cenário de ref...Maria José Brollo
Desastres naturais e riscos geológicos no Estado de São Paulo : cenário de referência - 2012 / Organizadoras, Maria José; Lídia Keiko Tominaga – 1. ed. – São Paulo : Coordenadoria Estadual de Defesa Civil, 2012. Disponível em: http://www.sidec.sp.gov.br/defesacivil/media/OSDownloads/1442514274_boletimgaae27dez2012.pdf
O Estado de São Paulo, diante do aumento dos efeitos dos desastres naturais e de riscos geológicos, vem desencadeando, por meio de suas instituições, ações de enfrentamento, implementando medidas preventivas e mitigadoras, aperfeiçoando suas ferramentas de gestão, investindo na capacitação de seus profissionais e realizando pesquisas aplicadas, entre outras.
Materializando esta dinâmica foi instituído o Decreto Estadual nº 57.512, de 11 de novembro de 2011, que visa principalmente a articulação e otimização das inúmeras ações existentes relacionadas ao tema e a busca de inovações nesta área de conhecimento.
Sob a coordenação da Secretaria da Casa Militar, por meio da Coordenadoria Estadual de Defesa Civil, o Comitê Deliberativo do Programa Estadual de Prevenção de Desastres Naturais e de Redução de Riscos Geológicos, composto por Secretários de Estado, apreciou e aprovou em 25 de outubro de 2012 a proposta apresentada pelo Grupo de Articulação de Ações Executivas, o Plano de Trabalho de Curto e Médio Prazo (2012-2020), que apresenta um diagnóstico e propõe formas de enfrentamento articulado.
Indicadores de desastres naturais no Estado de São Paulo. Maria José Brollo
BROLLO, M.J. & FERREIRA, C.J. 2009. Indicadores de desastres naturais no Estado de São Paulo. In: Simpósio de Geologia do Sudeste, XI, Águas de São Pedro, SP, 14 a 17/10/2009, Sociedade Brasileira de Geologia. Anais..., p. 125.
Programa Estadual de Prevenção de Desastres Naturais e Redução de Riscos Geol...Maria José Brollo
PALESTRA PROFERIDA NO IV Seminário estratégias para redução de riscos e desastres a eventos geodinâmicos no estado de São Paulo, EM 05 de dezembro de 2012, NO Auditório Anfiteatro Augusto Ruschi - Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente
Realização: Secretaria do Meio Ambiente e Casa Militar, por meio do Instituto Geológico e Coordenadoria Estadual de Defesa Civil, Governo do Estado de São Paulo
08:30-09:30h: Credenciamento E Abertura
Mesa Redonda: A importância da articulação institucional na gestão de risco e desastres
09:30-09:45h: Mudanças climáticas, zoneamento ecológico-econômico e a gestão de riscos (Rubens Rizek Junior – Secretário de Estado do Meio Ambiente)
09:45-10:00h: O Sistema Integrado de Defesa Civil do Estado de São Paulo (Airton Iosimo Martinez – Secretário de Estado da Casa Militar e Coordenador Estadual de Defesa Civil)
10:00-10:15h: Programas habitacionais e redução e prevenção do risco (Marcos Rodrigues Penido - Secretário Adjunto de Estado da Habitação)
10:15-10:30h: Entrega dos relatórios de mapeamento de risco dos municípios de Taubaté e Redenção da Serra - Ricardo Vedovello (Diretor Geral do Instituto Geológico) , Walter Nyakas Junior (Diretor do Departamento de Defesa Civil) E Representantes municipais de Taubaté e Redenção da Serra
10:30-10:45h: Assinatura de Termos de Cooperação e Protocolos de Intenções entre a Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, por meio do Instituto Geológico e a:
Casa Militar-, CEDEC, para apoio técnico relativo a situações de riscos geológico-geotécnicos e avaliação de risco
Secretaria de Habitação, por meio de seus órgãos vinculados para assessoria técnica e treinamento para avaliação de risco
Secretaria de Estado de Desenvolvimento Econômico, Energia, Indústria e Serviços, do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, por meio do Departamento de Recursos Minerais- DRM e a Secretaria da Indústria, do Comércio e Assuntos do Mercosul, do Estado do Paraná, por meio da Minerais do Paraná S A - MINEROPAR para compartilhamento de informações, desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico e atuação conjunta em emergências relacionadas a eventos geológico-geotécnicos
10:45–11:15h: Intervalo
11:15–11:45h: Perspectivas da gestão municipal para redução de risco a desastres (Antonio Gilberto Filippo Fernandes Junior - Prefeito de Guaratinguetá)
11:45–12:30h: Por quê é importante gerenciar riscos e não desastres (Joaquin Toro - Especialista Sênior em Gestão de Risco a Desastres do Banco Mundial)
12:30–13:30h: Almoço
Mesa Redonda: Geologia, Risco e Habitação: desafios para a redução de desastres
13:30–14:00h: O Programa Estadual de Prevenção de Desastres Naturais e de Redução de Riscos Geológicos (Maria José Brollo - Diretora do Núcleo de Geologia de Engenharia e Ambiental do IG)
14:00–14:30h: A relação entre os mapeamentos de risco e integração com sistemas de alerta no Estado do Rio de Ja
Instituto Geológico (1999). Seleção de áreas para tratamento e disposição fin...Maria José Brollo
INTRODUÇÃO
Desde 1988, o Instituto Geológico vem realizando estudos geoambientais na porção centro - leste do Estado de São Paulo. Destacam-se os estudos voltados à gestão ambiental, enfatizando aspectos decorrentes do desenvolvimento urbano-industrial. Dentre estes, um de suma importância na atualidade diz respeito aos resíduos sólidos.
Tem-se conhecimento de que as abordagens dadas a esse assunto incluem desde o seu aspecto amplo, como os resíduos na atual sociedade de consumo e globalizada, como aspectos mais restritos, como locais mais adequados para a disposição final dos resíduos, quando é imperativa a proteção ambiental e a saúde pública. Esse último enfoque é o que tem sido alvo de pesquisas técnico-científicas no Instituto Geológico. O projeto abordado neste momento diz respeito a seleção de áreas potenciais para disposição de resíduos sólidos, tendo como área geográfica de aplicação a Região Metropolitana de Campinas.
OBJETIVOS
Dentro do contexto apresentado deu-se o desenvolvimento de metodologia e definição de critérios específicos para a seleção de áreas potenciais para a disposição de resíduos sólidos domésticos e industriais. Teve como premissa a proteção aos recursos ambientais e, consequentemente, a manutenção da saúde pública. Considerou-se, para tanto, as características geoambientais que interferem nas condições de segurança de um empreendimento de recebimento de resíduos (aterro sanitário, central de tratamento de resíduos sólidos, por exemplo) e na manutenção da qualidade ambiental da região circunvizinha a ele.
METODOLOGIA
A estratégia adotada neste projeto de pesquisa para a identificação das áreas potenciais para a disposição de resíduos teve como diretrizes:
a) a necessidade de otimização de recursos humanos, de recursos financeiros e de tempo a ser dispendido na execução de estudos;
b) as peculiaridades fisiográficas, sócio-econômicas, e a política e legislação ambiental da região.
O processo de seleção de áreas potenciais para disposição de resíduos deve se iniciar com uma abordagem de caráter regional (escala 1:100.000). Assim, deve contemplar a definição de critérios e o levantamento de informações para a exclusão de áreas onde não seria possível a disposição de resíduos, considerando-se a fragilidade do meio físico e impedimentos legais.
Neste projeto foi desenvolvida a pesquisa dos aspectos metodológicos e critérios de análise utilizados na etapa regional. Assim, foram estudados quatro aspectos ou fatores fundamentais: sócio-políticos, fisiográficos, hidrogeológicos, e climáticos. A estratégia utilizada está sintetizada no fluxograma da Figura 1.
Após o levantamento e análise dos elementos de interesse para o estudo foram definidas classes de características e de propriedades consideradas como eliminatórias e restritivas (ou classificatórias). As propriedades consideradas eliminat
Avaliação da suscetibilidade de terrenos a perigos de instabilidade e poluiçã...Maria José Brollo
A identificação e a escolha de locais adequados para a disposição de resíduos, constitui uma das grandes preocupações de natureza ambiental na atualidade. Tal preocupação relaciona-se tanto com a proteção do ambiente contíguo a um empreendimento dessa natureza, como com a proteção do empreendimento em si, o qual pode estar exposto a perigos naturais associados a processos geodinâmicos.
No Estado de São Paulo, o Instituto Geológico da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado, tem desenvolvido pesquisas e projetos sobre o tema desde 1993. Tais pesquisas referem-se à avaliação de terrenos, considerando-se a análise da suscetibilidade dos terrenos à instabilização, bem como da vulnerabilidade desses mesmos terrenos à poluição de solos e águas. Essas análises subsidiam a identificação de áreas com variada adequabilidade para a disposição de resíduos.
Com o objetivo de consolidar e aprimorar a estratégia metodológica para a seleção de áreas adequadas à disposição de resíduos, o Instituto Geológico tem buscado a integração entre diferentes áreas de conhecimento, tais como Geologia, Geotecnia e Hidrogeologia. Tal esforço institucional inclui a especialização do quadro técnico através de contato com setores atuantes na gestão ambiental e intercâmbio técnico com instituições e organismos similares nacionais e internacionais.
O projeto “Avaliação da suscetibilidade de terrenos a perigos de instabilidade e poluição na Região Metropolitana de
Campinas”, ora apresentado, constitui importante etapa do processo de aperfeiçoamento, disseminação e internalização do conhecimento sobre o tema, através de cooperação técnica entre o Instituto Geológico (SMA-SP) e a Universidade de Sheffield, no Reino Unido.
O projeto, financiado pelo Fundo de Projetos Ambientais – Ministério de Relações Exteriores do Reino Unido, tem como principal objetivo subsidiar o avanço metodológico na avaliação de terrenos, através de atividades que incluem: desenvolvimento de pesquisas conjuntas,
palestras, seminário internacional, workshop, visitas técnicas de pesquisadores britânicos ao Brasil e de pesquisadores do Brasil a instituições britânicas, reuniões e negociações com vistas à elaboração de um programa de cooperação técnica entre o Instituto Geológico, Universidades do Estado de São Paulo (UNESP e UNICAMP) e instituições britânicas (Universidade de Sheffield, British Geological Survey, Environment Agency).
No presente relatório, são os apresentados resultados preliminares e registradas as atividades realizadas. A primeira parte inclui tividades relativas ao intercâmbio e à disseminação do conhecimento sobre o tema: palestras apresentadas no Consulado Britânico e no Seminário
Internacional “Progressos na avaliação de terrenos voltada à gestão ambiental” realizado na Secretaria do Meio Ambiente; material didático do workshop “O uso de geologia estrutural para
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. 1 Chapter Number
2 Geo-environmental Terrain Assessments Based
3 on Remote Sensing Tools: A Review of
4 Applications to Hazard Mapping and Control
5 Paulo Cesar Fernandes1 da Silva and John Canning Cripps2
6 1Geological Institute - São Paulo State Secretariat of Environment,
7 2Department of Civil and Structural Engineering,
8 University of Sheffield,
9 1Brazil
10 2United Kingdom
11 1. Introduction
12 The responses of public authorities to natural or induced geological hazards, such as land
13 instability and flooding, vary according to different factors including frequency of
14 occurrence, severity of damage, magnitude of hazardous processes, awareness,
15 predictability, political willingness and availability of financial and technological resources.
16 The responses will also depend upon whether the hazard is 1) known to be already present
17 thus giving rise to risk situations involving people and/or economic loss; or 2) there is a
18 latent or potential hazard that is not yet present so that development and land uses need to
19 be controlled in order to avoid creating risk situations. In this regard, geo-environmental
20 management can take the form of either planning responses and mid- to long-term public
21 policy based territorial zoning tools, or immediate interventions that may involve a number
22 of approaches including preventive and mitigation works, civil defence actions such as
23 hazard warnings, community preparedness, and implementation of contingency and
24 emergency programmes.
25 In most of cases, regional- and local-scale terrain assessments and classification
26 accompanied by susceptibility and/or hazard maps delineating potential problem areas will
27 be used as practical instruments in efforts to tackle problems and their consequences. In
28 terms of planning, such assessments usually provide advice about the types of development
29 that would be acceptable in certain areas but should be precluded in others. Standards for
30 new construction and the upgrading of existing buildings may also be implemented
31 through legally enforceable building codes based on the risks associated with the particular
32 terrain assessment or classification.
33 The response of public authorities also varies depending upon the information available to
34 make decisions. In some areas sufficient geological information and knowledge about the
35 causes of a hazard may be available to enable an area likely to be susceptible to hazardous
36 processes to be predicted with reasonable certainty. In other places a lack of suitable data
37 may result in considerable uncertainty.
2. 2 Environmental Management in Practice
1 In this chapter, a number of case studies are presented to demonstrate the methodological as
2 well as the predictive and preventive aspects of geo-environmental management, with a
3 particular view to regional- and semi-detailed scale, satellite image based terrain
4 classification. If available, information on the geology, geomorphology, covering material
5 characteristics and land uses may be used with remotely sensed data to enhance these
6 terrain classification outputs. In addition, examples provided in this chapter demonstrate
7 the identification and delineation of zones or terrain units in terms of the likelihood and
8 consequences of land instability and flooding hazards in different situations. Further
9 applications of these methods include the ranking of abandoned and/or derelict mined sites
10 and other despoiled areas in support of land reclamation and socio-economic regeneration
11 policies.
12 The discussion extends into policy formulation, implementation of environmental
13 management strategies and enforcement regulations.
14 2. Use of remote densing tools for terrain assessments and territorial zoning
15 Engineering and geo-environmental terrain assessments began to play an important role in
16 the planning process as a consequence of changing demands for larger urban areas and
17 related infra-structure, especially housing, industrial development and the services network.
18 In this regard, the inadequacy of conventional agriculturally-orientated land mapping
19 methods prompted the development of terrain classification systems completely based on
20 the properties and characteristics of the land that provide data useful to engineers and
21 urban planners. Such schemes were then adopted and widely used to provide territorial
22 zoning for general and specific purposes.
23 The process of dividing a country or region into area parcels or zones, is generally called
24 land or terrain classification. Such a scheme is illustrated in Table 1. The zones should
25 possess a certain homogeneity of characteristics, properties, and in some cases, conditions
26 and expected behaviour in response to human activities. What is meant by homogeneous
27 will depend on the purpose of the exercise, but generally each zone will contain a mixture of
28 environmental elements such as rocks, soils, relief, vegetation, and other features. The
29 feasibility and practicability of delineating land areas with similar attributes have been
30 demonstrated throughout the world over a long period of time (e.g. Bowman, 1911; Bourne,
31 1931; Christian, 1958; Mabbutt, 1968; amongst others), and encompass a wide range of
32 specialisms such as earth, biological and agricultural sciences; hydrology and water
33 resources management; military activities; urban and rural planning; civil engineering;
34 nature and wildlife conservation; and even archaeology.
35 According to Cendrero et al. (1979) and Bennett and Doyle (1997), there are two main
36 approaches to geo-environmental terrain assessments and territorial zoning, as follows. 1)
37 The analytical or parametric approach deals with environmental features or components
38 individually. The terrain units usually result from the intersection or cartographic
39 summation of several layers of information [thus expressing the probability limits of
40 findings] and their extent may not corresponding directly with ground features. Examples
41 of the parametric approach for urban planning, hazard mapping and engineering purposes
42 are given by Kiefer (1967), Porcher & Guillope (1979), Alonso Herrero et al. (1990), and Dai
43 et al. (2001). 2) In the synthetic approach, also termed integrated, landscape or
44 physiographic approach, the form and spatial distribution of ground features are analysed
45
46 in an integrated manner relating recurrent landscape patterns expressed by an interaction of
3. Geo-environmental Terrain Assessments Based on Remote
Sensing Tools: A Review of Applications to Hazard Mapping and Control 3
Terrain Definition Soil unit Vegetation Mapping Remote
unit unit scale sensing
(approx.) platform
Land zone Major climatic region Order - < 1:50,000,000
Land Gross continental Suborder Plant 1:20,000,000 Meteorologic
division structure panformation to al satellites
Ecological 1:50,000,000
zone
Land Second-order Great - 1:20,000,000
province structure or large group to
lithological 1:50,000,000
association
Land Lithological unit or Subgroup Sub-province 1:1,000,000 Landsat
region association having to SPOT
undergone 1:5,000,000 ERS
comparable
geomorphic evolution
Land Recurrent pattern of Family Ecological 1: 200,000 Landsat
system * genetically linked region to SPOT, ERS,
land facets 1:1,000,000 and small
Land Major repetitive Associatio Ecological 1:80,000 scale aerial
catena component of a land n sector to photographs
system 1:200,000
Land facet Reasonably Series Sub- 1:10,000 Medium scale
homogeneous tract of formation; to aerial
landscape distinct Ecological 1: 80,000 photographs,
from surrounding station Landsat, and
areas and containing a SPOT in some
practical grouping of cases
land elements
Land A patterned repetition Complex Sub- 1:10,000
clump of two or more land formation; to
elements too Ecological 1: 80,000
contrasting to be a station
land facet
Land Constituent part of a Type - Not mapped
subfacet land facet where the
main formative
processes give Large-scale
material or form aerial
subdivisions photographs
Land Simplest Pedon Ecological
element homogeneous part of station
the landscape, element
indivisible in form
1 Table 1. Hierarchical classification of terrain, soil and ecological units [after Mitchell, 1991]
4. 4 Environmental Management in Practice
1
2 environmental components thus allowing the partitioning of the land into units. Since the
3 advent of airborne and orbital sensors, the integrated analysis is based in the first instance,
4 on the interpretation of remotely sensed images and/or aerial photography. In most cases,
5 the content and spatial boundaries of terrain units would directly correspond with ground
6 features. Assumptions that units possessing similar recurrent landscape patterns may be
7 expected to be similar in character are required for valid predictions to be made by
8 extrapolation from known areas. Thus, terrain classification schemes offer rational means
9 of correlating known and unknown areas so that the ground conditions and potential uses
10 of unknown areas can be reasonably predicted (Finlayson, 1984; Bell, 1993). Examples of the
11 applications of the landscape or physiographic approach include ones given by Christian &
12 Stewart (1952, 1968), Vinogradov et al. (1962), Beckett & Webster (1969); Meijerink (1988),
13 and Miliaresis (2001).
14 Griffiths and Edwards (2001) refer to Land Surface Evaluation as a procedure of providing
15 data relevant to the assessment of the sites of proposed engineering work. The sources of
16 data include remotely sensed data and data acquired by the mapping of geomorphological
17 features. Although originally viewed as a process usually undertaken at the reconnaissance
18 or feasibility stages of projects, the authors point out its utility at the constructional and
19 post-construction stages of certain stages and also that it is commonly applied during the
20 planning of engineering development. They also explain that although more reliance on this
21 methodology for deriving the conceptual or predictive ground model on which engineering
22 design and construction are based, was anticipated in the early 1980s, in fact the use of the
23 methods has been more limited.
24 Geo-environmental terrain assessments and territorial zoning generally involve three main
25 stages (IG/SMA 2003; Fernandes da Silva et al. 2005b, 2010): 1) delimitation of terrain units;
26 2) characterisation of units (e.g. in bio-geographical, engineering geological or geotechnical
27 terms); and 3) evaluation and classification of units. The delimitation stage consists of
28 dividing the territory into zones according to a set of pre-determined physical and
29 environmental characteristics and properties. Regions, zones or units are regarded as
30 distinguishable entities depending upon their internal homogeneity or the internal
31 interrelationships of their parts. The characterisation stage consists of attributing
32 appropriate properties and characteristics to terrain components. Such properties and
33 charactisitics are designed to reflect the ground conditions relevant to the particular
34 application. The characterisation of the units can be achieved either directly or indirectly,
35 for instance by means of: (a) ground observations and measurements, including in-situ tests
36 (e.g. boring, sampling, infiltration tests etc); (b) laboratory tests (e.g. grain size, strength,
37 porosity, permeability etc); (c) inferences derived from existing correlations between
38 relevant parameters and other data such as those obtained from previous mapping, remote
39 sensing, geophysical and geochemical records. The final stage (evaluation and classification)
40 consists of evaluating and classifying the terrain units in a manner relevant to the purposes
41 of the particular application (e.g. regional planning, transportation, hazard mapping). This
42 is based on the analysis and interpretation of properties and characteristics of terrain -
43 identified as relevant - and their potential effects in terms of ground behaviour, particularly
44 in response to human activities.
45 A key issue to be considered is sourcing suitable data on which to base the characterisation,
46 as in many cases derivation by standard mapping techniques may not be feasible. The large
47 size of areas and lack of accessibility, in particular, may pose major technical, operational,
5. Geo-environmental Terrain Assessments Based on Remote
Sensing Tools: A Review of Applications to Hazard Mapping and Control 5
1 and economic constraints. Furthermore, as indicated by Nedovic-Budic (2000), data
2 collection and integration into useful databases are liable to be costly and time-consuming
3 operations. Such problems are particularly prevalent in developing countries in which
4 suitably trained staff, and scarce organizational can inhibit public authorities from properly
5 benefiting from geo-environmental terrain assessment outputs in planning and
6 environmental management instruments. In this regard, consideration has been given to
7 increased reliance on remote sensing tools, particularly satellite imagery. The advantages
8 include: (a) the generation of new data in areas where existing data are sparse,
9 discontinuous or non-existent, and (b) the economical coverage of large areas, availability of
10 a variety of spatial resolutions, relatively frequent and periodic updating of images
11 (Lillesand and Kiefer 2000; Latifovic et al. 2005; Akiwumi and Butler 2008). It has also been
12 proposed that developing countries should ensure that options for using low-cost
13 technology, methods and products that fit their specific needs and capabilities are properly
14 considered (Barton et al. 2002, Câmara and Fonseca 2007). Some examples are provided here
15 to demonstrate the feasibility of a low-cost technique based on the analysis of texture of
16 satellite imagery that can be used for delimitation of terrain units. The delimited units may
17 be further analysed for different purposes such as regional and urban planning, hazard
18 mapping, and land reclamation.
19 The physiographic compartmentalisation technique (Vedovello 1993, 2000) utilises the
20 spatial information contained in images and the principles of convergence of evidence (see
21 Sabins 1987) in a systematic deductive process of image interpretation. The technique
22 evolved from engineering applications of the synthetic land classification approach (e.g.
23 Grant, 1968, 1974, 1975; TRRL 1978), by incorporating and advancing the logic and
24 procedures of geological-geomorphological photo-interpretation (see Guy 1966, Howard
25 1967, Soares and Fiori 1976), which were then converted to monoscopic imagery (as
26 elucidated by Beaumont and Beaven 1977; Verstappen 1977; Soares et al. 1981; Beaumont,
27 1985; and others). Image interpretation is performed by identifying and delineating textural
28 zones on images according to properties that take into account coarseness, roughness,
29 direction and regularity of texture elements (Table 2). The key assumption proposed by
30 Vedovello (1993, 2000) is that zones with relatively homogeneous textural characteristics in
31 satellite images (or air-photos) correspond with specific combinations of geo-environmental
32 components (such as bedrock, topography and landforms, soils and covering materials)
33 which share a common tectonic history and land surface evolution The particular
34 combinations of geo-environmental components are expected to be associated with specific
35 ground responses to engineering and other land-use actions. The process of image
36 interpretation (whether or not supported by additional information) leads to a cartographic
37 product in which textural zones constitute comprehensive terrain units delimited by fixed
38 spatial boundaries. The latter correspond with ground features. The units are referred to as
39 physiographic compartments or basic compartmentalisation units (BCUs), which are the
40 smallest units for analysis of geo-environmental components at the chosen cartographic
41 scale (Vedovello and Mattos 1998). The spatial resolution of the satellite image or air-photos
42 being used for the analysis and interpretation is assumed to govern the correlation between
43 image texture and terrain characteristics. This correlation is expressed at different scales and
44 levels of compartmentalisation. Figure 1 presents an example of the identification of basic
45 compartmentalisation units (BCUs) based on textural differences on Landsat TM5 images .
46 In this case the features on images are expressions of differences in the distribution and
6. 6 Environmental Management in Practice
1 spatial organisation of textural elements related to drainage network and relief. The example
2 shows the contrast between drainage networks of areas consisting of crystalline rocks with
3 those formed on areas of sedimentary rocks, and the resulting BCUs.
4
Textural entities and Description
properties
The smallest continuous and uniform surface liable to be
Image texture element distinguishable in terms of shape and dimensions, and likely to be
repetitive throughout an image. Usual types of image texture elements
taken for analysis include: segments of drainage or relief (e.g.
crestlines, slope breaks) and grey tones.
The quantity of textural elements occurring within an area on image.
Texture density Texture density is defined as the inverse of the mean distance between
texture elements. Although it reflects a quantitative property, textural
density is frequently described in qualitative and relative terms such as
high, moderate, low etc. Size of texture elements combined with
texture density determine features such as coarseness and roughness.
The form (ordered or not) by which textural elements occur and are
Textural arrangement spatially distributed on image. Texture elements of similar
characteristics may be contiguous thus defining alignments or linear
features on image. The spatial distribution may be repetitive and it is
usually expressed by ‘patterns’ that tend to be recurrent (regularity).
For example, forms defined by texture elements due to drainage
expressed in rectangular, dendritic, or radial patterns.
The greater or lesser organisation underlying the spatial distribution of
Structuring textural elements and defined by repetition of texture elements within
(Degree of spatial a certain rule of placement. Such organisation is usually expressed in
organisation) terms of regular or systematic spatial relations, such as length,
angularity, asymmetry, and especially prevailing orientations (tropy or
directionality).
Tropy reflects the anisotropic (existence of one, two, or three preferred
directions), or the isotropic (multi-directional or no predominant
direction) character of textural features. Asymmetry refers to length
and angularity of linear features (rows of contiguous texture elements)
in relation to a main feature identified on image. The degree of
organisation can also be expressed by qualitative terms such as high,
moderate, low, or yet as well- or poorly-defined.
Complexity in the organisation of textural elements, mainly reflecting
Structuring order superposition of image structuring. For example, a regional directional
trend of textural elements that can be extremely pervasive, distinctive
and superimposed to other orientations also observed on imagery.
Another example is drainage networks that display different orders
with respect to main stream lines and tributaries (1st, 2nd, 3rd orders)
5 Table 2. Description of elements and properties used for recognition and delineation of
6 distinctive textural zones on satellite imagery [after Vedovello 1993, 2000].
7. Geo-environmental Terrain Assessments Based on Remote
Sensing Tools: A Review of Applications to Hazard Mapping and Control 7
1 3. Terrain susceptibility maps: applications to regional and urban planning
2 Terrain susceptibility maps are designed to depict ground characteristics (e.g. slope
3 steepness, landforms) and observed and potential geodynamic phenomena, such as erosion,
4 instability and flooding, which may entail hazard and potential damage. These maps are
5 useful for a number of applications including development and land use planning,
6 environmental protection, watershed management as well as in initial stages of hazard
7 mapping applications.
8 Early multipurpose and comprehensive terrain susceptibility maps include examples by
9 Dearman & Matula, (1977), Matula (1979), and Matula & Letko (1980). These authors
10 described the application of engineering geology zoning methods to the urban planning
11 process in the former Republic of Czechoslovakia. The studies focused on engineering
12 geology problems related to geomorphology and geodynamic processes, seismicity,
13 hydrogeology, and foundation conditions.
14 Griffiths and Hearn (2001) explain that during the 1980s and 1990s the UK Government
15 through its Department of the Environment, commissioned about 50 Applied Earth Science
16 Mapping projects which demonstrated the value to planning development and for
17 engineering and environmental studies. A variety of geological and terrain types, including
18 industrially despoiled and potentially unstable areas, with mapping at scales between 1:2500
19 and 1:25000 were produced. The derivation and potential applications of these sets of maps
20 and report are described by Culshaw et al. (1990) who explain that they include basic data
21 maps, derived maps and environmental potential maps. Typically such thematic map
22 reports comprise a series of maps showing the bedrock and superficial geology, thickness of
23 superficial deposits, groundwater conditions, areas of mining, fill, compressible, or other
24 forms of potentially unstable ground. Maps showing factual information include the
25 positions of boreholes or the positions of known mine workings. Derived maps include
26 areas in which geological and / or environmental information has been deduced, and
27 therefore is subject to some uncertainty. The thematic sets include planning advice maps
28 showing the constraints on, and potential for, development and mineral extraction.
29 Culshaw et al. (1990) also explained that these thematic maps were intended to assist with
30 the formulation of both local (town or city), regional (metropolis or county) structure plans
31 and policies, provide a context for the consideration of development proposals and facilitate
32 access to relevant geological data by engineers and geologists. It was also recognised that
33 these is a need for national (or state) policies and planning to properly informed about
34 geological conditions, not least to provide a sound basis for planning legislation and the
35 issuing of advice and circulars. Examples of such advice in clued planning guidance notes
36 concerning the granting of planning permission for development on potentially unstable
37 land which were published (DOE, 1990, 1995) by the UK government. A further series of
38 reports which were intended to assist planners and promote the consideration of geological
39 information in land-use planning decision making were compiled between 1994 and 1998 by
40 consultants on behalf of the UK government. Griffiths (2001) provides details of a selection
41 of land evaluation techniques and relevant case studies. These covered the following
42 themes:
43 • Environmental Geology in Land Use Planning: Advice for planners and developers
44 (Thompson et al., 1998a)
45 • Environmental Geology in Land Use Planning: A guide to good practice (Thompson et
46 al., 1998b)
8. 8 Environmental Management in Practice
1 • Environmental Geology in Land Use Planning: Emerging issues (Thompson et al.,
2 1998c)
3 • Environmental Geology in Land Use Planning: Guide to the sources of earth science
4 information for planning and development (Ellsion and Smith, 1998)
5 Three examples of terrain susceptibility mapping are briefly described and presented in this
6 Section. The physiographic compartmentalisation technique for regional terrain evaluation
7 was explored in these cases, and then terrain units were further characterised in geo-
8 environmental terms.
9
Crystalline rocks + rugged topography Sedimentary rocks + rolling
topography
10
11 Fig. 1.Identification of basic compartmentalisation units (BCUs) based on textural
12 differences on image. The image for crystalline rocks with rugged topography contrasts
13 with sedimentary rocks with rolling topography. Top: Drainage network. Mid Row:
14 Drainage network and delineated BCUs. Bottom: composite Landsat TM5 image and
15 delineated BCUs [after Fernandes da Silva et al. 2005b, 2010]
9. Geo-environmental Terrain Assessments Based on Remote
Sensing Tools: A Review of Applications to Hazard Mapping and Control 9
1 3.1 Multipurpose planning
2 The first example refers to the production of a geohazard prevention map for the City of São
3 Sebastião (IG/SMA 1996), where urban and industrial expansion in the mountainous coastal
4 zone of São Paulo State, Southeast Brazil (Figure 2) led to conflicts in land use as well as to
5 high risks to life and property. Particular land use conflicts arise from the combinations of
6 landscape and economic characteristics of the region, in which a large nature and wildlife
7 park co-exists with popular tourist and leisure encroached bays and beaches, a busy harbour
8 with major oil storage facilities and associated pipelines that cross the area. The
9 physiographic compartmentalisation was utilised to provide a regional terrain classification
10 of the area, and then interpretations were applied in two ways: (i) to provide a territorial
11 zoning based on terrain susceptibility in order to enable mid- to long-term land use
12 planning; and (ii) to identify areas for semi-detailed hazard mapping and risk assessment
13 (Fernandes da Silva et al. 1997a, Vedovello et al., 1997; Cripps et al., 2002). Figure 2 presents
14 the main stages of the study undertaken in response to regional and urban planning needs
15 of local authorities.
16 In the Land Susceptibility Map, the units were qualitatively ranked in terms of ground
17 evidence and estimated susceptibility to geodynamic processes including gravitational mass
18 movements, erosion, and flooding.
19 Criteria for terrain unit classification in relation to erosion and mass movements (landslides,
20 creep, slab failure, rock fall, block tilt and glide, mud and debris flow) were the following: a)
21 soil weathering profile (thickness, textural and mineral constituency); b) hillslope profile; c)
22 slope steepness; and d) bedrock structures (fracturing and discontinuities in general).
23 Criteria in relation to flooding included: a) type of sediments; b) slope steepness; and c)
24 hydrography (density and morphology of water courses). The resulting classes of terrain
25 susceptibility can be summarised as follows:
26 Low susceptibility: Areas where mass movements are unlikely. Low restrictions to
27 excavations and man-made cuttings. Some units may not be suitable for deep foundations
28 or other engineering works due to possible high soil compressibility and presence of
29 geological structures. In flat areas, such as coastal plains, flooding and river erosion is
30 unlikely.
31 Moderate susceptibility: Areas of moderate to high steep slope (10 to 30%) with little
32 evidence of land instability (small-scale erosional processes may be present) but potential
33 for occurrence of mass movements. At lowland areas, reported flooding events associated
34 with the main drainage stream in relevant zones. Terrain units with moderate restrictions
35 for land-use. Minor engineering solutions and protection measures must be adopted to
36 reduce or avoid potential risks.
37 High susceptibility: Areas of moderate (10 to 20%) and high steep slope (20 to 30%) situated
38 in escarpment and footslope sectors, respectively, with evidence of one or more active land
39 instability phenomena (e.g. erosion + rock falls + landslide) of moderate magnitude.
40 Unfavourable zones for construction work wherein engineering projects imply accurate
41 studies of structural stability, and consequently higher costs. In lowland sectors, recurrent
42 flooding events are reported at intervals of 5 to 10 yrs, associated with main drainage
43 streams and tributaries. Most zones currently in use demand immediate remedial action
44 including major engineering solutions and protection measures.
45 Very high susceptibility: Areas of steeper slopes (> 30%) situated at the escarpment and
46 footslope sectors. In many cases these areas comprise colluvium and talus deposits.
47 Evidence of one or more land instability phenomena of significant magnitude. Full
10. 10 Environmental Management in Practice
1 restriction on construction work. In lowland sectors, widespread and frequent flooding
2 events at intervals of less than 5 years are reported. Most land uses should be avoided in
3 those zones
R EGION AL EVALU ATION
Geol ogical Remotely Geo morphologic al
Infor mation sensed data
a nd Soil Information
Location Map at South America
RE GIONAL
PHYSI OGRAP HI C
C
CO MP ARTM ENTALIS ATION
RS im ag ery ⇒ MA P
1:5 0.0 00
Brazil
DETAILED SCALE
GEOT ECH NICAL C ART OGRAPH Y
LAND HAZARD
SUSCE PTIBILITY SE LECTED
M APP ING
CLASS M AP
AREAS
1:5 0.0 00 1 :1:1 0.0 00
1 0.0 00
LANDS LIDES
M ASS M OVE M ENTS
L AND USE M AP
RE GIONA L MINE RA L
LANDS LIDE
RA INFALL EXPL OITA TION E CCURRENCE
O
EVA LUATI ON INVENTORY
INVE NTORY
TI ME *SP ACE A NALY SI S 1:5 0.0 00 1 :1 0.0 00
INVE NTO RY
4
5 A) B)
6 Fig. 2. A) Location map for the City of São Sebastião, north shore of São Paulo State,
7 Southeast Brazil. B) Schematic flow diagram for the derivation of the geohazard prevention
8 chart and structural plan (after IG/SMA, 1996).
9 Units or areas identified as having a moderate to high susceptibility to geodynamic
10 phenomena, and potential conflicts in land use, were selected for detailed engineering
11 geological mapping in a subsequent stage of the study. The outcomes of the further stage of
12 hazard mapping are described and discussed in Section 4.
13 3.2. Watershed planning and waste disposal
14 The physiographic compartmentalisation technique was also applied in combination with
15 GIS tools in support of watershed planning in the Metropolitan District of Campinas,
16 central-eastern São Paulo State (Figure 3). This regional screening study was performed at
17 1:50,000 scale to indicate fragilities, restrictions and potentialities of the area for sitting waste
18 disposal facilities (IG/SMA, 1999). A set of common characteristics and properties (also
19 referred to as attributes) allowed the assessment of each BCU (or terrain unit) in terms of
20 susceptibility to the occurrence of geodynamic phenomena (soil erosion and land instability)
21 and the potential for soil and groundwater contamination.
22 As described by Brollo et al. (2000), the terrain units were mostly derived on the basis of
23 qualitative and semi-quantitative inferences from satellite and air-photo images in
24 conjunction with existing information (maps and well logs – digital and papers records) and
11. Geo-environmental Terrain Assessments Based on Remote
Sensing Tools: A Review of Applications to Hazard Mapping and Control 11
1 field checks. The set of attributes included: (1) bedrock lithology; (2) density of lineaments
2 (surrogate expression of underlying fractures and terrain discontinuities); (3) angular
3 relation between rock structures and hillslope; (4) geometry and shape of hillslope (plan
4 view and profile); (5) soil and covering material: type, thickness, profile; (6) water table
5 depth; and (7) estimated permeability. These attributes were cross-referenced with other
6 specific factors, including hydrogeological (groundwater production, number of wells per
7 unit area), climatic (rainfall, prevailing winds), and socio-political data (land use,
8 environmental restrictions). These data were considered to be significant in terms of the
9 selection of potential sites for waste disposal.
10
∀
0 18 36 km
11
12 Fig. 3. Location map of the Metropolitan District of Campinas (MDC), central-eastern São
13 Paulo State, Southeast Brazil (see Section 3.2). Detail map depicts Test Areas T1 and T2
14 within the MDC (see Section 3.3). Scale bar applies to detail map.
15 Figure 4 displays the study area in detail together with BCUs, and an example of a pop-up
16 window (text box) containing key attribute information, as follows: 1st row - BCU code
17 (COC1), 2nd - bedrock lithology, 3rd - relief (landforms), 4th – textural soil profile
18 constituency, 5th - soil thickness, 6th - water table depth (not show in the example), 7th -
19 bedrock structures in terms of density of fracturing and directionality), 8th - morphometry
20 (degree of dissection of terrain). The BCU coding scheme expresses three levels of
21 compartmentalisation, as follows: 1st letter – major physiographic or landscape domain,
22 2nd– predominant bedrock lithology, 3rd - predominant landforms, 4th– differential
23 characteristics of the unit such as estimated soil profile and underlying structures. Using the
24 example given in Figure 4, COC1 means: C = crystalline rock basement, O = equigranular
25 gneiss, C = undulating and rolling hills, 1 = estimated soil profile (3 textural horizons and
26 thickness of 5 to 10 m), underlying structures (low to moderate degree of fracturing, multi-
27 directional). In terms of general interpretations for the intended purposes of the study,
28 certain ground characteristics, such as broad valleys filled with alluvial sediments
29 potentially indicate the presence water table level at less than 5 m below ground surface.
30 Flood plains or concave hillside slopes that may indicate convergent surface water flows
12. 12 Environmental Management in Practice
1 leading to potentially high susceptibility to erosion, were considered as restrictive factors for
2 the sitting of waste disposal facilities (Vedovello et al. 1998).
3
4
5 Fig. 4. Basic compartmentalisation units (BCUs) and pop-up window showing key attribute
6 information relevant to BCUs. See text for details. [Not to scale] [after IG/SMA, 1999]
7 3.3 Regional development planning
8 The third example is a territorial zoning exercise, in which terrain units delimited through
9 physiographic compartmentalisation were further assessed in terms of susceptibility to land
10 instability processes and groundwater vulnerability (Fernandes da Silva et al. 2005b). The
11 study was conducted in two test areas situated in the Metropolitan District of Campinas
12 (Figure 3) in order to assist State of São Paulo authorities in the formulation of regional
13 development policies. It incorporated procedures for inferring the presence and
14 characteristics of underlying geological structures, such as fractures and other
15 discontinuities, then evaluating potential implications to ground stability and the flow of
16 groundwater.
17 Details of image interpretation procedures for the delimitation of BCUs are described by
18 Fernandes da Silva et al. (2010). The main image properties and image feature characteristics
19 considered were as follows: (a) density of texture elements related to drainage and relief
20 lines; (b) spatial arrangement of drainage and relief lines in terms of form and degree of
21 organisation (direction, regularity and pattern); (c) length of lines and their angular
22 relationships, (d) linearity of mainstream channel and asymmetry of tributaries, (e) density
23 of interfluves, (f) hillside length, and (g) slope forms. These factors were mostly derived by
24 visual interpretation of images, but external ancillary data were also used to assist with the
25 determination of relief-related characteristics, such as slope forms and interfluve
26 dimensions. The example given in Figure 1 shows sub-set images (Landsat TM5) and the
27 basic compartmentalisation units (BCUs) delineated for Test Areas T1 and T2.
28 Based on the principle that image texture correlates with properties and characteristics of
29 the imaged target, deductions can be made about geotechnical-engineering aspects of the
30 terrain (Beaumont and Beaven 1977, Beaumont 1985). The following attributes were firstly
13. Geo-environmental Terrain Assessments Based on Remote
Sensing Tools: A Review of Applications to Hazard Mapping and Control 13
1 considered in the geo-environmental characterisation of BCUs: (a) bedrock lithology and
2 respective weathered materials, (b) tectonic discontinuities (generically referred to as
3 fracturing), (c) soil profile (thickness, texture and mineralogy), (d) slope steepness (as an
4 expression of local topography), and (e) water table depth (estimated). Terrain attributes
5 such as degree of fracturing, bedrock lithology and presence and type of weathered
6 materials were also investigated as indicators of ground properties. For instance, the
7 mineralogy, grain size and fabric of the bedrock and related weathered materials would
8 control properties such as shear strength, pore water suction, infiltration capacity and
9 natural attenuation of contaminants (Vrba and Civita 1994, Hudec 1998, Hill and
10 Rosenbaum 1998, Thornton et al. 2001, Fernandes 2003). Geological structures, such as faults
11 and joints within the rock mass, as well as relict structures in saprolitic soils, are also liable
12 to exert significant influences on shear strength and hydraulic properties of geomaterials
13 (Aydin 2002, Pine and Harrison 2003). In this particular case study, analysis of lineaments
14 extracted from satellite images combined with tectonic modelling underpinned inferences
15 about major and small-scale faults and joints. The approach followed studies by Fernandes
16 and Rudolph (2001) and Fernandes da Silva et al. (2005b) who asserted that empirical
17 models of tectonic history, based on outcrop scale palaeostress regime determinations, can
18 be integrated with lineament analysis to identify areas : i) of greater density and
19 interconnectivity of fractures; and ii) greater probability of open fractures; also to iii) deduce
20 angular relationships between rock structures (strike and dip) and between these and hill
21 slope directions. These procedures facilitated 3-dimensional interpretations and up-scaling
22 from regional up to semi-detailed assessments which were particularly useful for
23 assessments of local ground stability and groundwater flow).
24
Combinations of scores Classification
AAAA Very high
AAAM, AAAB, AAMM High
AAMB, AABB, AMMM, AMMB, Medium
MMMM
AMBB, ABBB, MMMB, MMBB, Low
MBBB, BBBB
25 Table 3. Possible combinations of scores “A” (high), “M” (moderate), and “B” (low)
26 respective to the four attributes (bedrock lithology and weathered materials, fracturing, soil
27 type, and slope steepness) used for classification of units (BCUs) in terms of susceptibility to
28 land instability and groundwater vulnerability.
29 The BCUs were then classified into four classes (very high, high, moderate, and low) in
30 terms of susceptibility to land instability and groundwater vulnerability according to
31 qualitative and semi-quantitative rules devised from a mixture of empirical knowledge and
32 statistical approaches. A spreadsheet-based approach that used nominal, interval and
33 numerical average values assigned in attribute tables was used for this. A two-step
34 procedure was adopted to produce the required estimates where, at stage one, selected
35 attributes were analysed and grouped into three score categories (A - high, M - moderate, B
36 - low B) according to their potential influence on groundwater vulnerability and land
37 instability processes. In the second step, all attributes were considered to have the same
14. 14 Environmental Management in Practice
1 relative influence and the final classification for each BCU was the sum of the scores A +, M,
2 + B. The possible combinations of these are illustrated in Table 3. Figure 5 shows overall
3 terrain classifications for susceptibility to land instability.
4
5
6 Fig. 5. Maps of susceptibility to land instability processes. Test Areas T1 and T2. UTM
7 projection and coordinates [After Fernandes da Silva et al., 2010].
8 3. Hazard mapping: Land instability and flooding
9 In order to prevent damage to structures and facilities, disruption to production, injury and
10 loss of life, public authorities have a responsibility to assess hazard mitigation and control
11 that may require remedial engineering work, or emergency and contingency actions. In
12 order to accommodate these different demands, information about the nature of the hazard,
13 and the consequences and likelihood of occurrence, are needed. Hazard maps aim to reduce
14 adverse environmental impacts, prevent disasters, as well as to reconcile conflicting
15 influences on land use. The examples given in this Section demonstrate the identification
16 and zonation in terms of the likelihood and consequences of land instability and flooding
17 hazards. There are several reasons for undertaking such work, for instance to provide public
18 authorities with data on which to base structural plans and building codes as well as civil
19 defence and emergency response programmes.
20 4.1 Application to local structural plans
21 As indicated in Section 3.1, the BCUs (terrain units) classified as having a moderate to high
22 susceptibility to geodynamic processes (mass movements and flood) were selected for
23 further detailed engineering geological mapping. This was to provide data and supporting
24 information to the structure plan of the City of São Sebastião. The attributes of the selected
15. Geo-environmental Terrain Assessments Based on Remote
Sensing Tools: A Review of Applications to Hazard Mapping and Control 15
1 units were cross-referenced with other data sets, such as regional rainfall distribution, land-
2 use inventory, and mineral exploitation records to estimate the magnitude and frequency of
3 hazards and adverse impacts. Risk assessment was based on the estimated probability of
4 failure occurrence and the potential damage thus caused (security of life, destruction of
5 property, disruption of production). Both the triggering and the predisposing factors were
6 investigated, and, so far as was possible, identified. It is worth noting the great need to
7 consider socio-economic factors in hazard mapping and risk analysis. For instance, areas of
8 consolidated housing and building according to construction patterns and reasonable
9 economic standards were distinguished from areas of unconsolidated/expanding urban
10 occupation. Temporal analysis of imagery and aerial photos, such as densities of vegetation
11 and exposed soil in non-building areas, were utilised to supplement the land use inventory.
12 The mineral exploration inventory included the locations of active and abandoned mineral
13 exploitation sites (quarries and open pit mining for aggregates) and certain geotechnical
14 conditions. Besides slope steepness, and inappropriate occupancy and land use, the
15 presence of major and minor geological structures was considered to be one of the main
16 predisposing factors to land instability in the region studied.
17
18
19 Fig. 6. Example of hazard map from the City of São Sebastião, north shore of São Paulo
20 State, Southeast Brazil. Key for unit classification: Light red = very high susceptibility; Blue
21 = high susceptibility; Light orange = moderate susceptibility; Yellow = low susceptibitlty.
22 See Section 4.1 for code letters on geodynamic processes and predisposing factors. [after
23 Fernandes da Silva et al. 1997b] (not to scale).
24 Figure 6 depicts a detail of the hazard map for the City of São Sebastião. Zones of land
25 instability were delimited and identified by code letters that correspond to geodynamic
16. 16 Environmental Management in Practice
1 processes as follows: A - landslides, B - creep, C - block tilt/glide, and D - slab failure/rock
2 fall. Within these zones, landsliding and other mass movement hazards were further
3 differentiated according to structural geological predisposing factors as follows: r –
4 occurrence of major tectonic features such as regional faults or brittle-ductile shear zones; f –
5 coincidence of spatial orientations between rock foliation, hillslope, and man-made cuttings;
6 t – high density of fracturing (particularly jointing) in combination with coincidence of
7 spatial orientations between fracture and foliation planes, hillslope, and man-made cuttings
8 (Moura-Fujimoto et al., 1996; Fernandes da Silva et al. 1997b).
9 4.2 Application to civil defence and emergency response programmes
10 Methods of hazard mapping can be grouped in to three main approaches: empirical,
11 probabilistic, and deterministic (Savage et al. 2004, as cited in Tominaga, 2009b ). Empirical
12 approaches are based on terrain characteristics and previous occurrence of geodynamic
13 phenomena in order to estimate the potential and the spatial and temporal distribution of
14 future phenomena and their effects. Probabilistic approaches employ statistical methods to
15 reduce subjectivity of interpretations. However, the outcomes depend very much on
16 measured patterns defined through site tests and observations, but it is not always feasible
17 to perform this in developing regions and countries. Deterministic approaches focus on
18 mathematical modelling that aims to quantitatively describe certain parameters and rules
19 thought to control physical processes such as slope stability and surface water flow. Their
20 application tends to be restricted to small areas and detailed studies.
21 In the State of Sao Paulo (Southeast Brazil), high rates of population influx and poorly
22 planned land occupation have led to concentration of dwellings in unsuitable areas, thus
23 leading to increasing exposure of the community to risk and impact of hazard events. In
24 addition, over the last 20 years, landsliding and flooding events have been affecting an
25 increasingly large geographical area, so bringing about damage to people and properties
26 (Tominaga et al. 2009a). To deal with this situation, Civil Defence actions including
27 preventive, mitigation, contingency (preparedness), and emergency response programmes
28 have been implemented. The assessment of the potential for the occurrence of landslides,
29 floods and other geodynamic processes, besides the identification and management of
30 associated risks in urban areas has played a key role in Civil Defence programmes. To date,
31 systematic hazard mapping has covered 61 cities in the State of São Paulo, and nine other
32 cities are currently being mapped (Pressinotti et al., 2009).
33 Examples that mix empirical and probabilistic approaches are briefly presented in this
34 Section. The concepts of hazard mapping and risk analysis adopted for these studies
35 followed definitions provided in Varnes (1984) and UN-ISDR (2004), who described risk as
36 an interaction between natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable conditions.
37 According to Tominaga (2009b), a semi-quantitative assessment of risk, R, can be derived
38 from the product R = [H x (V x D)], where: H is the estimated hazard or likelihood of
39 occurrence of a geodynamic and potentially hazardous phenomenon; V is the vulnerability
40 determined by a number of physical, environmental, and socio-economic factors that expose
41 a community and/or facilities to adverse impacts; and D is the potential damage that
42 includes people, properties, and economic activities to be affected. The resulting risk, R,
43 attempts to rate the damage to structures and facilities, injury and loss of lives, and
44 disruption to production.
17. Geo-environmental Terrain Assessments Based on Remote
Sensing Tools: A Review of Applications to Hazard Mapping and Control 17
1 The first example relates to a hazard mapping and risk zoning applied to housing urban
2 areas in the City of Diadema (Marchiori-Faria et al. 2006), a densely populated region
3 (around 12,000 inhab. per km2) of only 31.8 km2, situated within the Metropolitan Region of
4 the State Capital – São Paulo (Figure 7). The approach combined the use of high-resolution
5 satellite imagery (Ikonos sensor) and ortho-rectified aerial photographs with ground checks.
6 The aim was to provide civil defence authorities and decision-makers with information
7 about land occupation and ground conditions as well as technical advice on the potential
8 magnitude of instability and flooding, severity of damage, likelihood of hazard, and
9 possible mitigating and remedial measures. Driving factors included the need to produce
10 outcomes in an updateable and reliable manner, and in suitable formats to be conveyed to
11 non-specialists. The outcomes needed to meet preventive and contingency requirements,
12 including terrain accessibility, linear infrastructure conditions (roads and railways in
13 particular), as well as estimations of the number of people who would need to be removed
14 from risk areas and logistics for these actions. Risk zones were firstly identified through
15 field work guided by local authorities. Site observations concentrated on relevant terrain
16 characteristics and ground conditions that included: slope steepness and hillslope geometry,
17 type of slope (natural, cut or fill), soil weathering profile, groundwater and surface water
18 conditions, and land instability features (e.g. erosion rills, landslide scars, river
19 undercutting). In addition, information about periodicity, magnitude, and effects of
20 previous landsliding and flooding events as well as perception of potential and future
21 problems were gathered through interviewing of residents. Satellite images were further
22 used to assist with the identification of buildings and houses liable to be affected and the
23 delineation of risk zone boundaries. Risk assessment was based on a qualitative ranking
24 scheme with four levels of risk: R1 (low); R2 (moderate); R3 (high); R4 (very-high). Low risk
25 (R1) zones, for example, comprised only predisposing factors to instability (e.g. informal
26 housing and cuttings in steep slope areas) or to flooding (e.g. informal housing in lowland
27 areas and close to watercourses but no reported flood within the last 5 years). Very-high risk
28 (R4) zones were characterized by significant evidence of land instability (e.g. presence of
29 cracks in soil and walls, subsidence steps, leaning of trees and electricity poles, erosion rills
30 and ravines, landslide scars) or flooding hazards (e.g. flooding height marks on walls,
31 riverbank erosion, proximity of dwellings to river channel, severe floods reported within the
32 last 5 years).
33 The outcomes including basic and derived data and interpretations were integrated and
34 then presented on a geo-referenced computational system designed to respond the needs of
35 data displaying and information management of Civil Defence authorities (CEDEC) of the
36 State of São Paulo. As described by Pressinotti et al. (2007), such system and database, called
37 Map-Risk, includes cartographic data, interpretative maps (risk zoning), imagery, and layers
38 of cadastral information (e.g. urban street network). The system also enables generation and
39 manipulation of outputs in a varied set of text (reports), tabular (tables), and graphic
40 information including photographic inventories from risk zones. The system was fully
41 conceived and implemented at low cost, utilizing commercial software available that were
42 customized in this visualisation system through target-script programming designed to
43 achieve user functionalities (e.g. ESRI/MapObjects, Delphi, Visual Basic, OCX MapObjects).
44 Examples of delineated risk zones for the City of Diadema and a display of the Map-Risk
45 functionalities are presented in Figure 7.
18. 18 Environmental Management in Practice
1
2 A)
3
4
5 B)
6 Fig. 7. A) Location of the City of Diadema in the Metropolitan District of São Paulo (State
7 capital), Southeast Brazil and example of delineated risk zones over a high-resolution
8 satellite image (Ikonos). B) Example of Map-Risk system display. See Section 4.2 for details.
9 [after Marchiori-Faria et al., 2006; Pressinotti et al., 2007]
19. Geo-environmental Terrain Assessments Based on Remote
Sensing Tools: A Review of Applications to Hazard Mapping and Control 19
1 The second example refers to a flooding hazard mapping performed at regional and local
2 scales in the Paraiba do Sul River Watershed, Eastern São Paulo State (Figure 8), in order to
3 provide a rapid and comprehensive understanding of hazard phenomena and their impacts,
4 as well as enabling application of procedures of data integration and mapping in different
5 socio-economic contexts (Andrade et al. 2010). The information was systematised and
6 processed to allow the build-up of a geo-referenced database capable of providing
7 information for both environmental regional planning (economic-ecological zoning) and
8 local scale hazard mapping for civil defence purposes. The regional evaluation covered all
9 the 34 municipalities located in the watershed, and comprised the following stages of work:
10 1) survey of previous occurrence of flooding events in newspaper and historical archives; 2)
11 data systematisation and consolidation to translate gathered news into useful pieces of
12 technical information; 3) identification of flooding occurrence locations exploring Google
13 Earth tools; 4) cartographic auditing, geo-referencing and spatial data analysis using a
14 freeware GIS package called to as SPRING (see Section 5); 5) exploratory statistical analysis
15 of data; 6) preliminary flooding hazard classification on the basis of statistical results. Such
16 preliminary classification used geopolitical (municipality) and hydrographical sub-basin
17 boundaries as units for the analysis.
18
19
20 Fig. 8. Location of Paraiba do Sul River Watershed in Eastern São Paulo State and
21 distribution of flooding occurrences. Internal sub-divisions correspond to geopolitical
22 boundaries (municipalities). [After Andrade et al., 2010]
23 The regional evaluation was followed-up by a detailed flooding hazard mapping (1:3,000
24 scale) in 7 municipalities, which included: a) ground observations - where previous occurrence
25 was reported – to measure and record information on flooding height marks, land occupation,
26 and local terrain, riverbank and water course characteristics; b) geo-referencing and spatial
27 data analysis, with generation of interpolated numerical grids on flooding heights and local
28 topography; c) data interpretation and delimitation of flooding hazard zones; d) cross-
29 referencing of hazard zones with land use and economic information leading to delimitation of
30 flooding risk zones. Numerical scoring schemes were devised for ranking hazard and risk
20. 20 Environmental Management in Practice
1 zones, thus allowing relative comparisons between different areas. Hazard zone scores were
2 based on intervals of flooding height (observed and interpolated) and temporal recurrence of
3 flooding events. Flooding risk scores were quantified as follows: R = [H x (V x D)], in which
4 potential damage and vulnerability were considered (housing areas, urban infrastructure,
5 facilities and services to be affected) on the basis of image interpretation and cross-referencing
6 with land use maps and information. A detail map (yet unpublished) showing the interpolated
7 grid of flooding heights and delineated hazard zones is presented on Figure 9.
8
9
10 A)
11
12
13 B)
14 Fig. 9. A) Photo from measurement of flooding heights at the ground. B) Numerical
15 interpolated grid of flooding heights and delineated flooding hazard zones. Green = Low
16 probability of occurrence, Estimated flooding heights (Efh) < 0.40 m. Yellow = Moderate
17 probability, 0.40 < Efh < 0.80 m. Light Brown = High probability, 0.80 < Efh < 1.20 m. Red =
18 Very high probability, Efh > 1.20 m. Ground observations and measurements: cross +
19 rectangle. Continuous lines: black = topographic contour lines, blue = main river channel
20 boundaries. Not to scale.
21. Geo-environmental Terrain Assessments Based on Remote
Sensing Tools: A Review of Applications to Hazard Mapping and Control 21
1 5. Geo-environmental assessment: applications to land reclamation policies
2 Land reclamation of sites of previous mineral exploitation frequently involve actions to
3 minimize environmental damage and aim at re-establishing conditions for natural balance
4 and sustainability so reconciling former mined/quarried sites with their surroundings
5 (Brollo et al., 2002). Strategies and programmes for land reclamation need to consider
6 physical and biological characteristics of local environment as well as socio-economic
7 factors. Socio-environmental regeneration, involves not only revegetation and land
8 stabilisation engineering, but also rehabilitation or realisation of a new function for the area.
9
10
11 A)
12
13 B)
14 Fig. 10. A) Location map and satellite image of the Municipality of Ubatuba (North Shore
15 São Paulo State, Southeast Brazil). Dots on image represent quarried/mined sites. B)
16 Schematic display of the integrated approach taken to reconcile mineral exploitation
17 management and land reclamation. The scheme shows the three main issues to be addressed
18 (centre) and topics of interest to be studied. [after Ferreira et al., 2006; Ferreira & Fernandes
19 da Silva, 2008]
22. 22 Environmental Management in Practice
1 The case study presented is a GIS-based geo-environmental management strategy to
2 reconcile sustainable mineral exploration of aggregates and construction materials with
3 regeneration of abandoned and/or derelict mined sites in the municipality of Ubatuba
4 (North Shore of São Paulo State, Brazil). Until the early 1990's intensive exploitation of
5 residual soil and ornamental stone (for fill and civil construction) took place in an
6 unplanned and unregulated manner. This led to highly adverse environmental impacts,
7 including the creation of 114 derelict and abandoned sites which resulted in State and
8 Federal authorities enforcing a virtual halt to mining activity in the region. Besides this, the
9 municipality of Ubatuba is highly regarded for its attractive setting and landscape,
10 including encroached coastline with sandy beaches and bays with growing leisure and
11 tourism activities. The area encompasses the Serra do Mar Mountain Range covered by large
12 remnants of Atlantic Forest so that approximately 80% of the municipal territory lies within
13 a nature and wildlife reserve (Figure 10A). As described in Ferreira et al. (2005, 2006), the
14 devise strategy required an integrated approach (Figure 10B) in order to address three key
15 issues: 1) environmental recovery of a number of derelict (abandoned, unsightly) sites; 2)
16 reduction of hazards (land instability, erosion, flooded areas etc), particularly at those sites
17 informally occupied by low income populations; and 3) rational exploitation of materials for
18 local building materials corresponding to local needs. The study was implemented using a
19 freeware GIS and image processing package called SPRING (Câmara et al. 1996, INPE 2009)
20 and ortho-rectified air photos (1-metre resolution, taken in 2001, leading to an approximate
21 scale of 1:3,000).
22 The key output of the land management strategy was a prioritisation ranking scheme based
23 on a comprehensive site critical condition (ICR) score, which synthesised the significance of
24 each factor or issue to addressed (IG/SMA, 2008; Ferreira et al., 2009). Accordingly, the
25 score system consisted of three numerical indicators: 1) environmental degradation
26 indicator (IDE), 2) mineral potential indicator (IPM), and 3) hazard/risk indicator (IRI). Each
27 indicator was normalised to a scalar range (0 to 1), and the ICR was attained by the sum of
28 the three indicators. The ICR was then used to set up directives and recommendations to
29 advise local and State authorities about the possible measures to be taken, through mid- and
30 long-term policies and/or immediate remedial and mitigating actions.
31 According to Ferreira et al. (2008), the IDE comprised four component criteria to estimate
32 the degree of adverse environmental impact (or degradation) of the individual mineral
33 extraction sites: erosional features, terrain irregularity, herbaceous and bushy vegetation,
34 and exposed soil. Information on these factors was acquired from imagery and ground
35 checks. Tracing of linear features on image was investigated as an indicator of the frequency
36 and distribution of erosional processes (rills, ravines, piping scars) as well as for terrain
37 irregularity. In the first case, the sum of linear features representative of erosional processes
38 was ratioed by the area of each site to quantify the estimate. Similarly, linear features related
39 to the contour of cutting berms, rill marks, and slope breaks caused by mining/quarrying
40 activity, were also measured to quantify terrain irregularity. The areal extent of herbaceous
41 and bushy vegetation as well as soil exposure were also delimited on images.
42 The IPM, as described by Ferreira & Fernandes da Silva (2008), was achieved by means of
43 the following procedures: 1) identification and delimitation of quarried/mined sites
44 (polygons) on geo-referenced imagery; 2) derivation of local DEM (digital elevation model)
45 from topographic contour lines to each delimited site; 3) calculation of local volume of
46 material (V1) based on the original geometry of the quarried/mined sites; 4) calculation of
47 volume of material already taken (V2) and exploitable volume of material (V3), so that [V3]
23. Geo-environmental Terrain Assessments Based on Remote
Sensing Tools: A Review of Applications to Hazard Mapping and Control 23
1 = [V1 – V2]; 5) application of classification rules based on legal environmental and land use
2 restrictions. The calculation of volumes of material (residual soil and ornamental stone) was
3 performed by means of GIS operations involving polygons (areas) and numerical grids of
4 topographic heights generated with nearest neighbour interpolator in the SPRING package
5 (Figure 11). The IRI was derived from R = [H x (V x D)] – see Section 4.2 – focussing on
6 mass movement and flood hazards and their consequences to people, property and
7 economic activity. According to Rossini-Penteado (2007) and Tominaga et al. (2008), Hazard,
8 H, was quantified according to the spatial and temporal probability of occurrence of each
9 phenomenon and then weighted in relation to areal distribution of such probabilities
10 (percentage of sq. km). The vulnerability, V, was computed by means of scores assigned to
11 socio-economic aspects such as constructive building patterns, spatial regularity of land
12 occupation, presence of urban infrastructure (e.g. water supply, sanitation, health services,
13 refuse collection and destination), road/street network, educational and income patterns.
14 Similarly, in order to estimate the extent of potential damage, D, numerical scores were
15 devised and attributed to the estimated number of people and buildings per unit area, and
16 to the proportion of built area in relation to total area of the site.
17
18
19 Fig. 11. Example of the mineral potential indicator (IPM) for the Municipality of Ubatuba
20 (North Shore São Paulo State, Southeast Brazil). A) Abandoned/quarried site delimited on
21 image and numerical grid of topographic heights. B) Screen display from GIS-based
22 computation of volumes of exploitable material [after Ferreira & Fernandes da Silva, 2008].
23 Figure 12 illustrates the application of the ICR scoring scheme to mined/quarried sites in
24 Ubatuba. In summary, 47% of sites were classified as very low priority, 12% as low priority,
25 19% as moderate priority, 15% as high priority (18 sites), and 7% as very high priority (8
26 sites). The priorities represent a combination of availability of exploitable volumes of
27 building materials and the need for measures to tackle adverse environmental impacts and
28 high risk situations (Figure 12). Based on the application of the ICR scores and current land
29 use, directives and recommendations for land reclamation and socio-regeneration of
30 mined/quarried sites were consolidated into ten main groups (IG/SMA, 2008; Ferreira et
31 al., 2009). Such directives and recommendations range from simple measures such as
32 routine maintenance and cleaning, revegetation with grass and control of water surface flow
33 (including run-off) to the implementation of leisure and multi-purpose public facilities,
34 major land stabilisation projects combined with mineral exploitation, and monitoring.
24. 24 Environmental Management in Practice
1
2 Fig. 12. Spatial distribution of mined/quarried sites classified according to critical condition
3 score scheme (ICR). Sites classified as High (triangles) and Very High (squares) priority are
4 highlighted. Remarks: 1- Serra do Mar Nature and Wildlife State Park, 2- Environmentally
5 sensitive protected areas. ICR-MB = Very Low priority, ICR-B = Low priority, ICR-M =
6 Moderate priority, ICR-A = High priority, ICR-MA = Very high priority [after IG/SMA,
7 2008].
8 6. Conclusions
9 Geo-environmental terrain classification may be used as part of the land-use planning
10 decision making and may also provide the basis of responses to emergency situations. In
11 most examples presented here, classification schemes were based on knowledge of the
12 bedrock geology, topography, landforms, superficial geology (soil and weathered
13 materials), groundwater conditions and land-uses. Information for the classification has
14 been variously derived from remote sensing and fieldwork rather than specific site
15 investigations. A framework for carrying out a terrain classification at different scales has
16 been presented.
17 In practice, the effectiveness of land zoning system requires the implementation of planning
18 controls. To do this the Local Authority needs adequate resources and an appropriate legal
19 or planning guidance policy framework. Preferably, the control process should be based on
20 the principle that permission will be given unless there is a good reason for refusal. In
21 granting permission, conditions may then be applied to ensure the safety of the
25. Geo-environmental Terrain Assessments Based on Remote
Sensing Tools: A Review of Applications to Hazard Mapping and Control 25
1 development with regard to landsliding, flooding and other potential problems. However it
2 must be recognised that where practical control over development cannot be exercised,
3 other preventive, mitigative or advisory measures may be all that can be used.
4 Marker (1996) explains that the rate and style of development has a major impact on the
5 information requirements. Without a rigorously enforced planning framework based on
6 accurate information about the ground conditions very rapid urban development will
7 generally lead to construction on areas of less stable land or land which may be subject to
8 hazards such as flooding or pollution. This type of development may also result in the
9 sterilisation of geological resources which it would be expedient to exploit as part of the
10 development process. On the other hand restricting development to designated areas will
11 generally require detailed information about the ground conditions and likelihood and
12 potential impact of hazards to be available at the planning stage and also the resources and
13 will to enforce the plan. Such models can severely constrain the social and economic
14 development of an area, lead to excessively high population densities and give rise to
15 problems associate with the re-use of previously developed land
16 Policy formulation may incorporate incentives (e.g. subsidies and reduced taxes) to be
17 provided by local and state governments to encourage such measures and good practice,
18 which can be viewed as a kind of voluntary or induced control. In some cases financial
19 controls exerted by public funding as well as mortgage and insurance providers are the
20 means by which some types of development may be curtailed but such controls may not
21 prevent informal occupancy of hazardous areas. In this regard, some of the examples
22 presented here, from a regional and local perspective, have also demonstrated
23 environmental management regulations may have little meaning in some urban areas
24 subject to rapid expansion where, because of population influx, informal housing is virtually
25 an inevitable consequence.
26 The latter leads to the importance of hazard mapping updating and post-episode
27 monitoring [failure episodes] as these procedures enable a better understanding of ground
28 conditions and risk circumstances, which can be essential to provide timely and efficient
29 advice for mitigation and control of hazards as well as to contingency actions and
30 engineering solutions.
31 7. Acknowledgements
32 The authors are very much indebted to the Geological Institute and its staff for most of the
33 examples provided here.
34 8. References
35 Akiwumi, F.A., Butler, D.R. (2008). Mining and environmental change in Sierra Leone, West
36 Africa: a remote sensing and hydrogeomorphological study. Environmental
37 Monitoring Assessment, 142: 309–318. ISSN 0167-6369
38 Alonso Herrero, E.; Frances, E., & Cendrero, A. (1990). Environmental geological mapping
39 in Cantabrian Mountains, Spain. In: Proceedings of the 6th Congress of the Intl. Assoc.
40 Engineering Geology and Environment, Amsterdam. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1: 31-35.
41 Andrade, E.; Danna, L.C.; Santos, M.L., & Fernandes da Silva, P.C. (2010). Survey of flooding
42 occurrence in newspaper records as a support for regional planning and hazard
43 mapping. Proceedings of 7th Brazilian Symposium on Geotechnical and Geo-
26. 26 Environmental Management in Practice
1 environmental Cartography. ISSN 2178-1834. Maringa, October 2010. 16p. [in
2 Portuguese]
3 Aydin, F. (2002). Heterogeneity and behaviour of saprolitic slopes. Proceedings of the 9th
4 International Congress of the Intl. Assoc. Engineering Geology and Environment, ISBN 0-
5 620-28559-1, Durban, September 2002. p. 846-856.
6 Barton, J., Alexander, D., Correa, C., Mashelkar, R., Samuels, G., & Thomas S. (2002).
7 Integrating intellectual property rights and development policy. London: UK
8 Department for International Development, Commission on Intellectual Property
9 Rights.
10 Beaumont, T.E. (1985). An application of satellite imagery for highway maintenance and
11 rehabilitation in Niger. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 6 (7): 1263-1267, ISSN
12 0143-1161.
13 Beaumont, T.E. & Beaven, P.J. (1977). The use of satellite imagery for highway engineering
14 in overseas countries. (T.R.R.L. - Transport & Road Research Laboratory) England,
15 Supplementary Report 279, 19 p.
16 Beckett, P.H.T. & Webster, R. (1969). A Review of Studies on Terrain Evaluation by the
17 Oxford-MEXE-Cambridge Group,1960-1969, MEXE Report 1123, Christchurch
18 Bell, F.G. (1993). Engineering Geology. Blackwell, Oxford. 269p.
19 Bennett, M.R & Doyle, P. (1997). Environmental Geology. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chicester.
20 Bourne, R. (1931). Regional Survey and its Relation to Stocktaking of the Agricultural
21 Resources of the British Empire, Oxford Forestry Memoirs No.13.
22 Bowman, I. (1911). Forest Physiography, Physiography of the US and Principal Soils in
23 Relation to Forestry, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
24 Brollo M.J., Barbosa, J.M., Rocha, F.T., & Martins, S.E. (2002). Research Programme on
25 Characterisation and Reclamation of Environmentally Degraded Areas. Programa
26 comum de pesquisa em caracterização e recuperação de áreas degradadas.
27 Proceedings of the 5th Meeting on Environmental Management Research. São Paulo:
28 CINP/SMA, 2002, p. 74-82. [in Portuguese]
29 Brollo, M.J., Vedovello, R., Gutjahr, M.R., Hassuda, S., Iritani, M.A., Fernandes da Silva,
30 P.C., & Holl, MC. (2000). Criteria for selection of areas for waste disposal in
31 regional scale (1:100,000). Application area: Metropolitan Region of Campinas, Sao
32 Paulo State, Brazil. Proceedings of the 8th Congress of the Intl. Assoc. Engineering
33 Geology and Environment. Vancouver, September 1998, 6: 4281-4286.
34 Câmara, G. & Fonseca, F. (2007) Information Policies and Open Source Software in
35 Developing Countries. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and
36 Technology, 58(1): 121–132, ISSN 1532-2890.
37 Câmara, G., Souza, R.C.M., Freitas, U.M., & Garrido, J. (1996). SPRING: Integrating remote
38 sensing and GIS by object-oriented data modelling. Computers & Graphics, 20 (3):
39 395-403, ISSN 0097-8493.
40 Cendrero, A., Flor, G., Gancedo, R., González-Lastra, J.R., Omenaca, J.S., & Salinas, J.M.
41 (1979). Integrated Assessment and Evaluation of the Coastal Environment of the
42 Province of Vizcaya, Bay of Biscay, Spain. Environmental Geology, 2 (6): 321-331,
43 ISSN 0943-0105.
44 Christian, C.S. (1958). The concepts of land units and land systems. In: Proceedings of the 9th
45 Pacific Science Congress. Vol. 20, pp. 74-81.
27. Geo-environmental Terrain Assessments Based on Remote
Sensing Tools: A Review of Applications to Hazard Mapping and Control 27
1 Christian, C.S. & Stewart, GA. (1952). Summary of general report on Survey of Katherine -
2 Darwin Region. CSIRO Land Research Series No.1
3 Christian, C.S. & Stewart, GA. (1968). Methodology of integrated surveys. Proceedings of the
4 Conference on Aerial Surveys and Integrated Studies. UNESCO, Paris. pp. 233-280
5 Cripps, J.C., Fernandes Da Silva, P.C., Culshaw, M.G., Bell, F.G., Maud, R.R., & Foster, A.
6 (2002). The planning response to landslide hazard in São Paulo State - Brazil,
7 Durban - South Africa and Antrim - Northern Ireland. Proceedings of 9th
8 International Congress of the Intl. Assoc. Engineering Geology and Environment, ISBN 0-
9 620-28559-1, Durban, September 2002. p. 1841-1852.
10 Culshaw M.G., Foster, A., Cripps, J.C., & Bell FG (1990). Applied maps for land use
11 planning in Great Britain. Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Intl.
12 Assoc. Engineering Geology and Environment. AA Balkema, Rotterdam, 1: 85-93.
13 Dai, F.C., Lee, C.F., and Zhang, X.H. (2001). GIS-based environmental evaluation for urban
14 land-use planning: a case study. Engineering Geology, 61 (4): 257 – 271, ISSN 0013-
15 7952.
16 Dearman, W.R. & Matula, M. (1977). Environmental aspects of engineering geological
17 mapping. Bulletin of the Intl. Assoc. Engineering Geology and Environment, 14: 141-146.
18 ISSN 1435-9529.
19 DOE - Department of the Environment. (1990). Development on unstable ground. Planning
20 Policy Guidance PPG14, HMSO, London.
21 DOE - Department of the Environment. (1995) Development on unstable ground:
22 Landslides and Planning. Planning Policy Guidance PPG14 Annex 1, HMSO,
23 London.
24 Ellison, R. and Smith, A. (1998). Environmental Geology in Land Use Planning: Guide to the
25 sources of earth science information for planning and development. Published by
26 British Geological Survey (Nottingham, UK) on behalf of Department of
27 Environment, Transport and the Regions, Great Britain.
28 Fernandes, A.J. (2003) The influence of Cenozoic Tectonics on the groundwater vulnerability
29 in fractured rocks: a case study in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Proceedings of the International
30 Conference on Groundwater in Fractured Rocks, Prague, IAH/UNESCO, p.81-82.
31 Fernandes, A.J. & Rudolph, D.L. (2001) The influence of Cenozoic tectonics on the
32 groundwater-production capacity of fractured zones: a case study in Sao Paulo,
33 Brazil. Hydrogeology Journal, 9: 151-167, ISSN 1431-2174.
34 Fernandes Da Silva, P.C., Cripps, J.C., & Wise, S.M. (2005a). The use of Remote Sensing
35 techniques and empirical tectonic models for inference of geological structures:
36 bridging from regional to local scales. Remote Sensing of Environment, 96 (1): 18 – 36.
37 ISSN 0034-4257.
38 Fernandes da Silva, P.C., Ferreira, C.J., Fernandes, A.J., Brollo, M.J., Vedovello, R.,
39 Tominaga, L.K., Iritani, M.A., & Cripps, J.C. (2005b). Evaluation of land instability
40 and groundwater pollution hazards applying the physiographic
41 compartmentalisation technique: case study in the Metropolitan District of
42 Campinas, Brazil. Proceedings of the 11th Brazilian Congress on Environmental and
43 Engineering Geology, ISBN 85-7270-017-X. Florianopolis, November 2005. Pp. 383 –
44 402. [In Portuguese]
45 Fernandes da Silva, P.C., Maffra, C.Q.T., Tominaga, L.K., & Vedovello, R. (1997a). Mapping
46 units on São Sebastião Geohazards Prevention Chart, Northshore of São Paulo
28. 28 Environmental Management in Practice
1 State, Brazil. In: Environmental Geology, Proceedings of the 30th International Geological
2 Congress. Daoxian, Y. (Ed.), 24: 266-281, VSP Scientific Publisher, ISBN 90-6764-239-
3 8. Utrecht.
4 Fernandes da Silva, P.C., Moura-Fujimoto, N.S.V., Vedovello, R., Holl, M.C., & Maffra,
5 C.Q.T. (1997b). The application of structural geological data in mass movement
6 hazard zoning at the municipality of São Sebastião, Northshore of São Paulo State,
7 Brazil. Proceedings of the 6th Brazilian Symposium on Tectonic Studies, Goiania, May
8 1997. p. 136-138. [in Portuguese]
9 Fernandes da Silva, P.C., Vedovello, R., Ferreira, C.J., Cripps, J.C., Brollo, M.J., Fernandes,
10 A.J. (2010) Geo-environmental mapping using physiographic analysis: constraints
11 on the evaluation of land instability and groundwater pollution hazards in the
12 Metropolitan District of Campinas, Brazil. Environmental Earth Sciences, 61: 1657–
13 1675. ISSN 1866-6280.
14 Ferreira, C.J.; Brollo, M.J.; Ummus, M.E.; & Nery, T.D. (2008). Indicators and quantification
15 of environmental degradation in mined sites, Ubatuba (SP). Revista Brasileira de
16 Geociências, 38(1): 141-152. ISSN 0375-7536 [In Portuguese]
17 Ferreira, C.J. & Fernandes da Silva, P.C. (2008). The use of GIS for prioritising mineral
18 exploitation of building materials in derelict sites: the Ubatuba – SP case. Revista do
19 Instituto Geológico, 29 (1/2): 19-31. ISSN 0100-929X [In Portuguese]
20 Ferreira, C.J., Fernandes da Silva, P.C., & Brollo, M.J. (2009). Directives for socio-
21 regeneration of sites affected by mining activity, Ubatuba, Sao Paulo State.
22 Proceedings of the 11th Southeast Brazil Geological Symposia, ISSN 2175-697X, São
23 Pedro, November 2009. pp. 123-124.
24 Ferreira, C.J., Fernandes da Silva, P.C., Brollo, M.J., & Cripps, J.C. (2006). Dereliction
25 problems from exploitation of residual soil and ornamental stone at Sao Paulo
26 State, Brazil. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of the International
27 Association of Engineering Geology and Environment. Nottingham , September 2006.
28 CD-ROM. 10p.
29 Ferreira, C.J., Fernandes da Silva, P.C, Furlan, S.A., Brollo, M.J., Tominaga, L.K., Vedovello,
30 R., Guedes, A.C.M., Ferreira, D.F., Cripps, J.C., & Perez, F. (2005). Devising
31 strategies for reclamation of derelict sites due to mining of residual soil (Saibro) at
32 Ubatuba, North coast of Sao Paulo State, Brazil: the views and roles of stakeholders.
33 Sociedade e Natureza , Special Issue on Land Degradation, p.643 - 660, ISSN 0103-
34 1570.
35 Finlayson, A. (1984). Land surface evaluation for engineering practices: Applications of the
36 Australian P.U.C.E. system for terrain analysis. Quarterly Journal of Engineering
37 Geology, 17(2): 149-158, ISSN 1470-9236
38 Grant, K. (1968). A Terrain Evaluation System for Engineering. CSIRO, Div. Soil. Mech.
39 Technical Paper No. 2, Melbourne. 27p.
40 Grant, K. (1974). The PUCE Programme for Terrain Evaluation System for Engineering
41 Purposes. II. Procedures for Terrain Classification. CSIRO, Div. Soil. Mech.
42 Technical Paper No. 15, Melbourne. 68p.
43 Grant, K. (1975). The PUCE Programme for Terrain Evaluation System for Engineering
44 Purposes. I. Principles. CSIRO, Div. Soil. Mech. Technical Paper No. 19, Melbourne.
45 32p.
29. Geo-environmental Terrain Assessments Based on Remote
Sensing Tools: A Review of Applications to Hazard Mapping and Control 29
1 Griffiths, J.S. and Edwards, R.J.G. (2001). The development of land surface evaluation for
2 engineering practice. In Griffiths, J S (Ed.) Land Surface Evaluation for
3 Engineering Practice. Geological Society, London, Engineering Geological Special
4 Publication, 18, 3 – 9.
5 Griffiths, J S (Ed.) 2001 Land Surface Evaluation for Engineering Practice. Geological
6 Society, London, Engineering Geological Special Publication, 18.
7 Guy, M. (1966). Quelques principles et quelques experiences sur la metodhologie de la
8 photointerpretation. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Photo-
9 interpretation. Paris, 1966. v.1: 2-41.
10 Hill, S.E. & Rosenbaum, M.S. (1998). Assessing the significant factors in a rock weathering
11 system. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 31: 85-94, ISSN 0013-7952.
12 Howard, A.D. (1967) Drainage analysis in geologic interpretation: a summation. Bulletin of
13 the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 51: 2246-2254, ISSN 0149-1423.
14 Hudec, P.P. (1998) Rock properties and physical processes of rapid weathering and
15 deterioration. Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of the Intl. Assoc.
16 Engineering Geology and Environment, Vancouver, September 1998. p.335-341.
17 IG/SMA – Instituto Geológico/ São Paulo State Secreariat of Environmet. (1996). São
18 Sebastião Geohazards Prevention Chart, Northshore of São Paulo State, Brazil. São
19 Paulo, Technical Report, 77p. [in Portuguese]
20 IG/SMA - Instituto Geológico/ São Paulo State Secreariat of Environmet. (1999).
21 Methodology for Selection of Suitable Areas for Treatment and Disposal of Solid
22 Waste: Regional Approach. São Paulo, IG/SMA Technical Report, 98p. [in
23 Portuguese]
24 IG/SMA - Instituto Geológico/ São Paulo State Secreariat of Environmet. (2003). Evaluation
25 of land instability and groundwater pollution hazards in the Metropolitan District
26 of Campinas, Brazil. São Paulo, Foreign Commonwealth Office Intl. Cooperation
27 Programme. Technical Report, 57p.
28 IG/SMA - Instituto Geológico/ São Paulo State Secreariat of Environmet. (2008). Directives
29 for Socio-Environmental Regeneration of Derelict Sites Due to Mining of Building
30 Materials, Ubatuba, Northshore of São Paulo State, Brazil. São Paulo, FAPESP –
31 Public Policies Research Programme, Funding Grant n. 03/07182-5. Final Tech. Sci.
32 Report, 168p. [in Portuguese]
33 INPE - Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (2009) SPRING 5.0.
34 http://www.dpi.inpe.br/spring/english/download.php. Cited in 11 December
35 2009.
36 Kiefer, R.W. (1967). Terrain analysis for metropolitan fringe area planning, Journal of the
37 Urban Planning and Development Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil
38 Engineers, UP4, 93, 119-39.
39 Latifovic R, Fytas K, Chen J, Paraszczak J (2005) Assessing land cover change resulting from
40 large surface mining development. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation
41 and Geoinformation, 7: 29–48, ISSN 0303-2434.
42 Lillesand, T. & Kiefer, R.W. (2000) Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. 4th Ed., John
43 Wiley, New York.
44 Mabbut, J.A. 1968. Review of concepts on land classification. In: Land Evaluation. Stewart,
45 G.A. (ed.), p. 11-28, Macmillan, Melbourne.
30. 30 Environmental Management in Practice
1 Marchiori-Faria, D.G., Ferreira, C.J., Fernandes da Silva, P.C., Rossini-Pentado, D., & Cripps,
2 J.C. (2006). Hazard mapping as part of Civil Defence preventative and contingency
3 actions: A case study from Diadema, Brazil. Proceedings of the 10th International
4 Congress of the International Association of Engineering Geology and Environment.
5 Nottingham , September 2006. CD-ROM. 10p.
6 Marker, B.R. (1996). Role of the earth sciences in addressing urban resources and constraints
7 In: McCall, G J H ; de Mulder, E F J and Marker, B R (Eds). Urban Geoscience. AGID
8 Special Publication Series No 20 in association with Cogeoenvironment. Balkema
9 (Rotterdam), pp 163-180.
10 Matula, M. (1979). Regional engineering geological evaluation for planning purposes.
11 Bulletin of the Intl. Assoc. Engineering Geology and Environment, 18: 18-24. ISSN 1435-
12 9529
13 Matula, M. & Letko, V. (1980). Engineering geology in planning the metropolitan region of
14 Bratislava. IAEG Bull.,. Bulletin of the Intl. Assoc. Engineering Geology and
15 Environment, 19: 47-52. ISSN 1435-9529
16 Meijerink, A.M. (1988). Data acquisition and data capture through terrain mapping units.
17 ITC Journal, 1: 23-44. ###ISSN
18 Miliaresis, G.Ch. (2001). Geomorphometric mapping of Zagros Range at regional scale.
19 Computer and Geosciences, 27 (7): 775 – 786. ISSN 0098-3004.
20 Mitchell, C.W. (1991). Terrain Evaluation. 2nd Ed. Longman, Essex. 497p.
21 Moura-Fujimoto, N.S.V., Holl, M.C., Vedovello, R., Fernandes da Silva, P.C, & Maffra,
22 C.Q.T. (1996). The identification of mass movement hazard zones at the
23 municipality of São Sebastião, Northshore of São Paulo State, Brazil. Proceedings of
24 the 2nd Brazilian Symposium on Geotechnical Cartography. São Paulo, November 1996.
25 p. 129-137. [in Portuguese]
26 Nedovic-Budic, Z. (2000). Geographic Information Science Implications for Urban and
27 Regional Planning. URISA Journal, 12(2): 81-93. ISSN 1045-8077.
28 Pine, R.J. & Harrison, J.P. (2003). Rock mass properties for engineering design. Quarterly
29 Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 36: 5–16. ISSN1470-9236.
30 Porcher, M. & Guillope, P. (1979). Cartographie des risques ZERMOS appliquées a des plans
31 d’occupation des sols en Normandie. Bull. Mason Lab. des Ponts et Chausses, 99.
32 Pressinotti, M.M.N., Guedes, A.C.M, Fernandes da Silva, P.C, Sultanum, H.J., & Guimarães,
33 R.G. (2007). Automated system for displaying of gravitational mass movement and
34 flooding hazard mapping of São Paulo State. Proceedings of the 6th Brazilian
35 Symposium on Geotechnical and Geo-environmental Cartography. Uberlândia,
36 November 2007. p. 324 – 333. [in Portuguese]
37 Pressinotti, M.M.N, Fernandes da Silva, P.C.; Marchiori-Faria, D.G., & Mendes, R.M. (2009).
38 The experience of the Geological Institute in hazard maping and risk analysis in
39 urban environments. Proceedings of the 11th Southeast Brazil Geological Symposia. São
40 Pedro, November 2009. ISSN 2175-697X. P. 156-157. [in Portuguese]
41 Rossini-Penteado, D., Ferreira, C.J., & Giberti, P.P.C. (2007). Quantification of vulnerability
42 and potential damage applied to hazard mapping and risk analysis, 1:10,000,
43 Ubatuba-SP. Proceedings of the 2nd Brazilian Symposium on Natural and Technological
44 Disasters. Santos, December 2007. [in Portuguese]
45 Sabins Jr., F.F. (1987). Remote Sensing. Principles and Interpretation. Freeman, New York.