Phonological awareness is the area of oral language that relates to the ability to think about the sounds in a word (the word’s phonological structure) rather than just the meaning of the word.
This power point presentation will provide the learners of linguistic with definition of phonetics, its branches, definition of phonology and the difference between phonetics and phonology.
This power point presentation will provide the learners of linguistic with definition of phonetics, its branches, definition of phonology and the difference between phonetics and phonology.
Examine the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and how speech sounds are represented;
Explore sound segments ‘phonemes’ and sound combinations;
Explain the distinction between phonemes and allophones;
Discuss the suprasegmental features including length, stress, and pitch as well as syllables;
Apply the learned knowledge in helping students improve L2 pronunciation.
Phonetics: is the branch of linguistics that deals with how to human speech sounds are made . علم الصوتيات أحد الفروع الأساسية في اللغة الإنجليزية لمعرفة طرق خروج الأصوات من شخص لآخر.It describes how physical expressions of human speech sounds are produced.
علم الصوتيات يشرح طريقة إنتاج التعبيرات الجسدية لأصوات البشر”.Phonetic units are called phones.“يطلق على الصوتيات اسم الهواتف”As we know that phonetic symbols are enclosed in square brackets.“تكون الرموز الصوتية بداخل أقواس مربعة”.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
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Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
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Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
2. Introduction
• The most common barrier to learning early word skills is the
inability to process language phonologically
(Liberman, Shankweiler, & Liberman, 1989).
• Moreover, developments in research and understanding have
revealed that this weakness in phonological processing most
often hinders early reading development for both students
with and without disabilities (Fletcher et al., 1994).
• No area of reading research has gained as much attention
over the past two decades as phonological awareness.
3. Phonology and phonological awareness
• Phone means sound
• Basic sound of a language is known as phoneme.
• Detail study of sound system of a language is known as phonology
• phonological awareness: Awareness of the larger parts of spoken
language as well as awareness of the smaller parts (e.g., words,
syllables, sounds)
4. Phonological Awareness
• Phonological awareness is the area of oral language that
relates to the ability to think about the sounds in a word
(the word’s phonological structure) rather than just the
meaning of the word.
• It is an understanding of the structure of spoken language that
it is made up of words, and words consist of syllables, rhymes,
and sounds.
• Fitzpatrick summarizes it best by saying that phonological
awareness is “the ability to listen inside a word”
5. Phonological Awareness
Phonological Awareness refers to an understanding of
the sound structure of language—that is, the language
is made up of words, syllables, rhymes, and sounds
(phonemes).
This knowledge occurs initially in oral language;
students do not have to know how to name letters or
their corresponding sounds in order to demonstrate
phonological awareness.
6. What is phonemic
awareness?
The ability to hear, identify,
and manipulate the individual
sounds – phonemes – in
spoken words
Phonemic knowledge includes how to:
segment
blend,
manipulate
individual sounds in words.
PHONEMIC ASWARENESS IS A SUBCATEGORY OF
PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS
Phoneme:
The smallest part of spoken
language that makes a difference
in the meaning of words
7. Phonemic Awareness
Onset is the sound(s) that
come(s) before a vowel in a
syllable. In the word “ship”,
the /ʃ/ is the onset. Rime is the vowel and
any sound that come
after it in a syllable. In
the word “ship”, /ip/ is
the rime.
8. Phonics
Phonics refers to an understanding of the sound
(phoneme) and letter (grapheme) relationships in a
language.
Phonological awareness is necessary in
order to use this phonics knowledge
effectively in reading and writing.
9. Phonological Awareness and Phonics
• Phonological awareness instruction helps children make the
connection between letters and sounds
• During reading and spelling activities, children begin to
combine their knowledge of phonological awareness and
phonics
Phonological
Awareness
Phonics
10. Phonics for reading
require the coordination of following neural networks:
Auditory & Visual processing
Phonemes recognition
Phoneme-Grapheme association
Word interpretation
11. Phonics and different learners
Linguistic Causes:
• Phonological deficits.
• Differences in auditory and
visual processing speeds.
• Structural differences in the
brain.
• Working memory deficits.
• Auditory memory deficits.
• Lesions in the word form area.
• Word-blindness
Non-linguistic Causes:
• Perception of sequential sounds.
• Sound-frequency
discrimination.
• Detection of target sounds in
noise.
• Visual magnocellular-deficit
hypothesis.
• Motor coordination and the
cerebellum.
12. Problems detecting
Critical observation of a child’s progress in learning
to speak, and eventually in learning to read, remains
our most effective tool for spotting potential problems.
language
speech vocabulary
Fluency
13. Dealing with a special need learners
One must consider the phonetics of each sound
when dealing with the special need kids
14. What is phonetics?
Phonetics is about the physical aspect of sounds, it studies the
production and the perception of sounds - called phones.
Articulatory Phonetics: "the study of the production of
speech sounds by the articulatory and vocal tract by the
speaker".
Phonetic transcriptions are done using the square brackets, [ ]
15. What are the physical aspect of sound
• Frequency of sound
• Pitch /loudness of sound
• F1F2 transition of sound
18. Consonants
• Phonetics standpoint- a consonant is a type of phoneme. (sound not
letter)
What makes a consonant sound?
Air flow is completely or partially stopped- sound is impeded.
Tongue, lips, teeth, back of throat.
Consonant sounds are classified by place and manner of articulation.
₪ Place: where in the mouth they are produced
₪ Manner: how they are produced
20. Urdu, English and Arabic phonemic inventory
Bilabial
Labio-
dental
Dental
Alveolar
Post-
alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngea
l
Glottal
Plosive
p b
pʰ, bʰ
t d
tʰ dʰ
ʈ ʈʰ
tˁ dˁ
k g
kʰ gʰ
q Ɂ
Nasal
m
mʰ
n
nʰ
ɳ
Trill
r,
rʰ
ɽ
ɽʰ
Fricative
f v Ɵ ð
ðˁ
s z
sˁ
ʃ ʒ
χ ʁ
ħ ʕ
h
Affricate
ʧ ʤ
ʧʰ ʤʰ
Glides
j
Liquid
w l
lʰ
21. Key to read common (Urdu, Arabic & English)
phonemic inventory
Language colour
Urdu only Green
Urdu & Arabic Red
Urdu & English Blue
Urdu, Arabic & English black
23. • Bilabial: lips together /p, b, bʰ,m, mʰ/
• Labio-dental: lips and teeth /f, v/
• Inter-dental: tongue between teeth /Ɵ, ð, ðˁ/
• Alveolar: tongue on ridge behind teeth /t, ʈ , s, z, sˁ/
• Palatal: tongue on roof of mouth /ʃ,ʒ,ʤ,ʧ/
• Velar: tongue raised against soft palate /k/
• Uvular: articulated with the back of the tongue against or near
the uvula /ʁ, q/
• Glottal: sound made by blowing air through glottis /h, ʔ/
• Pharyngeal: /ʕ, ħ/
Place of Articulation Terms
24. • Stop: flow of air is stopped completely for a time /p, b, k/
• Continuant: continuous sound /f, v, ħ/
• Nasal: sound travels through nasal cavity. /m, n/
• Fricative: air passes through a narrow space causing friction /Ɵ, ð/
• Affricatives: combination of stop and fricative /ʧ, ʤ/
• Liquid: floating sound /l/
• Glide: seems like two sounds moving together /j/
• Emphatics: additional manner produce with the back of tongue alongside
stop or fricative manner /tˁ, ðˁ/
• Aspiration: any manner with audible breathing sound /bʰ, lʰ/
Manner of Articulation
26. Special Needs Indicators
• Little or no knowledge of the alphabet
• Inability to name letters when presented
• Inability to produce letter or letter like forms in writing
• Inability to recognize rhyming sounds
• Inability to recognize or identify specific letter sounds in words
• Inability to map spoken sounds onto letters
Reutzel and Cooter (1999)
28. What We Know from Research
• Phonological awareness instruction improves children’s
understanding of how the words in spoken language are
represented in print.
• Phonemic awareness helps all children learn to read
• Reading is helpful to build vocabulary
29. What We Know from Research
• Phonemic awareness instruction is most effective when
children are taught to use letters (graphemes) to represent
phonemes (phonics)
• Phonemic awareness also helps preschoolers, kindergartners,
and first graders learn to spell
30. Understanding the Prerequisites to Successful Phonics Instruction
“Phonemic awareness, or the ability to hear and “segment”
individual sounds in spoken words, must occur before children
can begin to understand how letters represent speech sounds.”
(Reutzel and Cooter, 1999)
It depends on installing that system in long term memory and
having it available to working memory when deciphering a
printed word.
Teaching Our Children to Read: The Role of Skills in a Comprehensive Reading Program-Crowin ,p. 96 William
Honig.
31. Research shows that phonemic awareness can be developed
through carefully planned instruction
(Ball & Blachman, 1991; Bradley & Bryant, 1985; Byrne & Fielding-Barnsley, 1989, 1991;
O'Connor, Jenkins, Leicester, & Slocum, 1993).
Instruction duration required for phonemic awareness development.
7 minutes in a day OR
20 hours in a years
32. General Principles Of Phonemic Awareness Instruction
• Provide explicit instruction.
• Model the skills.
• Begin with sounds only.
• Use manipulative.
• Teach simple to complex.
• Pronounce sounds correctly.
• Provide guided practice.
• Teach the “feel” of sounds in the mouth. (Felton & Lillie, 2001)
33. Progression of Phonemic Awareness
words
syllables
onset-rime division
phonemes
[blending, segmentation, matching, deletion
36. Sentence Segmentation:
Using Blank Cards To Build Sentences
adapted from Wilson,B., 2002. Fundations
1. Words are represented
by blank cards.
2. Capitalization of first
letter in sentence is indicated
with a special card.
3. Final punctuation is
indicated with card.
37. Sentence Segmentation: Finger-Point Reading
• Read a simple book with the child while pointing to words.
• child points to words while rereading books.
STOP
الل سیبھے نشان کا رکنےالل
ھے
Morris & Slavin, 2002
Example of a
simple, predictable
text
38. Sentences Segmentation:
Cut-Up Sentence
• Read a sentence.
• write sentence on sentence strip.
• child finger point reads sentence.
• cuts up sentence into words.
• child reassembles sentence with support.
• child rereads assembled sentence.
(Morris, 1999)
ھوں
40. Rhyming:
Odd-One-Out With Picture Cards
1. Name the pictures: “ تتلی بلیآدمی ”
2. Which one doesn’t sound like the others?
3. Name the rhyming words again: “آدمی تتلی بلی ”
45. Word Awareness
Function words are the words that connect the more
meaningful words such as nouns and verbs in sentences.
They are the words that enable the speaker to form
complete and correct sentences
46. REMEMBER
When asking students to isolate, segment, or blend sounds, it is
important to note the following:
Consonant sounds are easier than vowel sounds.
Single-consonant sounds are easier than sound clusters or
blends (e.g., pin is easier than spin).
Certain consonant sounds (posteriors – acoustically louder) are easier
than others (anterior – acoustic signal dissolved in air).