Phonemic awareness refers to the ability to hear and manipulate individual sounds in words. It is the foundation of phonics and reading skills. There are approximately 40 individual speech sounds or phonemes in English represented by over 250 spellings. Phonemic awareness requires explicitly teaching skills like sound blending, segmentation, isolation and manipulation of sounds in words. It should be directly taught for 10-15 minutes daily in small groups. The ability to blend and segment words into individual phonemes is critical for reading development. Phonemic awareness provides readers a way to sound out new words using letter-sound relationships.