CAD/CAM involves the use of computer systems to aid in both the design and manufacturing processes. CAD is used for design functions like modeling and simulation, while CAM is used for planning and controlling manufacturing operations. CIM integrates all functions of manufacturing through computer systems and aims to make production faster, less error-prone, and more automated through closed-loop control processes based on sensor input. Benefits of CIM include reduced costs, lead times and errors, as well as improved quality, flexibility and communication across the manufacturing lifecycle.

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2.  CAD/CAM = Computer Aided Design/
Computer Aided Manufacturing
 It is the technology concerned with
the use of computers to perform
design and manufacturing functions
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3.  CAD can be defined as the use of
computer systems to perform certain
functions in the design process
 CAM is the use of computer systems to
plan, manage and control the
operations of manufacturing plant
through either direct or indirect
computer interface with the plant’s
production resources
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4. From CAM definition, the application
of CAM falls into two broad
categories:
1. Computer monitoring and control
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Computer Process
Process
data
Control signals
Computer Process
Process data

5. 2. Manufacturing support
application
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Control signals
Computer Mfg
operations
Process data

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7. In order to establish the scope and
definition of CAD/CAM in an
engineering environment and identify
existing and future related tools, a study
of a typical product cycle is necessary.
The following Figure shows a flowchart
of such a cycle-
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The Manufacturing Process
The Design Process
Synthesis
Analysis The CAD Process
The CAM Process
Design
needs
Design
definitions,
specifications,
and requirements
Collecting
relevant design
information and
feasibility study
Design
conceptualization
Design
modeling and
simulation
Design
analysis
Design
optimization
Design
evaluation
Design
documentation and
communication
Process
planning
Order
materials
Design and
procurement of
new tools
Production
planning
NC, CNC, DNC
programming
Production
Quality
control
Packaging
Marketing
Shipping
Typical Product Life Cycle

9.  The product begins with a need which is
identified based on customers' and markets'
demands
 The product goes through two main processes
from the idea conceptualization to the finished
product:
1. The design process
2. The manufacturing process
The main sub-processes that constitute the design
process are:
1. Synthesis
2. Analysis
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Delineation of
geometric model
Definition
translator
Geometric model
Design and
Analysis algorithms
Drafting and
detailing
Documentation
To CAM Process
Interface
algorithms
Design changes

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Design phase Required CAD tools
Design conceptualization Geometric modeling techniques;
Graphics aids; manipulations; and
visualization
Design modeling and simulation Same as above; animation; assemblies;
special modeling packages
Design analysis Analysis packages; customized
programs and packages
Design optimization Customized applications; structural
optimization
Design evaluation Dimensioning; tolerances; BOM; NC
Design communication and
documentation
Drafting and detailing

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Geometric model
Interface
algorithms
Process planning
Inspection
Assembly
Packaging
To shipping and marketing
NC programs

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Manufacturing phase Required CAM tools
Process planning CAPP techniques; cost
analysis; material and
tooling specification
Part programming NC programming
Inspection CAQ; and Inspection
software
Assembly Robotics simulation and
programming
CAM Tools Required to Support the Design Process

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Computer
graphics
concepts
Design tools
Geometric
modeling
CAD
tools

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Design tools + Computer
Hardware
(control unit; display
terminals;
I/O devices
Software (graphics;
modeling; applications
programs
= CAD tools

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Networking
concepts
Mfg tools
CAD
CAM
tools

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Definition of CAM Tools Based on Their Implementation
in a Manufacturing Environment
Mfg tools + Computer
Hardware
(control unit; display
terminals;
I/O devices
Software (CAD; NC;
MRP; CAPP)
= CAM tools
Networking

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Definitions of CAD/CAM Tools Based on
Their Constituents
Mfg tools
Networking
Design tools
Geometric
modeling
Computer
graphics
concepts
CAD/CAM
tools

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Definition of CAD/CAM Tools Based on Their
Implementation in an Engineering Environment
Design and
Mfg tools
Hardware
Software = CAD/CAM tools
Networking
+ Computer

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22. Automation can be defined as the
technology concerned with the
application of complex mechanical,
electronic, and computer-based
systems in the operation and control
of manufacturing systems.
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Types of Manufacturing Systems
1. Continuous-flow processes. Continuous dedicated production of
large amount of bulk product. Continuous manufacturing is
represented by chemicals, plastics, petroleum, and food industries.
2. Mass production of discrete products. Dedicated production of
large quantities of one product (with perhaps limited model
variations). Examples include automobiles, appliances and engine
blocks.
3. Batch production. Production of medium lot sizes of the same
product. The lot may be produced once or repeated periodically.
Examples: books, clothing and certain industrial machinery.
4. Job-shop production. Production of low quantities, often one of a
kind, of specialized products. The products are often customized
and technologically complex. Examples: prototypes, aircraft,
machine tools and other equipment.

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Production
quantity
Continuous-
flow
production Mass
production
Batch
production
Job shop
production
Product variety

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Category Automation achievements
Continuous-flow process •Flow process from beginning to end
•Sensors technology available to measure
important process variables
•Use of sophisticated control and optimization
strategies
•Fully computer automated lines
Mass production of discrete products •Automated transfer machines
•Dial indexing machines
•Partially and fully automated assembly lines
•Industrial robots for spot welding, part handling,
machine loading, spray painting, etc.
•Automated material handling systems
•Computer production monitoring
Batch production •Numerical control (NC), direct numerical control
(DNC), computer numerical control (CNC).
•Adaptive control machining
•Robots for arc welding, parts handling, etc.
•CIM systems.
Job shop production •Numerical control, computer numerical control

26.  Greater flexibility
 Reduced lead times
 Reduced inventories
 Increased Productivity
 Improved customer
service
 Improved quality
 Improved
communications with
suppliers
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• Better product design
• Greater manufacturing
control
• Supported integration
• Reduced costs
• Increased utilization
• Reduction of machine
tools
• Less floor space

27.  Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the
manufacturing approach of using computers to
control the entire production process
 This integration allows individual processes to
exchange info with each other and initiate actions
 Through the computers integration, manufacturing
can be faster and less error-prone, although the
main advantage is the ability to create automated
manufacturing processes
 Typically CIM relies on closed-loop control
processes, based on real-time input from sensors
 It is also known as flexible design and
manufacturing 27

28.  CIM reduces the human component of
manufacturing and thereby relieves the process of
its slow, expensive and error-prone component
 In a CIM system functional areas such as design,
analysis, planning, purchasing, cost accounting,
inventory control, and distribution are linked
through the computer with factory floor functions
such as materials handling and management,
providing direct control and monitoring of all the
operations.
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30.  As a method of manufacturing, three components
distinguish CIM from other manufacturing
methodologies:
› Means for data storage, retrieval, manipulation
and presentation
› Mechanisms for sensing state and modifying
processes
› Algorithms for uniting the data processing
component with the sensor/modification
component
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31.  Manufacturing engineers are required to achieve
the following objectives to be competitive in a
global context
› Reduction in inventory
› Lower the cost of the product
› Reduce waste
› Improve quality
› Increase flexibility in manufacturing to achieve
immediate and rapid response to:
 Product & Production changes
 Process & Equipment change
 Change of personnel
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32. Integration of technologies brings following benefits:
1. Creation of a truly interactive system that enables
manufacturing functions to communicate easily with
other relevant functional units
2. Accurate data transferability among manufacturing
plant or subcontracting facilities at implant or
diverse locations
3. Faster responses to data-changes for manufacturing
flexibility
4. Increased flexibility towards introduction of new
products
5 Improved accuracy and quality in the manufacturing
process
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33. 6. Improved quality of the products
7. Control of data-flow among various units and
maintenance of user-library for system-wide data
8. Reduction of lead times which generates a
competitive advantage
9. Streamlined manufacturing flow from order to
delivery
10. Easier training and re-training facilities
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35.  CIM software comprises computer programs to
carry out the following functions:
› Management Information System
› Sales & Marketing & Finance
› Database Management
› Modeling and Design
› Analysis
› Simulation
› Communications
› Monitoring
› Production Control
› Manufacturing Area Control
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37.  Devices and equipment required:
› CNC, Computer numerical controlled machine
tools
› DNC, Direct numerical control machine tools
› PLCs, Programmable logic controllers
› Robotics
› Computers
› Software
› Controllers
› Networks
› Interfacing
› Monitoring equipment
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38.  Technologies:
› FMS (Flexible Manufacturing
System)
› ASRS (Automated Storage and
Retrieval System)
› AGV (Automated Guided Vehicle)
› Robotics
› Automated conveyor systems
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