This document summarizes a presentation on shared mobility services and vehicle automation. It begins with an overview of automated vehicles and their capabilities. It then reviews existing literature on the environmental and safety impacts of AVs, including potential reductions in emissions from improved vehicle utilization and parking reductions. The document also discusses current developments in shared mobility services like carsharing, ridesourcing, and ridesharing. It concludes that integrating AVs into shared mobility platforms could significantly impact the future of transportation by providing on-demand, point-to-point mobility with opportunities for reduced emissions.

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Shared Mobility Services and
Vehicle Automation!
Susan Shaheen, Ph.D.!
Co-Director, Transportation Sustainability Research Center!
Adjunct Professor, University of California, Berkeley!

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Presentation Overview
• Automated Vehicles (AVs)
• Existing Literature
• Shared Mobility Services
o Carsharing
o On-demand ride services
• Current Developments and Projected Trends
• Conclusions

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Automated Vehicles!

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Automated Vehicles (AVs)
• Self-driving car, driverless car, driver-free car!
• Vehicle operation without active physical control or monitoring by human driver!
• Senses environment with advanced technologies!
o Radar/lidar, GPS, mapping, computer vision!
!

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Source: Northbridge Insurance !

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Existing Literature!

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Environmental Sustainability: Parking !
• Potential impacts on land use through increased
road use and reduced parking!
• Parking adds 1.3 to 25 grams of carbon dioxide
equivalent/ passenger-kilometer (km) to total
lifecycle GHG emissions of vehicle transport,
24-89% to sulfur dioxide, 10 µm particulate
matter emissions (Chester et. al.)!

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Safety and Cost Savings!
• 93% of crashes between 2005 and 2007 were
human-caused (NHTSA)!
o New York Department of Motor Vehicles estimates
78% attributable to human error!
• Reduction in vehicular accidents could save
$280 billion annually (NHTSA, DOE)!
• Parking, insurance, and foregone congestion
could save between $2,960 and $3,900 per
vehicle annually (Eno Center)!

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Change in VMT!
• VMT could increase dramatically due to a
combination of factors, such as increased use,
increased trips, shift away from public transit,
longer commutes, and self-parking/self-refueling!
o One scenario estimates approximate doubling of
VMT (Brown et. al.)!
!

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Projected Trends!
• All manufacturers that have announced plans for
AVs already offer or plan to release vehicles with
some automated features by 2017!
• Level 3 systems are expected by 2017 to 2020!
• Google has announced plans to release a level 4
system by 2017 !
• Tesla has announced plans to release a level 4
system by 2020 !

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Projected Trends!
• HIS Automotive projects AVs reaching 9% of sales
in 2035 and 90% of the vehicle fleet by 2055!
• Navigant consulting forecasts 75% of light-duty
vehicle sales to be automated by 2035!
• Eno Center forecast scenarios ranging from
10-90% fleet penetration after 2030 !

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Shared Mobility!

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Shared Mobility Services
Carsharing: !
• Members share a vehicle fleet
maintained, managed, and
insured by third-party
operator!
• Self-service available 24/7!
• Rates include fuel, insurance,
and maintenance!
• January 2015: 1.5 million
members sharing 22,000
vehicles in the Americas!

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Shared Mobility Services
Ridesourcing/TNCs Taxis
Ridesharing (Carpooling/
Vanpooling)
• Matches drivers and
passengers minutes
before the trip is to take
place
• Uses Internet and
mobile platforms
• Driver rating system
• Cashless payment,
credit card on file
• Rides via passenger
hail or
prearrangement
• Recent development
of mobile e-hail/
payment apps
• Target commute and
social trips, incidental

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Shared Mobility Services: Impacts
• Fagnant
and
Kockelman
developed
trip
genera3on
and
distribu3on
model,
asser3ng
shared
automated
vehicles
(SAVs)
have
poten3al
to
mi3gate
environmental
impacts
of
private
auto
travel;
more
research
needed
• GreenblaA
and
Saxena
found
by
relying
on
small
vehicles
for
87%
of
US
trips
taken
with
one
or
two
people,
fleet
average
energy
consump3on
could
drop
by
almost
a
factor
of
two.
• SAV
lifecycle
GHG
emissions
per
mile
or
kilometers
could
fall
by
roughly
90%
rela3ve
to
today’s
average
passenger
vehicle.

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Automated Vehicles, On-Demand Mobility,
and Environmental Impacts!
Greenblatt and Shaheen (2015), Curr Sustainable Renewable Energy Rep, !

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Current Developments and Projected Trends!
• Ridesourcing/TNCs !
o Companies have released new
services that enable riders to
share and split the costs of a fare!
o Lyft’s Driver Destination, which
enables drivers to pick up
passengers along their personal
trip routes!
o Sidecar Deliveries groups
passenger trips with same-day
deliveries of packages!
• Flexible Carpooling!
o Carma Carpooling, users can
arrange rides on-demand or with
minimal advanced notice using a
smartphone!
• e-Hail!
o Growth in third-party dispatch
apps such as Flywheel and Arro!
o Municipal e-Hail pilot programs
(e.g., NYC and Los Angeles)!
o Taxi sharing apps (Bandwagon) !

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Conclusions!
AVs implemented into shared
mobility can make a major
impact on future of
transportation!
o Public education and exposure!
o Links to public transit!
o Self-fueling, charging, and
parking!
o Full automation to integrate
carsharing and ride services
into one mode!
o Point-to-point mobility for
general public!

20. Email:
sshaheen@berkeley.edu
TwiAer:
SusanShaheen1
LinkedIn
SusanShaheen