The  Future  of  
Mobility  &  
Carsharing
Susan	
  Shaheen,	
  Ph.D	
  
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
Overview
§ Impacts
§ Mul>-­‐Modal  Integra>on
§ Data  Sharing  &  Privacy    
§ Longer-­‐Term  Trends
§ Summary
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  Mar:n	
  et	
  al.	
  2010	
  
2008  North  American  Carsharing  
Survey:  Key  Findings
§  Between	
  9	
  to	
  13	
  vehicles	
  removed,	
  including	
  postponed	
  purchase	
  	
  
§  	
  4	
  to	
  6	
  vehicles/carsharing	
  vehicle	
  sold	
  due	
  to	
  carsharing	
  
§  	
  25%	
  sell	
  a	
  vehicle;	
  25%	
  postpone	
  purchases	
  
§  	
  27	
  -­‐	
  43%	
  VMT/VKT	
  reduc:on	
  per	
  year,	
  considering	
  vehicles	
  sold	
  and	
  
purchases	
  postponed	
  
§  More	
  users	
  increased	
  overall	
  public	
  transit	
  and	
  non-­‐motorized	
  modal	
  use	
  
(including	
  bus,	
  rail,	
  walking,	
  and	
  carpooling)	
  than	
  decreased	
  it	
  
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  Mar:n	
  et	
  al.	
  2010	
  
2008  North  American  Carsharing  
Survey:  Key  Findings
§  Reduc:on	
  of	
  0.58-­‐0.84	
  metric	
  tons	
  of	
  
GHG	
  emissions	
  per	
  year	
  for	
  one	
  
household	
  (mean	
  observed	
  and	
  full	
  
impact)	
  
§  34%	
  -­‐	
  41%	
  reduc:on	
  of	
  GHG	
  emissions	
  
per	
  year	
  for	
  one	
  household.	
  	
  
§  $154	
  -­‐	
  $435	
  monthly	
  household	
  savings	
  
per	
  U.S.	
  member	
  aRer	
  joining	
  
carsharing	
  	
  
	
  
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
Mul>-­‐Modal  Integra>on  
§  Co-­‐loca>ng  carsharing  with  public  transit  
§  Bike  racks
§  Joint  fare  cards
§  Standardized  mobile  payment  methods
§  Near  field  communica>ons  (NFC)
§  Bluetooth  low  energy  (BLE)
§  Smartphone  apps
§  Route  planners  and  aggregators  
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
Designing  for  Mul>-­‐Modality  
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
Source:	
  Toole	
  Design	
  &	
  Boston	
  Complete	
  Streets	
  	
  
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
Designing  for  Mul>-­‐Modality  
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
Source:	
  Toole	
  Design	
  &	
  Boston	
  Complete	
  Streets	
  	
  
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
Integra>on  With  Other  Shared  Modes
§  Bikesharing
§  Ridesharing/carpooling
§  ShuWles  &  flexible  transit  services
§  Public  transporta>on  
§  Smart  parking
§  Automated  Vehicles
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
Data  Sharing  &  Privacy  
§  Need  for:  
§  Data  standards
§  Industry-­‐wide  data  sharing
§  Consumer  data  protec>on  
§  Proprietary  data  protec>on


With  operator  understanding,  the  en2re  industry  wins  when    
we  can  measure  aggregate  carsharing	
  size  and  impacts  to  
advance  public  policy
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
Common  Ground
§  Challenges  such  as  taxa>on,  insurance,  and  parking  impact  
en>re  industry
§  Solu>ons  can  be  achieved  through  increased  collabora>on  
and  research  
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
Longer-­‐Term  Trends
§  Worldwide  growth
§  Market  diversifica>on  and  new  service  models
§  Commercial  mainstreaming  (e.g.,  college,  low-­‐income)
§  Blurring  lines  between  hourly  car  rentals  and  carsharing
§  Increased  use  of  virtual  storefronts  in  tradi>onal  car  rentals
§  Increased  compe>>on  from  emerging  modes  +  rise  of  sharing  
economy  
§  Convergence  of  sharing  with  EVs  and  AVs  an>cipated
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
Summary
§  Numerous	
  documented	
  carsharing	
  benefits	
  
§  Mul:-­‐modal	
  integra:on	
  con:nues	
  to	
  develop	
  (virtual	
  &	
  
physical)	
  
§  Need	
  for	
  data	
  sharing	
  &	
  privacy	
  	
  	
  
§  Longer-­‐term	
  trends	
  unfolding	
  including:	
  
§  Mainstreaming	
  
§  Diversifica:on	
  of	
  carsharing	
  service	
  
§  Blurring	
  lines	
  btw.	
  carsharing	
  +	
  car	
  rental	
  	
  
§  Ecosystem	
  compe::on	
  
§  EV	
  +	
  AV	
  convergence	
  with	
  sharing	
  
	
  
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
Acknowledgements
§  Mineta  Transporta>on  Ins>tute,  San  
Jose  State  University
§  California  Department  of  
Transporta>on
§  Adam  Cohen,  Elliot  Mar>n,  Nelson  
Chan,  and  MaW  Christensen,  TSRC,  UC  
Berkeley
§  Special  thanks  to  the  worldwide  
shared  mobility  operators  and  experts  
who  make  our  research  possible  
including  Timothy  Papandreou  and  
Russell  Meddin
	
  
©	
  UC	
  Berkeley,	
  2015	
  
www.tsrc.berkeley.edu	
  
Email:	
  sshaheen@berkeley.edu	
  
Twi_er:	
  SusanShaheen1	
  

The Future of Mobility & Carsharing

  • 1.
    The  Future  of  Mobility  &   Carsharing Susan  Shaheen,  Ph.D  
  • 2.
    ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015   Overview § Impacts § Mul>-­‐Modal  Integra>on § Data  Sharing  &  Privacy     § Longer-­‐Term  Trends § Summary ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015  
  • 3.
    ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015  Mar:n  et  al.  2010   2008  North  American  Carsharing   Survey:  Key  Findings §  Between  9  to  13  vehicles  removed,  including  postponed  purchase     §   4  to  6  vehicles/carsharing  vehicle  sold  due  to  carsharing   §   25%  sell  a  vehicle;  25%  postpone  purchases   §   27  -­‐  43%  VMT/VKT  reduc:on  per  year,  considering  vehicles  sold  and   purchases  postponed   §  More  users  increased  overall  public  transit  and  non-­‐motorized  modal  use   (including  bus,  rail,  walking,  and  carpooling)  than  decreased  it   ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015  
  • 4.
    ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015  Mar:n  et  al.  2010   2008  North  American  Carsharing   Survey:  Key  Findings §  Reduc:on  of  0.58-­‐0.84  metric  tons  of   GHG  emissions  per  year  for  one   household  (mean  observed  and  full   impact)   §  34%  -­‐  41%  reduc:on  of  GHG  emissions   per  year  for  one  household.     §  $154  -­‐  $435  monthly  household  savings   per  U.S.  member  aRer  joining   carsharing       ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015  
  • 5.
    ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015   Mul>-­‐Modal  Integra>on   §  Co-­‐loca>ng  carsharing  with  public  transit   §  Bike  racks §  Joint  fare  cards §  Standardized  mobile  payment  methods §  Near  field  communica>ons  (NFC) §  Bluetooth  low  energy  (BLE) §  Smartphone  apps §  Route  planners  and  aggregators   ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015  
  • 6.
    ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015   Designing  for  Mul>-­‐Modality   ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015   Source:  Toole  Design  &  Boston  Complete  Streets    
  • 7.
    ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015   Designing  for  Mul>-­‐Modality   ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015   Source:  Toole  Design  &  Boston  Complete  Streets    
  • 8.
    ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015   Integra>on  With  Other  Shared  Modes §  Bikesharing §  Ridesharing/carpooling §  ShuWles  &  flexible  transit  services §  Public  transporta>on   §  Smart  parking §  Automated  Vehicles ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015  
  • 9.
    ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015   Data  Sharing  &  Privacy   §  Need  for:   §  Data  standards §  Industry-­‐wide  data  sharing §  Consumer  data  protec>on   §  Proprietary  data  protec>on With  operator  understanding,  the  en2re  industry  wins  when     we  can  measure  aggregate  carsharing  size  and  impacts  to   advance  public  policy ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015  
  • 10.
    ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015   Common  Ground §  Challenges  such  as  taxa>on,  insurance,  and  parking  impact   en>re  industry §  Solu>ons  can  be  achieved  through  increased  collabora>on   and  research   ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015  
  • 11.
    ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015   Longer-­‐Term  Trends §  Worldwide  growth §  Market  diversifica>on  and  new  service  models §  Commercial  mainstreaming  (e.g.,  college,  low-­‐income) §  Blurring  lines  between  hourly  car  rentals  and  carsharing §  Increased  use  of  virtual  storefronts  in  tradi>onal  car  rentals §  Increased  compe>>on  from  emerging  modes  +  rise  of  sharing   economy   §  Convergence  of  sharing  with  EVs  and  AVs  an>cipated ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015  
  • 12.
    ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015   Summary §  Numerous  documented  carsharing  benefits   §  Mul:-­‐modal  integra:on  con:nues  to  develop  (virtual  &   physical)   §  Need  for  data  sharing  &  privacy       §  Longer-­‐term  trends  unfolding  including:   §  Mainstreaming   §  Diversifica:on  of  carsharing  service   §  Blurring  lines  btw.  carsharing  +  car  rental     §  Ecosystem  compe::on   §  EV  +  AV  convergence  with  sharing     ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015  
  • 13.
    ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015   Acknowledgements §  Mineta  Transporta>on  Ins>tute,  San   Jose  State  University §  California  Department  of   Transporta>on §  Adam  Cohen,  Elliot  Mar>n,  Nelson   Chan,  and  MaW  Christensen,  TSRC,  UC   Berkeley §  Special  thanks  to  the  worldwide   shared  mobility  operators  and  experts   who  make  our  research  possible   including  Timothy  Papandreou  and   Russell  Meddin   ©  UC  Berkeley,  2015   www.tsrc.berkeley.edu   Email:  sshaheen@berkeley.edu   Twi_er:  SusanShaheen1