Sex determination refers to the developmental programme that commits the embryo to either the male or the female pathway. The animal kingdom possesses a wealth of mechanisms via which gender is decided, all of which are represented among the insects.
Diapause and cold hardiness in insects – biochemical aspectsMogili Ramaiah
Diapause is a period of suspended or arrested development during an insect's life cycle. Insect diapause is usually triggered by environmental cues, like changes in daylight, temperature, or food availability.
“State of arrested development in which the arrest is enforced by a physiological mechanism rather than by concurrently unfavorable environmental conditions”.
(Beck, 1962)
Diapause and cold hardiness in insects : Why?
Diapause and cold hardiness in insects – biochemical aspectsMogili Ramaiah
Diapause is a period of suspended or arrested development during an insect's life cycle. Insect diapause is usually triggered by environmental cues, like changes in daylight, temperature, or food availability.
“State of arrested development in which the arrest is enforced by a physiological mechanism rather than by concurrently unfavorable environmental conditions”.
(Beck, 1962)
Diapause and cold hardiness in insects : Why?
Embryology is the branch of biology which deals with the growth and development of an embryo of
an organism, commencing with the union of male and female gametes.
Embryology includes the development of the fertilized egg and embryo and the growth of the organ
system.
Development of an insect from egg to adult can be divided into two parts
a.Early embryonic development - takes place inside the egg and
b. Post embryonic development – occurring outside the egg.
Genetic Engineering in Insect Pest management Mohd Irshad
gene incorporation is gaining attention across the globe with the aim of improving plant health, crop protection, and sustainable crop production. This versatile method of Scientific cultivation should be adopted by the growers as it has been investigated and assessed by experts and environmentalists. There is not any kind of toxic effect on mammalian.
DNA barcoding is a tool to identify insects. It includes various steps like DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing and data analysis. In data analysis we shall match the recognized sequence with the available database to find the specimen collected.
Embryology is the branch of biology which deals with the growth and development of an embryo of
an organism, commencing with the union of male and female gametes.
Embryology includes the development of the fertilized egg and embryo and the growth of the organ
system.
Development of an insect from egg to adult can be divided into two parts
a.Early embryonic development - takes place inside the egg and
b. Post embryonic development – occurring outside the egg.
Genetic Engineering in Insect Pest management Mohd Irshad
gene incorporation is gaining attention across the globe with the aim of improving plant health, crop protection, and sustainable crop production. This versatile method of Scientific cultivation should be adopted by the growers as it has been investigated and assessed by experts and environmentalists. There is not any kind of toxic effect on mammalian.
DNA barcoding is a tool to identify insects. It includes various steps like DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing and data analysis. In data analysis we shall match the recognized sequence with the available database to find the specimen collected.
Sex-determination and Sex-linked Inheritance.pptxSeemaGaikwad15
The sexually reproducing organisms are classified into two types such as monoecious (hermaphrodite) and dioecious. In monoecious organisms, both male and female gametes (sex cells) are produced by a single individual. The organisms in which both male and female gametes are produced by different individuals are called dioecious. Living organisms, with a very few exceptions, are differentiated into male and female individuals. The sexes of the individuals are genetically determined.
The biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism is called sex determination.
There are two different systems of sex determination- Chromosomal sex determination and Non-genetic sex determination.
Indian Agricultural Concerns and Future Prospects of Agriculture in IndiaDevina Seram
Challenges faced in Present Indian Agriculture.
Future Prospects of Agriculture in India (Expected)
"Everything Else Can Wait But Not Agriculture".
- Jawaharlal Nehru
Release of large numbers of insectary reared natural enemies with the goal of “augmenting” natural enemy populations or “inundating” pest populations with natural enemies.
Organism living in or on another living organism, obtaining its nutrition from that host organism and causing some degree of measurable damage to the host.
Plays a role in ecology and evolution.
Organisms are classified into a hierarchical classification that groups closely related individuals.
The species is the basic biological unit around which classifications are based.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. What is sexual reproduction?
Process resulting in genetic exchange, variation, and
diversity within a population forming a new embryo
by the mechanisms of segregation and
recombination during meiosis
• Understanding sex determination and sex allocation in
insects has both fundamental and applied applications
3. Why sexual reproduction persists?
1. It provides an ability to incorporate and
accumulate favourable mutations, reducing
mutation load
2. It may allow the accumulation of favourable
mutations and eliminate harmful mutations
(Muller’s ratchet effect)
Thus, its value “lies more in the ability to
reassort existing genes as the environment
changes and in the elimination of harmful
mutations” (Crow, 1994)
4. Muller’s Ratchet effect
• Muller (1964): In an asexual population, it is
unlikely that any individual is free of harmful
mutations. In such a population, the most fit
individual is one that has only one mutation
• Whereas, a mutant-free type can be created by
recombination in a sexual population
5. For most diploid eukaryotes, sexual reproduction is
the only mechanism resulting in new members of a
species.
Meiosis in the sexual organs of parents produces
haploid gametes, which unite during fertilization to
restore the diploid phenotype in the offspring.
For most organisms, sexual reproduction requires
some form of sexual differentiation.
In higher forms of life, this is manifested as
phenotypic dimorphism between males and females
of a species.
6. Sex determination in insects
1. Regulates development of a significant character in
eukaryotes (insects)
2. Provide useful tools for the genetic improvement of
arthropod natural enemies of pest arthropods and
weeds and for genetic modification of pests
3. Involves soma and germ-line tissues (ovaries and
testes)
Sexual dimorphism in adult insects is often extreme,
with differences in setal patterns, pigmentation,
external genitalia, internal reproductive systems, and
behavioral patterns
7. Sex determination in D. melanogaster
• Number of genes involved is relatively low
Involves 3 components:
1) Dosage compensation of X chromosome
2) Somatic sexual development
3) Germ-line sexual development
Important feature : the number of (X)
chromosomes relative to autosomes (A) in a cell
(X:A ratio)
8. Dosage Compensation
• A basic aspect of sex determination in insects with
an XY sex determining system is dosage
compensation of the X chromosomes
• In other words, it is the mechanism that keeps
females (XX) from expressing twice as much of
X-chromosome genes as males (XY), who have
only one X chromosome
• It equalizes the amount of gene products produced
by individuals with an XX/XY genetic system (males
containing one and females two X chromosomes)
Its mechanism varies in different arthropods
9. In Drosophila
melanogaster
Achieved by hypertranscription of the
single X chromosome in males
In Gryllotalpa
fossor
Analogous to mammals
- one of the two X chromosomes in
females is transcriptionally inactivated;
males are XO and females are XX
Dosage Compensation
HYPERTRANSCRIPTION - A mechanism of dosage
compensation in the male Drosophila by upregulation of
transcription of the genes in the single X chromosome, thus making
the phenotypes in males (XY) similar to females (XX). It is mediated
by the MSL proteins, which seem to be required for the accumulation
of histone H4, acetylated at lysine 16 in the X of the male
11. Somatic Sex Determination
• The relative number of X chromosomes and
autosomes is responsible for the primary step in sex
determination immediately after fertilization
• Eg.
• Takes place in individual cells (cell autonomous sex
determination) – due to lack of sex hormones
Cells with two X chromosomes and
two sets of autosomes (2X:2A, or a
ratio of 1.0)
Develop into
females
Diploid cells with one X
chromosomes and two sets of
autosomes (1X:2A, or a ratio of 0.5)
Develop into males
Flies with an intermediate X:A ratio
(XX:AAA)
Develop as
intersexual
13. • It is regulated through a cascade of sex-specific
events in which RNA transcripts are differentially
processed in males and females
• Sex-lethal+ gene - a key switch gene that affects
both somatic sexual differentiation and dosage
compensation
- regulates pre-mRNA splicing for itself and for
transformer+ (tra+) and male-specific-lethal-2+
(msl-2+)
Somatic sex determination
14. Role of Maternal genes in progeny development
Function in two ways:
1. Mother produces a gene product then transferred
to and stored in the egg
2. Mother’s mRNA is transferred to and stored in the
egg, subsequently translated by the embryo
Involves four maternal “X:A signal transduction”
genes
a) daughterless+ (da+) b) hermaphrodite+ (her+)
c) extramachrochaetae+ (emc+) d) groucho+ (gro+)
15. Germ Line Sex Determination
• Pole cells in embryo are segregated into the posterior
pole of insect embryo before blastoderm formation
including the progenitors (stem cells) of the germ
cells
• During embryogenesis, male and female germ cells are
indistinguishable - differentiation starts during larval
stage, when male gonads grow larger than female due to
more germ cells
• Sexual identity of germ cells is determined by
both the X:A ratio of the germ cells and the X:A
ratio of the surrounding soma
16. Diverse sex determination mechanisms
in insects
Genetic sex determination system - genetic
differences determining maleness or femaleness
Eg. In D. melanogaster
Environmental sex determination - no genetic
differences between males and females but
temperature or host conditions determine the sex
Eg. In few insects, haemolymph of mother determines
the sex of offspring
17. Ploidy levels in sex determination
1. Both sexes of many
arthropods are diploid
2n, diplo-diploidy
2. Haploid males and diploid
Females
n and 2n, haplo-
diploidy or Arrhenotoky
3. Diploid females 2n or Thelytoky
4. Haploid males produced by loss of
paternally derived chromosomes
after fertilization (some species)
Parahaploidy
5. Males in apterygote and many
pterygote insects are Heterogametic
Males are XO, XY,
XXO, XXY, or XYY
Females are XX
6. Higher pterygotes
(Trichoptera, Lepidoptera)
Females may be
Heterogametic (ZW)
18. Sex Determination Models
Models proposed for haplo-diploid Hymenoptera :
1. Single locus, multiple-allele model – sex determined by
a series of alleles at a single locus
Eg. Apis mellifera, Bracon hebetor
2. Multiple-locus, multiple-allele model – sex determined
by a number of alleles at a series of loci
- females must be heterozygous at one or more loci, while
haploid males are hemizygous
20. 3. Genic balance sex determination model – sex
determined by a balance between non-additive male-
determining genes and additive female-determining genes
Eg. Arrhenotokous hymenopterans
INTRASPECIFIC VARIABILITY
Occurrence of different sex-determining mechanisms within a
single species
Eg.
Sex Determination Models
M. Domestica
(Strain 1)
Sex determined by the presence or absence of
Y, which carries a male-determining factor, M;
X plays no important role in sex determination
M. Domestica
(Strain 2)
Both males and females are XX and have a
special autosome that may carry a male-
determining factor AM that determines sex
21. • Haplo-diploid insects adjust sex ratio of their progeny
based on environmental factors
Eg.
Postzygotic Sex Determination
Sex determination after the zygote formation; (not at
syngamy)
Eg. In collembolans, Sminthurus viridis and Allacma
fusca, sexes differ with 10 chromosomes in males and
12 in females
Environmental Effects on Sex Determination
Encarsia females
(Hymenoptera:
Aphelinidae)
Develop as autoparasitoids of whiteflies
(primary hosts)
Encarsia males Develop as parasitoids of Encarsia female
pupae (secondary hosts)
22. Single Model for Sex Determination
Proposed by Nothiger and Steinmann-Zwicky (1985)
States that - “all the sex determination mechanisms in
insects are variations upon a theme”
• It involves:
a) a gene equivalent to Sxl+,
b) a repressor (R) which inactivates Sxl+,
c) a gene which activates Sxl+,
d) a gene equivalent to dsx+ which is expressed in two
alternative forms
24. Sex Determination systems in mosquitoes
In Aedes spp. Sex determined by a dominant male-
determining factor
In Culex spp. Sex determined by a single gene on an
autosome
In Anopheles
gambiae and A.
culicifacies
XY males and XX females present
In Aedes aegypti
and Culex
pipiens
Intersex flies with phenotypes similar to the ix,
dsx, and tra mutants of Drosophila found
In Aedes spp.
(Northern strain)
Sex determination depends upon temperature
at which they are reared, with males
transformed into intersexes at higher
temperatures
Nothiger and Steinmann-Zwicky’s model – Also accounts for sex
determination in haplo-diploid Hymenoptera
25. Distortion of Sex Ratios (♂:♀)
Occurs when sex chromosome allocation is
disrupted during “meiotic drive”
• Meiotic drive alters the assortment of chromosomes
during meiosis so that certain chromosomes are
inherited more frequently than expected (>50%)
• Eg. In Dipterans - D. melanogaster, Aedes and Culex.
Includes :
1. Segregation Distorter (SD) gene in Drosophila
2. Male drive in A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus
3. Meiotic drive (female drive) in stalk-eyed flies
26. Segregation Distorter (SD) gene in Drosophila
SD phenotype present at low but stable frequencies
in most field populations
Occurs when the nuclei of the sperm with the normal
SD+ chromosome fail to condense normally at sperm
maturation
SD “locus” consists of two overlapping genes:
1) HS2ST and 2) RanGAP
RanGAP – an essential component for proteins and
RNA molecules transport into and out of the
cell’s nucleus
27. “Distorter” gene in Mosquitoes
(Male drive in A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus)
Distorter gene (D) is linked closely to sex locus
“m/M” and causes chromosome breakage
Results in production of excess males due to breakage
of X chromosomes during meiosis in males,
Fewer X than Y chromosomes are transmitted in the sperm,
leading to production of fewer female embryos
Sensitivity to Distorter controlled by “m”, the female-
determining locus
Eg. Found in mosquito populations from Africa,
America, Australia, Sri Lanka
28. Occurs due to a meiotic drive element on the X-
chromosome
Eg. In Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni and C. whitei (Diopsidae)
Eye stalks more exaggerated in males than females
- females prefer to mate with males with a long eye
span
Long stalks - indication that the male either lacks
meiotic drive or can suppress the meiotic drive
“Distorter” gene in Flies
(Female drive in Stalk-Eyed Flies)
29. Hybrid Sterility (Haldane’s Rule)
When different species are crossed, hybrid progenies
are produced. However, these progenies may have
altered sex ratios, either one sex absent, rare, or sterile.
The missing or sterile sex is usually the
heterogametic sex (Laurie, 1997)
This phenomenon is known as Haldane’s Rule
• Eg. In Drosophila, Musca domestica, Glossina
morsitans, Tetraneura ulmi, etc.
30. “Medea” gene in Tribolium sp.
A new class of selfish genes – “Medea”
Causes a “Maternal-Effect Dominant Embryonic
Arrest” - results in the death of zygotes that do not
carry this gene – Tribolium castaneum
• Hypothesis – “Medea” gene led to reproductive
isolation and speciation in T. castaneum
• “Medea” factor absent in T. castaneum populations
of India due to presence of a hybrid incompatibility
factor (H)
31. Sex Ratio Distortion in Arthropods by Cytoplasmic Agents
“Cytoplasmic sex ratio distorters” – can manipulate
their host’s sex ratio and promote their own spread
Altered sex ratios in Diptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera,
Lepidoptera, and Acari (mites) (Ebbert, 1991 & 1993)
Includes :
1) Spiroplasmas
2) L-Form Bacteria
3) Wolbachia
32. Spiroplasmas
Spiroplasmas - maternally inherited, transovarially
transmitted and lethal to male embryos
Specific virus associated with each spiroplasma
Transmitted between species by injecting
hemolymph
Eg. The sex ratio condition of Drosophila willistoni and
related neotropical willistoni group species is due to
Spiroplasmas
33. L-Form Bacteria
Have a benign relationship with its own host
• Can be transferred through the egg cytoplasm
• Can be microinjected into females and can produce
expected male sterility
Eg. Drosophila paulistorum – associated with
Streptococcal L-form bacteria
34. Wolbachia spp.
Most common cytoplasmically inherited m/os in
arthropods
Obligate, gram-negative “rickettsial-like bacteria”
• Present in 17 to 76% of all arthropod species
Causes the following in arthropods :
1) Thelytoky (only females)
2) Male killing
3) Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) - important
4) Female mortality
35. Cytoplasmic Incompatibility (CI)
Occurs when Wolbachia-infected males mate with
uninfected females - resulting in a failure to produce
progeny in diplo-diploid species
• Wolbachia causes thelytoky in Hymenoptera -
Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Pteromalidae,
Torymidae, Trichogrammatidae, Cynipidae, Eucoilidae,
Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Proctotrupoidae
• Hypothesis : Wolbachia infections causing
thelytoky as a mechanism for the process of
speciation
36. A Mite Consisting Only of Haploid Females
False spider mite, Brevipalpus phoenicis (Acari:
Tenuipalpidae) – consist entirely of females that
have only a haploid chromosome set (Weeks et al.,
2001)
Due to the presence of an endosymbiotic bacterium
(not Wolbachia) which has feminized haploid males
• If female mites are treated with antibiotics, about
half their progeny become male
37. Male Killing endosymbionts in Coccinellidae
Male-killing endosymbionts - Rickettsia,
Spiroplasma, Flavobacteria and Wolbachia –
association
Coccinellids are susceptible to invasion by and
establishment of male-killing microbes because of their
biology
Male killing evolved due to vertical transmission of
the bacteria from mother to eggs (transovarial)
38. Advantages of Sex determination
Resolving the molecular genetics of sex
determination in arthropods and learning how to
modify sex ratio or fertility have both theoretical and
applied applications
It can lead to improved genetic control of pests or
useful genetic modifications of beneficial biological
control agents
39. Applications of Sex Determination
Genetic Control – eg. Eradication of screwworm
(Cochliomyia hominivorax) from North America
“Sterile insect release method” (SIRM) or “Sterile
insect technique” (SIT)
Involves mass-rearing and sterilization of males by
chemicals or irradiation and subsequent release to
mate with wild females
Females mate only once, so any wild female
mating with a sterile male fails to contribute
progeny to the next generation (Knipling, 1955)
40. Applications of Sex Determination
“Sterile insect release method” (SIRM) or “Sterile
insect technique” (SIT)
Also applicable in : Ceratitis capitata, Glossina
palpalis, G. morsitans, Anopheles albimanus, Cydia
pomonella and ticks (LaChance, 1979)
Genetic control - safe, specific, limited negative
impact on the environment – alternative to chemical
control