This document discusses the impacts of climate change on coastal zones and infrastructure, as well as approaches to increasing resilience. Rising temperatures, reduced rainfall, more intense storms, and sea level rise are causing issues like water shortages, flooding, and damage to buildings. General adaptation approaches include data collection, emergency response planning, retrofitting infrastructure, and public education. Specific resilience measures for buildings involve strengthening foundations, installing shutters and impact-resistant doors, and reinforcing roofs. Comprehensive interventions range from minor repairs to full structural retrofitting, with estimated costs. Building codes and guidelines are recommended to standardize climate-resilient construction practices.

1. Title
NAP Expo 2019: Technology and NAPs in Coastal Zones
Egbert L Louis
Engineering, Construction & Management Consulting Ltd

2. 2
Climate Variables
Consistently warmer temperatures
Reduced rainfall on average
Changing storm intensity/heavy rainfall
Rising sea levels

3. 3
Climate Variables – Resultant Impacts
Consistently warmer temperatures
▪ Need for redesign of real estate to reduce ambient
temperatures
▪ Increased use of forced and mechanical cooling
▪ Hotter road surfaces mean increased asphalt
pavement thickness

4. 4
Climate Variables – Resultant Impacts
▪ Reduced volumes and empty reservoirs
▪ Increased need to use expensive RO water systems
▪ Reduction in recharge rate of aquifers
▪ Greater competition for use of potable water
▪ Reduced construction production
Less rainfall on average

5. 5
Climate Variables – Resultant Impacts
▪ Impact of Hurricane Maria 2017
▪ Results of poor construction
Changing storm intensity/heavy rainfall

6. 6
Climate Variables – Resultant Impacts
▪ Tourism affected
▪ Protection required
▪ Impact on real estate
Rising sea levels
▪ Other Impacts
• Contamination of drinking water in wells
and buried pipes
• Negative impact on wild life population
• Likely impact on farming as water for
irrigation can also be contaminated

7. 7
General Adaptation Measures
• Data Collection
• Operational Practices
• Capacity Building
• Emergency Response
Institutional
• Retrofitting
• Building redundancy
• Using new technology
• Code enforcement
Infrastructure
Asset
• Behavioural Change
• Demand management
• Public education
• Changing school curriculum
Public
Behaviour

8. 8
Infrastructure Asset Condition Assessment
Condition Rating Descriptions
Rating Description
Good
Minor defects
Superficial wear and tear
Some deterioration to finishes
Major maintenance not required
Fair/ Average
Significant defects are evident
Worn finishes require maintenance
Services are functional but need attention
Deferred maintenance work exists

9. 9
Infrastructure Asset Condition Assessment
Condition Rating Descriptions
Rating Description
Poor
Badly deteriorated
Potential structural problems
Inferior appearance
Major defects
Components fail frequently
Very Poor
Building has failed
Not operational or viable
Unfit for occupancy or normal use

10. 10
Interventions for Building Works
Building Elements
Foundations
Basement construction
Superstructure frame
Exterior Enclosure
Roofing
Stairs
Structural retrofit
Conveying
Plumbing, water & wastewater
Ventilation, & air conditioning
Electrical
Exterior Exposure
Replace entire wall with new ring beam
Install insect screens
Window protection from windborne debris
Replace with windows/skylights made of laminated glass fixed to frames
Replace with standard operable or fixed windows and install shutters
Remove the skylight and secure the opening
Protecting existing door with an impact-resistant covering
Replace doors by providing an impact-resistant door
Install threshold to prevent ingress of water
Fasten door frames into concrete surrounds with bolts or screws

11. 11
Interventions
Hurricane clamps
roof
fasteners
rafter bracings
Solar water heating

12. 12
Interventions
RW Harvesting Hurricane Shutters

13. 13
Comprehensive Intervention – Cost Matrix
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5
Unit of
Measure
Building
Elements
Definition
Sub-
elements
Summary
Intervention
Intervention
Definition
S
T
R
U
C
T
U
R
A
L
R
E
T
R
O
F
I
T
This would involve inspections and
review of the structural systems of the
building and provide solutions which will
enhance and improve the performance
of the structure. It would involve the
conditions of structural elements -
Beams Introduce new
columns so as to
improve redundancy
of structure
All structural
retrofit will
require the
detailed
inspection and
design input of
a registered,
licensed or
professional
structural/civil
engineer
nr
Columns Install bracing wall to
increase rigidity of
structure
m2
Floors Stiffening of an
existing floor and
tying it into the walls
m2
Walls
Increase capacity of
columns
lm

14. 14
Comprehensive Intervention – Cost Matrix
Levels Interventions
Work Package
1 2 3 4 5
Building
Elements
Definition
Sub-
elements
Summary
Intervention
Intervention
Definition
Unit of
Measure
Quantity
Unit of
Cost
Total
Cost

15. 15
Building Codes and Construction Guidelines
✓ Prescriptive document that can be used for the
construction of simple buildings & adopted by
owners, contractors and development control
authorities as a workmanship performance standard;
✓ Providing graphical best practice illustrations of
the construction principles, and repair and retrofit
methodologies;
✓ Producing a document which could be referenced
in contract for small building works as a standard;
✓ Developing construction details for building retrofit &
climate resilient construction