This document summarizes challenges faced by smallholder oil palm farmers and initiatives to promote sustainable practices. It finds that smallholder outcomes vary significantly based on factors like government policies, private companies, and local leadership. Key issues smallholders face include unclear land rights, lack of assistance, and poor infrastructure. The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil and Palm Oil Producer Support Initiative aim to help smallholders meet certification standards through training and organization. Case studies show these initiatives can improve yields, market access, and lift smallholders out of debt when local conditions support their success.