Small farm diversification strategies by coffee farmers around Mount Kenya in Kenya were studied. The study found that (1) farms decreasing or stable in coffee production had more trees, banana plants, and maize while farms increasing coffee production had larger dairy enterprises, (2) smaller land sizes accelerated farm intensification while larger land sizes enhanced crop diversification, and (3) inputs like fertilizer use increased with more coffee plants and crop values but decreased with greater distances to markets and higher farm diversity. The study concluded declining coffee production was leading to less intensive and productive farming systems so policies are needed to support attractive farm enterprises.
This document summarizes a study on the management of non-timber forest product species in arid tropical forests in southern India. It finds that over 70% of forest income comes from exporting non-timber forest products. The study focuses on gooseberry and arale, which are important medicinal species and income sources. Through long-term monitoring of populations and socioeconomic surveys, it finds the population structures of the species changed from stable to temporarily interrupted to limited regeneration over time, influenced by factors like harvesting, grazing, drought, and lantana invasion. Changing dependency on forest products and market dynamics also impacted the populations. The study demonstrates the importance of considering multiple ecological and human factors that shape non-timber forest species
Assessing rice consumers'preferences and their willingness to pay in haiti ...Cleeford PAVILUS
Abstract
In the last 30 years, rice has become the number one food staple in Haiti, and rice imports have outpaced domestic production to supply the country’s increasing rice demand. Policy makers support the claim that increasing local rice supply will not only reduce the dependency on imported rice but also upheave the national economy. However, there is a lack of information on Haitian consumers’ preferences for rice to aid the development of the local rice supply chain. This research aims to bridge that gap by assessing Haitian consumer preferences and willingness to pay for selected rice quality characteristics. The results from a hypothetical choice experiment conducted in Haiti suggest that Haitian consumers value domestic rice more than imported rice but are indifferent about presence of broken rice in the sample. The information treatment about parboiled rice has a positive impact on consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP). As expected, WTP for parboiled rice is on average statistically greater among the respondents in the treatment group than for those in the control group. The results highlight the importance of developing marketing information about parboiled rice and the domestic origin of the rice sold in the market as a way to improve the competitiveness of domestic relative to imported rice. Although the results suggest that consumers are indifferent about the presence of broken rice in the sample, further quality assessments are needed to assess the role of certain rice quality attributes that can guide investment in more modern processing technologies.
Recommended Citation
Pavilus, Cleeford, "Assessing Rice Consumers’ Preferences and Willingness to Pay in Haiti" (2018). Theses and Dissertations. 3104.
https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/3104
The document provides an overview of the Arkansas Tree Farm Program. It discusses that tree farmers are forest landowners who practice sustainable forest management and stewardship of their land. They must meet requirements and undergo inspections to be certified. The history of tree farming began in the 1940s with a demonstration forest, and Arkansas launched its program in 1942. Over time, the program developed standards for sustainability certification to ensure environmentally responsible practices. Today, there are over 2,700 certified tree farms in Arkansas managing over 450,000 acres of forest land.
1) Trees on private land make up a significant portion of the growing stock in India, accounting for 25% in total. However, regulations make harvesting and selling wood from private lands difficult.
2) Regulations vary significantly between states. Forest-rich states like Madhya Pradesh have more regulations due to concerns over poaching, while forest-poor states like Haryana have less regulation.
3) Implementing regulations fully would require numerous verification steps, creating a large regulatory burden for both landowners and regulators. Simplifying and streamlining regulations could reduce these burdens while still maintaining environmental protections.
Opportunities for forage improvement through the ILRI GenebankILRI
Presented by Chris Jones and Alieu Sartie at the Class IV of the University of California, Davis African Plant Breeding Academy Workshop, ILRI, Nairobi, 28 November 2018
Jonathan Muriuki gave a presentation on evergreen agriculture in East Africa at the Beating Famine Conference at ICRAF in Nairobi. He discussed how conventional farming is not sustainable and leads to soil degradation. Conservation agriculture and agroforestry techniques like planting trees on cropland can help maintain soil cover, fix nitrogen, improve soil structure and water retention. Evergreen agriculture, a form of intensive farming, integrates trees and annual crops to maintain year-round green cover. Examples of evergreen agriculture systems in East Africa include planting fodder shrubs, mango trees, and Faidherbia albida in maize fields. Successful scaling up of evergreen agriculture requires addressing issues like tree species
Silviculture is the art and science of growing and reproducing trees in a sustainable way based on forest ecology principles. There are even-aged and uneven-aged silvicultural systems that use natural regeneration strategies or planting to meet landowner objectives. Common even-aged systems include clearcutting, where all trees are harvested at once, and shelterwood, where trees are harvested in two cuts to establish regeneration first. Selection is an uneven-aged system where trees of all sizes are periodically harvested over 10-15 years. Intermediate treatments like thinning improve stand quality between regeneration harvests. Natural regeneration uses seeds and sprouts while artificial regeneration may involve site preparation and planting.
This document summarizes a study on the management of non-timber forest product species in arid tropical forests in southern India. It finds that over 70% of forest income comes from exporting non-timber forest products. The study focuses on gooseberry and arale, which are important medicinal species and income sources. Through long-term monitoring of populations and socioeconomic surveys, it finds the population structures of the species changed from stable to temporarily interrupted to limited regeneration over time, influenced by factors like harvesting, grazing, drought, and lantana invasion. Changing dependency on forest products and market dynamics also impacted the populations. The study demonstrates the importance of considering multiple ecological and human factors that shape non-timber forest species
Assessing rice consumers'preferences and their willingness to pay in haiti ...Cleeford PAVILUS
Abstract
In the last 30 years, rice has become the number one food staple in Haiti, and rice imports have outpaced domestic production to supply the country’s increasing rice demand. Policy makers support the claim that increasing local rice supply will not only reduce the dependency on imported rice but also upheave the national economy. However, there is a lack of information on Haitian consumers’ preferences for rice to aid the development of the local rice supply chain. This research aims to bridge that gap by assessing Haitian consumer preferences and willingness to pay for selected rice quality characteristics. The results from a hypothetical choice experiment conducted in Haiti suggest that Haitian consumers value domestic rice more than imported rice but are indifferent about presence of broken rice in the sample. The information treatment about parboiled rice has a positive impact on consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP). As expected, WTP for parboiled rice is on average statistically greater among the respondents in the treatment group than for those in the control group. The results highlight the importance of developing marketing information about parboiled rice and the domestic origin of the rice sold in the market as a way to improve the competitiveness of domestic relative to imported rice. Although the results suggest that consumers are indifferent about the presence of broken rice in the sample, further quality assessments are needed to assess the role of certain rice quality attributes that can guide investment in more modern processing technologies.
Recommended Citation
Pavilus, Cleeford, "Assessing Rice Consumers’ Preferences and Willingness to Pay in Haiti" (2018). Theses and Dissertations. 3104.
https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/3104
The document provides an overview of the Arkansas Tree Farm Program. It discusses that tree farmers are forest landowners who practice sustainable forest management and stewardship of their land. They must meet requirements and undergo inspections to be certified. The history of tree farming began in the 1940s with a demonstration forest, and Arkansas launched its program in 1942. Over time, the program developed standards for sustainability certification to ensure environmentally responsible practices. Today, there are over 2,700 certified tree farms in Arkansas managing over 450,000 acres of forest land.
1) Trees on private land make up a significant portion of the growing stock in India, accounting for 25% in total. However, regulations make harvesting and selling wood from private lands difficult.
2) Regulations vary significantly between states. Forest-rich states like Madhya Pradesh have more regulations due to concerns over poaching, while forest-poor states like Haryana have less regulation.
3) Implementing regulations fully would require numerous verification steps, creating a large regulatory burden for both landowners and regulators. Simplifying and streamlining regulations could reduce these burdens while still maintaining environmental protections.
Opportunities for forage improvement through the ILRI GenebankILRI
Presented by Chris Jones and Alieu Sartie at the Class IV of the University of California, Davis African Plant Breeding Academy Workshop, ILRI, Nairobi, 28 November 2018
Jonathan Muriuki gave a presentation on evergreen agriculture in East Africa at the Beating Famine Conference at ICRAF in Nairobi. He discussed how conventional farming is not sustainable and leads to soil degradation. Conservation agriculture and agroforestry techniques like planting trees on cropland can help maintain soil cover, fix nitrogen, improve soil structure and water retention. Evergreen agriculture, a form of intensive farming, integrates trees and annual crops to maintain year-round green cover. Examples of evergreen agriculture systems in East Africa include planting fodder shrubs, mango trees, and Faidherbia albida in maize fields. Successful scaling up of evergreen agriculture requires addressing issues like tree species
Silviculture is the art and science of growing and reproducing trees in a sustainable way based on forest ecology principles. There are even-aged and uneven-aged silvicultural systems that use natural regeneration strategies or planting to meet landowner objectives. Common even-aged systems include clearcutting, where all trees are harvested at once, and shelterwood, where trees are harvested in two cuts to establish regeneration first. Selection is an uneven-aged system where trees of all sizes are periodically harvested over 10-15 years. Intermediate treatments like thinning improve stand quality between regeneration harvests. Natural regeneration uses seeds and sprouts while artificial regeneration may involve site preparation and planting.
1. The document discusses silviculture and tree improvement. Silviculture deals with establishing, developing, and reproducing forests, while considering environmental factors and the objectives of forest owners. Tree improvement aims to genetically enhance trees through selection, breeding, and testing.
2. Key objectives of silviculture include producing economically valuable species, high volumes per unit area, high quality timber, reduced rotation periods, raising forests in new areas, creating plantations, and introducing exotic species. Silvics is the study of forest tree life histories and how environmental factors influence growth.
3. Tree improvement involves selecting superior trees from natural stands or plantations. Techniques include provenance testing of seed sources, identifying sources of genetic
Potential of community-based NTFP management as coping mechanisms (food secu...phetsoulaphonh choulatida
1) The document studied the use of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in three districts in Laos and their role in food security, income, and coping with climate hazards.
2) It found that NTFPs significantly contribute to nutrition and health, and some like beekeeping, cardamom, and galangal are important income sources.
3) Communities rely on collecting wild foods and selling NTFPs as coping strategies after climate hazards damage crops or livestock.
4) Recommendations focus on sustainable NTFP management through community forest groups, improved harvesting and marketing, and private sector involvement.
This document discusses various silvicultural systems and their characteristics. It begins with an introduction to silviculture and silvics, and defines silvicultural systems as methods for harvesting, regenerating, and tending forest crops.
The document then classifies silvicultural systems into two main types: high forest systems and coppice systems. High forest systems involve seedling regeneration through natural or artificial means, with long rotations. These are further divided into clear felling, shelterwood, and accessory systems.
Clear felling systems are described in detail, including variations in removal of the mature crop. Regeneration can be achieved naturally from seed stored on-site, seed brought from outside, or advanced growth retained on
Ensuring Seed Security and Production of Rainfed Pulses in Semi-Arid TropicsICARDA
1) Smallholder farmers in semi-arid tropical regions face challenges in accessing quality seed for rainfed pulses due to issues with availability, accessibility, cost, and timing of improved variety seeds.
2) A village-based seed enterprise was established with participation from local institutions to promote self-sufficiency in seed production.
3) The enterprise was successful in producing and storing quality seed of improved chickpea varieties, making seeds affordable and accessible to farmers while generating income for the village.
Feeds and forage research and development under SIMLESA project: Achievements...africa-rising
Presented by Endalkachew Wolde-Meskel, Aberra Adie, Melkamu Bezabih and Peter Thorne, ILRI, at the Africa RISING Ethiopian Highlands Project Review and Planning Meeting, Addis Ababa, 21–22 May 2019
Evergreen agriculture involves maintaining trees on agricultural lands through two main approaches: (1) farmer-managed natural regeneration of indigenous trees on farmlands, as seen in Sahel countries, and (2) planting trees in annual cropping systems, common in Eastern and Southern Africa and South Asia. Key examples provided are Faidherbia albida trees intercropped with maize and leguminous trees used as green manure in places like Malawi. Research is underway to accelerate national scaling up programs in countries and address key issues like improved genetics, agronomy practices, carbon sequestration impacts, and economics and policy around agroforestry systems.
Cereals and pulses sustainable agri food systems under climate changeICARDA
Parallel oral thematic sessions II Cereals and pulses sustainable agri food systems under climate change (ICARDA session)
Organiser: Charles Kleinerman, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)
Contact: C.kleinermann(at)cgiar.org
Date: Thursday, 19.09.2019, 14:00 – 15:30 h
Main purpose of the Parallel oral thematic session:
Presentations in this session will show how current research conducted by ICARDA and its partners in the CWANA region can support a transition towards nutrition-sensitive and climate smart cereal-based agri-food systems under irrigated and rainfed conditions. We will show in particular how plant breeding, agronomy, livestock feeding and systems analysis can be combined to support this diversification and sustainable intensification of cereal-based agri-food systems.
Uneven-aged regeneration systems, also called selection systems, involve harvesting trees individually or in small groups to maintain a continuous forest cover with a mix of age classes. This is done through single-tree or group selection methods. Single-tree selection removes individual mature trees uniformly across the stand, while group selection removes clusters of adjacent mature trees. The goal is to regenerate new age classes while emphasizing production of sawtimber-sized trees under a sustained yield. Two-aged systems combine elements of even-aged and uneven-aged management by regenerating stands twice over a standard rotation period.
This document summarizes research on the effectiveness of farmer-based approaches to producing and marketing SRI rice in Sri Lanka. It finds that SRI production led to higher yields than conventional methods. A related farmer survey found SRI farmers were poorer but met consumption needs through exchange labor. A marketing trial selling SRI rice found consumers preferred its varieties and were willing to pay higher prices. The report recommends expanding SRI adoption through training, research, and collaboration between NGOs, farmers, and government agencies.
Farmers’ seed use and seed quality perceptions 1Karta Kalsa
Farmers in Arsi and West Arsi regions of Ethiopia have limited knowledge of malt barley varieties and source seed mainly from informal sources like saved seed. While some farmers believe certified seed leads to higher yields, most report not getting seed as requested due to shortages. Many farmers find purchased seed to be of poor quality in terms of field emergence and varietal purity. Seed quality is reduced with recycling, though germination still meets standards. Younger farmers renting more land drive greater seed demand. Addressing seed availability and quality issues could help boost sustainable malt barley production.
Sustainable Harvest International works in four Central American countries to preserve tropical forests and alleviate poverty. They provide training to over 1,000 families on sustainable farming, environmental conservation, and income generation. In the past quarter: over 30,000 trees were planted; 153 improved wood stoves and 3 composting toilets were built; 95 new home gardens were created; and 35 families increased their income through commercial crop sales. SHI has helped restore over 15,000 acres of land and plant over 2.8 million trees since 1997.
Who maintains fruit tree diversity on farm? Hugo Lamers
Who maintains diversity on farm, is it the poor or the rich? This presentation looked into data to explain what type of farmers maintain crop diversity, in this case mango varietal diversity.
Who maintains fruit tree diversity and why? Which socioeconomic factors or farming practices are associated with a high level of agricultural biodiversity. Bioversity International scientist Hugo Lamers presents findings on fruit tree conservation in Asia at the 29th International Horticulture Congress.
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/conservation-of-crop-diversity/managing-crop-diversity-on-farm/
The document discusses key principles of grazing management. It emphasizes monitoring vegetation changes to evaluate the effectiveness of improved grazing practices and ensure the sustainability of land and livestock grazing. Proper grazing management can enhance plant and habitat health through practices like rotational grazing, while continuous grazing can suppress forage and increase weeds. The document advocates adaptive management and considering both ecological and economic goals to optimize grazing outcomes.
Olam Vietnam operates across various agricultural commodity sectors in Vietnam including cashew, coffee, pepper, and rice. For coffee, it has a large operational footprint with branches in key coffee growing provinces and over 200 employees. It is the largest cashew exporter and a major coffee exporter from Vietnam. However, Vietnam's coffee sector faces challenges like aging coffee farms, imbalanced fertilizer use, issues from climate change, and lack of young farmers. New developments provide hope, such as better farming practices, increased Arabica production in northern areas, intercropping, new higher yielding varieties, and growing domestic consumption in Vietnam.
Contribution of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) on Rural Food Security.Shah Ummar
This document summarizes a student's seminar on the contribution of non-timber forest products to rural food security. It begins with definitions of NTFPs and discusses their classification. It also covers how NTFPs contribute to food security, rural livelihoods, and nutrition. Case studies from India and Laos show how local communities rely on wild edible plants and other NTFPs for household food consumption and income. The document concludes that NTFPs make a significant direct and indirect contribution to rural food security and livelihoods.
1) The study examined the impact of rubber plantations of different ages (1-3 years, 4-6 years, 6-10 years, and 23-25 years) on soil macrofauna biodiversity compared to adjacent cassava fields in Chachoengsao province, Thailand.
2) Key findings include higher soil macrofauna density and diversity in rubber plantations compared to cassava fields. Significant differences were observed between young and mature rubber plantations for soil macrofauna metrics like density, structure, and diversity.
3) Statistical analysis indicated that plantation age had a stronger influence on soil macrofauna diversity patterns than soil type. Rubber plantations had a positive impact on soil macro
Small Holder farmer Project in Malawi, Southern Africa, incorporating Private Sector Engagement, Value Chain Augmentation, SMME Incubation, with a Food, Nutition and Income Security Objective
1. The document discusses silviculture and tree improvement. Silviculture deals with establishing, developing, and reproducing forests, while considering environmental factors and the objectives of forest owners. Tree improvement aims to genetically enhance trees through selection, breeding, and testing.
2. Key objectives of silviculture include producing economically valuable species, high volumes per unit area, high quality timber, reduced rotation periods, raising forests in new areas, creating plantations, and introducing exotic species. Silvics is the study of forest tree life histories and how environmental factors influence growth.
3. Tree improvement involves selecting superior trees from natural stands or plantations. Techniques include provenance testing of seed sources, identifying sources of genetic
Potential of community-based NTFP management as coping mechanisms (food secu...phetsoulaphonh choulatida
1) The document studied the use of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in three districts in Laos and their role in food security, income, and coping with climate hazards.
2) It found that NTFPs significantly contribute to nutrition and health, and some like beekeeping, cardamom, and galangal are important income sources.
3) Communities rely on collecting wild foods and selling NTFPs as coping strategies after climate hazards damage crops or livestock.
4) Recommendations focus on sustainable NTFP management through community forest groups, improved harvesting and marketing, and private sector involvement.
This document discusses various silvicultural systems and their characteristics. It begins with an introduction to silviculture and silvics, and defines silvicultural systems as methods for harvesting, regenerating, and tending forest crops.
The document then classifies silvicultural systems into two main types: high forest systems and coppice systems. High forest systems involve seedling regeneration through natural or artificial means, with long rotations. These are further divided into clear felling, shelterwood, and accessory systems.
Clear felling systems are described in detail, including variations in removal of the mature crop. Regeneration can be achieved naturally from seed stored on-site, seed brought from outside, or advanced growth retained on
Ensuring Seed Security and Production of Rainfed Pulses in Semi-Arid TropicsICARDA
1) Smallholder farmers in semi-arid tropical regions face challenges in accessing quality seed for rainfed pulses due to issues with availability, accessibility, cost, and timing of improved variety seeds.
2) A village-based seed enterprise was established with participation from local institutions to promote self-sufficiency in seed production.
3) The enterprise was successful in producing and storing quality seed of improved chickpea varieties, making seeds affordable and accessible to farmers while generating income for the village.
Feeds and forage research and development under SIMLESA project: Achievements...africa-rising
Presented by Endalkachew Wolde-Meskel, Aberra Adie, Melkamu Bezabih and Peter Thorne, ILRI, at the Africa RISING Ethiopian Highlands Project Review and Planning Meeting, Addis Ababa, 21–22 May 2019
Evergreen agriculture involves maintaining trees on agricultural lands through two main approaches: (1) farmer-managed natural regeneration of indigenous trees on farmlands, as seen in Sahel countries, and (2) planting trees in annual cropping systems, common in Eastern and Southern Africa and South Asia. Key examples provided are Faidherbia albida trees intercropped with maize and leguminous trees used as green manure in places like Malawi. Research is underway to accelerate national scaling up programs in countries and address key issues like improved genetics, agronomy practices, carbon sequestration impacts, and economics and policy around agroforestry systems.
Cereals and pulses sustainable agri food systems under climate changeICARDA
Parallel oral thematic sessions II Cereals and pulses sustainable agri food systems under climate change (ICARDA session)
Organiser: Charles Kleinerman, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)
Contact: C.kleinermann(at)cgiar.org
Date: Thursday, 19.09.2019, 14:00 – 15:30 h
Main purpose of the Parallel oral thematic session:
Presentations in this session will show how current research conducted by ICARDA and its partners in the CWANA region can support a transition towards nutrition-sensitive and climate smart cereal-based agri-food systems under irrigated and rainfed conditions. We will show in particular how plant breeding, agronomy, livestock feeding and systems analysis can be combined to support this diversification and sustainable intensification of cereal-based agri-food systems.
Uneven-aged regeneration systems, also called selection systems, involve harvesting trees individually or in small groups to maintain a continuous forest cover with a mix of age classes. This is done through single-tree or group selection methods. Single-tree selection removes individual mature trees uniformly across the stand, while group selection removes clusters of adjacent mature trees. The goal is to regenerate new age classes while emphasizing production of sawtimber-sized trees under a sustained yield. Two-aged systems combine elements of even-aged and uneven-aged management by regenerating stands twice over a standard rotation period.
This document summarizes research on the effectiveness of farmer-based approaches to producing and marketing SRI rice in Sri Lanka. It finds that SRI production led to higher yields than conventional methods. A related farmer survey found SRI farmers were poorer but met consumption needs through exchange labor. A marketing trial selling SRI rice found consumers preferred its varieties and were willing to pay higher prices. The report recommends expanding SRI adoption through training, research, and collaboration between NGOs, farmers, and government agencies.
Farmers’ seed use and seed quality perceptions 1Karta Kalsa
Farmers in Arsi and West Arsi regions of Ethiopia have limited knowledge of malt barley varieties and source seed mainly from informal sources like saved seed. While some farmers believe certified seed leads to higher yields, most report not getting seed as requested due to shortages. Many farmers find purchased seed to be of poor quality in terms of field emergence and varietal purity. Seed quality is reduced with recycling, though germination still meets standards. Younger farmers renting more land drive greater seed demand. Addressing seed availability and quality issues could help boost sustainable malt barley production.
Sustainable Harvest International works in four Central American countries to preserve tropical forests and alleviate poverty. They provide training to over 1,000 families on sustainable farming, environmental conservation, and income generation. In the past quarter: over 30,000 trees were planted; 153 improved wood stoves and 3 composting toilets were built; 95 new home gardens were created; and 35 families increased their income through commercial crop sales. SHI has helped restore over 15,000 acres of land and plant over 2.8 million trees since 1997.
Who maintains fruit tree diversity on farm? Hugo Lamers
Who maintains diversity on farm, is it the poor or the rich? This presentation looked into data to explain what type of farmers maintain crop diversity, in this case mango varietal diversity.
Who maintains fruit tree diversity and why? Which socioeconomic factors or farming practices are associated with a high level of agricultural biodiversity. Bioversity International scientist Hugo Lamers presents findings on fruit tree conservation in Asia at the 29th International Horticulture Congress.
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/conservation-of-crop-diversity/managing-crop-diversity-on-farm/
The document discusses key principles of grazing management. It emphasizes monitoring vegetation changes to evaluate the effectiveness of improved grazing practices and ensure the sustainability of land and livestock grazing. Proper grazing management can enhance plant and habitat health through practices like rotational grazing, while continuous grazing can suppress forage and increase weeds. The document advocates adaptive management and considering both ecological and economic goals to optimize grazing outcomes.
Olam Vietnam operates across various agricultural commodity sectors in Vietnam including cashew, coffee, pepper, and rice. For coffee, it has a large operational footprint with branches in key coffee growing provinces and over 200 employees. It is the largest cashew exporter and a major coffee exporter from Vietnam. However, Vietnam's coffee sector faces challenges like aging coffee farms, imbalanced fertilizer use, issues from climate change, and lack of young farmers. New developments provide hope, such as better farming practices, increased Arabica production in northern areas, intercropping, new higher yielding varieties, and growing domestic consumption in Vietnam.
Contribution of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) on Rural Food Security.Shah Ummar
This document summarizes a student's seminar on the contribution of non-timber forest products to rural food security. It begins with definitions of NTFPs and discusses their classification. It also covers how NTFPs contribute to food security, rural livelihoods, and nutrition. Case studies from India and Laos show how local communities rely on wild edible plants and other NTFPs for household food consumption and income. The document concludes that NTFPs make a significant direct and indirect contribution to rural food security and livelihoods.
1) The study examined the impact of rubber plantations of different ages (1-3 years, 4-6 years, 6-10 years, and 23-25 years) on soil macrofauna biodiversity compared to adjacent cassava fields in Chachoengsao province, Thailand.
2) Key findings include higher soil macrofauna density and diversity in rubber plantations compared to cassava fields. Significant differences were observed between young and mature rubber plantations for soil macrofauna metrics like density, structure, and diversity.
3) Statistical analysis indicated that plantation age had a stronger influence on soil macrofauna diversity patterns than soil type. Rubber plantations had a positive impact on soil macro
Small Holder farmer Project in Malawi, Southern Africa, incorporating Private Sector Engagement, Value Chain Augmentation, SMME Incubation, with a Food, Nutition and Income Security Objective
Improving the livelihood of small farmers in the pig value chain: Experiences...ILRI
Presentation by Pham Van Hung, Nguyen Thi Duong Nga and Lucy Lapar at a regional seminar on 'Agriculture Development for the Mekong Delta: How to Increase the Livelihood of Farmers', Can Tho City, Vietnam, 24 April 2015.
Coffee Culture in India (Industry Analysis)Aaditya Nagpal
This presentation was presented by me and my two friends for the subject Industrial Policy Planning.
It is about the indian coffee shop industry focusing on Cafe Coffee Day and the competition it faces
The document discusses different types of agriculture practiced in India. It describes primitive subsistence farming, intensive subsistence farming, commercial farming, and plantation farming. It also discusses major crops grown in India like rice, millets, cotton, and coffee. Agricultural development aims to increase farm production to meet population growth through expanding cropped area, irrigation, use of fertilizers and high-yielding seeds, and farm mechanization. The ultimate goal is increased food security. Farming in India has a long history and India ranks second worldwide in agricultural output. In the US, agriculture is a major industry and the country exports food, with over 2 million farms covering over 900 million acres.
Characteristics, Uses and Promotion of Faidherbia albida in MalawiFMNR Hub
Faidherbia albida trees provide important benefits to farmers and livestock in Malawi. Research since the 1980s has shown that F. albida fixes nitrogen, improves soil fertility under its canopy, and drops nutrient-rich pods for dry season livestock grazing. Studies also found techniques to improve F. albida seedling survival like nicking seeds, air pruning roots, and proper spacing. As a result of promotion efforts by the government and NGOs, more farmers are planting and regenerating F. albida on their land, increasing tree density and the trees' positive impacts.
Presentation from Ravi Prabhu, Director of the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), outlining the role of Agroforestry in strengthening food security. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
Implications of coffee obituary notices on tree abundance and richness on cof...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
1) The study investigated tree species richness and abundance on smallholder coffee farms in Mt Kenya that showed increasing, decreasing, or constant coffee yield trends over eight years.
2) Tree diversity, abundance, and basal area were analyzed and compared across farm categories and coffee agro-ecological zones.
3) Preliminary results found that farms with decreasing coffee production had higher tree species richness and abundance compared to farms with constant or increasing coffee yields.
Local tree knowledge on coffee agroforestry systems in mountainous areas of V...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document summarizes a study on coffee agroforestry systems in mountainous areas of Vietnam. The study examined 124 farmers from different ethnic groups and found they have significant knowledge of using trees with coffee to provide benefits like stable soils, increased productivity, and diversified livelihoods. Common agroforestry practices integrate coffee with fruit trees, legume trees, and timber trees. Species richness is higher in coffee agroforestry systems than without. Farmers indicated trees provide various ecosystem services to coffee like soil erosion control and soil fertility improvement. Based on the results, the researchers created an online tool to help farmers select appropriate tree species.
Africa RISING in the Ethiopian highlands: Research for development driving su...africa-rising
The Africa RISING project in Ethiopia's highlands is a five-year research initiative nearing completion. It aims to sustainably intensify mixed crop-livestock farming through 17 action research protocols. This involves improving yields, closing seasonal feed gaps, enhancing water management, reducing soil loss, and fine-tuning fertilizer recommendations. Key outcomes include doubled wheat yields, increased fodder production, expanded irrigation, and restored landscapes. Capacity building activities have engaged thousands of farmers, students, and local partners in knowledge exchange. Continued support may scale proven innovations to millions of households through development partnerships.
Jonathan cawt in eastern africa 1st africa ca conference ega side event lus...EverGreenAgriculture13
This document discusses conservation agriculture and agroforestry in East Africa. It finds that conventional agriculture has failed to meet global food needs due to soil degradation and high environmental impacts. Crop yields in Africa are significantly lower than global averages. The challenges of climate change exacerbate these issues. Conservation agriculture and agroforestry can help address these problems through practices like minimum tillage, soil cover, and strategic crop rotations. Pilot projects in East Africa show potential for yield increases of 30-200% through these approaches. Key factors that influence adoption include access to training, farm size, and climate change mitigation. Policies and institutions also need to support these practices through extension services, research, incentives, and enabling markets.
AFARI_SEFA ET AL._Nutrition Awarenss_Final-IHC 2014_Aug 21-2014 (1).pptxVictorAfariSefa
This study investigated the factors that motivate smallholders in Tanzania to grow traditional African vegetables (TAVs). The researchers surveyed 181 smallholder households across five regions of Tanzania. An econometric model found that farmers' perception of TAVs' nutritional importance, access to credit, family labor capacity, and regional differences positively influenced TAV crop concentration on farms. The timely availability of TAV seeds was also an important determinant. The study suggests promoting nutritional education, supporting female farmers, and improving seed systems to increase TAV production.
Forests, trees and agroforestry: What role in food security and nutrition?CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Terry Sunderland focuses on how food security and nutrition contribute to enhancing the management and use of forests, agroforestry and tree genetic
resources across the landscape from forests
to farms.
New dryland legume and cereal varieties for genetic intensification in semi-a...africa-rising
Poster prepared by Wills Munthali, Peter Ngowi, Elirehema Swai, James Mwololo, Bekunda Mateete and Patrick Okori for the Africa RISING ESA Project Review and Planning Meeting, Lilongwe, Malawi, 3–5 October 2018.
At the Oxford Biodiversity Institute Symposium on 2-3 October 2013, Bioversity International Programme Leader Ehsan Dulloo presented on the importance of genetic diversity for building resilience for crops. Learn more: http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/conservation-of-crop-diversity/
Farmers’ uptake of improved feed practices and reasons for adoption/ non adop...ILRI
Presented by Gregory Ndwandwa Sikumba at the CLEANED Project East Africa Stakeholder Consultation on Dairy and Environment Nairobi, Kenya, 18 September 2013
How do the challenges of Climate Change, Food and Nutrition Security and Health affect each other? What, in this context, is the role of R&D in providing sustainable and appropriate solutions? This presentation discusses the issue in the African context, and offers solutions based on agroecology and agroforestry.
Impacts of Adoption of Climate Smart Technologies on Income among Agro-Pastor...ESD UNU-IAS
Impacts of Adoption of Climate Smart Technologies on Income among Agro-Pastoralists Communities in Marsabit County, Kenya
Ann Gudere, E. Wemali, and E. Ndunda (RCE Greater Nairobi)
12th African RCE Regional Meeting
28-30 November, 2022
Cultivated forages for improved livestock productivity in the highlands of Et...africa-rising
Poster prepared by Aberra Adie ,Melkamu Bezabih, Kindu Mekonnen, , Peter Thorne, Alan Duncan, Mohammed Ebrahim, Workneh Dubale, Addisu Asfaw and Temesgen Alene for the Africa RISING Ethiopia Review and Planning Meeting, Addis Ababa, 29-30 November 2016
This is a presentation for CCAFS East Africa by Maren Radeny at the Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation in Africa 2016 "Fostering African Resilience and Capacity to Adapt" in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 21st-23rd February 2016
Feeds and forage action research in the Africa RISING sites of the Ethiopian ...africa-rising
The document summarizes research on improving livestock feeds and forage production in Ethiopia. Over three years, more than 600 farmers participated in action research on various forage crops. Key findings included identifying optimal growing and harvesting techniques for tree lucerne, high yields and nutritional value from oat-vetch mixtures, and reduced wastage of feeds through improved storage and feeding methods. Partnerships were formed with various government, university, NGO and private sector organizations to facilitate wider adoption and scaling of improved livestock feeding practices.
CASFESA closure -- SIMLESA: Enhancing Integration, Innovation and Impacts in...CIMMYT
Presentation at a one-day workshop on February 23, 2015, convened to take stock of the Conservation Agriculture and Smallholder Farmers in East and Southern Africa (CASFESA) pilot project. CASFESA scientists share experience after three years of implementation in South Achefer and Jebitehnan Districts of Amhara Region, Northern Ethiopia, from June 2012, ending in March 2015. Funded by the European Union through the International Fund for Agricultural Development, CASFESA aimed at increasing food security and incomes of poor smallholder farmers through sustainable intensification of mixed, cereal-based systems.
The project will leave a rich legacy, including:
• adaptation and demonstration of CA-based technologies on selected farmer plots;
• enhancing pro-poor and gender-sensitive targeting of CA-based interventions;
• improving the delivery of information, including on technologies and market opportunities to smallholders, as well as developing policy options and recommendations that favor these technologies; and,
• enhancing the capacity of research, and development interventions, for project stakeholders.
Agricultural biodiversity – the variability of crops and their wild relatives, trees, animals, arthropods, microbes and other species that contribute directly or indirectly, to food production – is fundamental for the long-term sustainability and resilience of agriculture.
Most research in recent decades has been concerned with increasing production through the increased use of external inputs and management of production, in ways that render agriculture more uniform. These approaches are increasingly recognized as having significant adverse consequences including land degradation, pollution and the loss of ecosystem services.
Alternative approaches are urgently needed to sustainably feed the growing population and adapt to global challenges such as climate change.
Bioversity International has been at the forefront of global scientific efforts to collect, conserve and use agricultural biodiversity for more than 35 years.
Read more about Bioversity International’s research-for-development portfolio and strategic priorities.
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research/
Africa RISING: Status of research planning in East and Southern Africaafrica-rising
Presented by Mateete Bekunda (IITA) and Regis Chikowo (MSU) at the Africa RISING Monitoring & Evaluation Expert Meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 5-7 September 2012
Similar to Session 3.1 small farm diversification strategies (20)
1. Tree-soil-crop interactions in rubber agroforestry systems can be managed at the plot, farm, and landscape levels. At the plot level, a mixed-age stand can be maintained for cash flow while diversifying. At the farm level, credit can cover replanting costs until cash flow is positive. At the landscape level, policy harmonization across forest and agriculture is important.
2. Agroforestry is understood as applying at the plot, landscape, and governance levels, reflecting the interface of agriculture and forestry. It involves tree-soil-crop-livestock interactions as well as interactions between tree cover, livelihoods, and ecosystem services across landscapes.
3. Rubber
The DryDev programme aimed to transform lives and landscapes in dryland areas through sustainable rural development. Over six years, it worked with over 164,000 smallholder farmers across five countries in Africa. Key achievements included rehabilitating over 163,000 hectares of land through watershed management and planting over 4.6 million trees. It also increased food security and incomes by expanding irrigation to over 16,000 hectares, utilizing over 950 water harvesting structures, and promoting climate-smart agricultural practices on over 60,000 hectares.
This document discusses measuring biodiversity on farmland. It notes that 60% of ecosystem services have been impaired and over 20% of global agricultural land is degraded. Assessing farmland biodiversity is challenging due to high spatial variability. Protocols for landscape-scale assessment include measuring land cover, trees, birds, and modeling remote sensing data with ground calibration. Optional protocols examine linear tree features, pollinators, natural enemies, and soil organisms. A farmland biodiversity score is proposed that weighs biomass, spectral diversity, neighborhood effects, and slope/proximity to water.
How can we overcome obstacles and mobilize investments for successful, sustai...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses funding gaps and principles for successful financing of nature-based solutions (NBS) such as land restoration projects in Africa. It notes that while the Bonn Challenge and New York declaration on Forests call for $350 billion and $830 billion respectively for restoration, actual funding leaves large gaps. It advocates for bridging these gaps through public-private partnerships and prioritizing long-term sustainability over short-term profits. Six principles are outlined for financing NBS, including ensuring social and environmental safeguards, monitoring impacts, and directing funds toward low-carbon development in developing countries. The Regreening Africa program addresses livelihoods, biodiversity and climate change through land restoration projects across eight African nations.
Forest and agroforesty options for building resilience in refugee situations:...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Week (HNPW) 2020
Climate Crisis Inter-Network
"Fit for Purpose? Current Tools and Approaches to Mitigate Climate Risks in Humanitarian Settings"
HLPE 2019. Agroecological and other innovative approaches for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome
Agroforestry systems for restoration in Brazil: reconciling social and ecolo...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses agroforestry systems for environmental restoration in Brazil that balance social and ecological functions. It outlines that agroforestry can: (1) maintain ecosystem structure/functions like biodiversity and soil quality while providing social/economic functions for family farms; (2) perform restoration in an economically feasible way by including people and accelerating natural succession; and (3) improve livelihoods through appropriate management. However, balancing trade-offs between social/environmental benefits and costs is challenging. The document then provides examples of agroforestry systems for restoration in Brazil and their costs, benefits for climate change adaptation/mitigation, food security, and carbon storage potential.
This document discusses the vulnerability of forest-dependent people and forests to climate change. It notes that over 1 billion people depend on forests for their livelihoods, while 1 billion hectares of land are under agroforestry worldwide. Climate change poses direct risks like increased temperatures and wildfires, and indirect risks through impacts on species and ecosystems. Potential transition issues from policies like REDD+ could negatively impact land and tree rights of indigenous groups. The document argues that comprehensive vulnerability assessments are needed using qualitative and quantitative methods to understand all vulnerabilities, include stakeholders, and identify good practices to address risks to forests and forest-dependent communities from climate change.
An increasing multitude of insect pests and pathogens is targeting indigenous trees of natural forests, agroforestry systems, and exotic trees in planted forests in Africa. This is raising major concerns for a continent already challenged by adaptations to climate change, as it threatens a vital resource for food security of rural communities, economic growth, and ecosystem conservation. The accidental introduction through trade of non‐native species in particular is accelerating, and it adds to the damage to tree‐based landscapes by native pests and diseases. Old‐time and new invaders heavily impact planted forests of exotic eucalypts, pines, and acacias, and are spreading quickly across African regions. But many non‐native pathogens are recently found affecting important indigenous trees.
Species distribution modelling is being used to map the habitats of over 150 priority African plant species. More advanced modelling methods are being used to reduce bias, including spatial folding and thinning. Presence observations from across Africa are being used to calibrate provisional distribution models for individual species in countries like Ethiopia. The results will then be verified by botanists and combined with vegetation mapping data.
Not all roads lead to Rome: Inclusive business models and responsible finance...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
The document discusses approaches to achieving sustainable cocoa production in Ghana by 2020. It identifies several challenges in the cocoa sector including low productivity, rural poverty, and deforestation. It analyzes different stakeholder approaches and finds they mainly focus on increased productivity, while social and environmental issues are addressed less. Inclusive business models include many smallholder farmers but benefits are not always equitable. Responsible finance from impact investors and social lenders has potential to leverage more equitable models and landscape restoration, but investments have not been well adapted for cocoa sectors. A "multi-chain approach" is proposed to better leverage finance through a portfolio of value chains at the landscape level.
Decent work and economic growth: Potential impacts of SDG 8 on forests and fo...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This paper assesses the potential impact of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8 on forests and forest-dependent people. The concepts of decent work and economic growth are put in the context of predominant development theories and paradigms (modernization, economic growth, basic needs, sustainable development) which shape the agendas of governments, private sector, civil society, and investors. These stakeholders pursue different goals and interests, with uneven prioritization of SDG 8 targets and mixed impacts on forests and livelihoods.
Forest conservation and socio-economic benefits through community forest conc...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
With an extension of 2.1 million ha, the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR) in Petén, Guatemala is the largest protected area in Central America. To reconcile forest conservation and socio-economic development, community forest concessions were created in its Multiple Use Zone (MUZ) in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Operated by a community forest enterprise (CFE), and with a cycle of 25 years, the concessions grant usufruct rights to local communities on an area of about 400,000 ha. Currently, nine concessions are active, while the contracts of two concessions were cancelled and the management plan of another suspended.
Sustainable land management for improved livelihoods and environmental sustai...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
A healthy viable multifunctional landscape has the capability of supporting sustainable agricultural productivity, providing agroforestry and forest products (timber, fuel wood, fruits, medicine, fertilizer, gum etc.) for the sustenance of mankind while providing other environmental services. However these products are increasingly becoming unavailable due to declining soil fertility, climatic extremes, and high costs of inputs. Identifying low-cost, sustainable ways to attain food security and sustainable environment for millions of smallholder farmers in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) remains a major developmental challenge.
Rangelands are more than just grass but rather complex and biodiverse ecosystems. Covering nearly half the world’s land area, they are in need of restoration and sustainable management.
The document discusses several projects aimed at improving agricultural outcomes through agroforestry. It describes a project in Uganda that introduced fodder shrubs to improve milk yields, which increased yields significantly. It is now scaling this approach in Kenya and Malawi through farmer cooperatives. Another project aims to better understand farmers' livelihood aspirations to customize technologies to their goals. A final project focuses on improving diets and health through diversifying crops and developing new food value chains. The document emphasizes the need for meaningful diagnosis, strong intervention design, credible evidence gathering, and efficient delivery to accelerate research impact on poverty, food insecurity, and environmental issues.
1) The document discusses watershed development projects in India, focusing on the state of Uttar Pradesh. It outlines the history and increasing scale of watershed programs in India over time from the 1960s to present.
2) Key data presented includes groundwater usage increasing dramatically from 25 km3 in 1960 to 250-300 km3 in 2009, and the number of bore wells increasing from 1 million to 20 million over the same period. Watershed programs have led to increased benefit-cost ratios, rates of return, and agricultural incomes.
3) The document then focuses on the Doubling Farmers' Income project targeting watershed interventions across several districts in Bundelkhand region of UP. It outlines strategies
NRM Innovations for Risk Management and Agricultural Transformation in Semiar...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document summarizes natural resource management innovations in semi-arid East African highlands. It discusses (1) managing extreme events like drought and flood to ensure sustainable ecosystem services and support livelihoods, (2) increasing and sustaining agricultural productivity through investments in NRM, and (3) two examples of NRM innovations - community-based watershed management in Ethiopia and using water spreading weirs to build resilience to climate risks in Ethiopia through a partnership between GIZ, ICRISAT, and local universities. The document also discusses the impacts of these innovations, including increased food security, higher crop yields, and institutional impacts like the site becoming a learning center that influenced regional soil and water conservation policies.
This document discusses land restoration efforts in Niger. It describes the land degradation issues facing the West Africa Sahel region due to fragile ecosystems and unsustainable agricultural practices. Various integrated land management techniques are being implemented and tested, including Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR), cereal/legume intercropping, microdosing of fertilizers, and restoring degraded lands. These techniques are improving soil fertility and crop yields when combined. The document outlines several partnerships working to scale these efforts across Niger, including restoring over 175 hectares of degraded land managed by 11,970 women generating more income. There is growing demand from farmers and partners to expand training and testing of integrated packages to improve livelihoods and food security.
Combining land restoration and livelihoods - examples from Niger
Session 3.1 small farm diversification strategies
1. March 12, 2014
Small farm diversification strategies by coffee farmers
around Mount Kenya in Kenya
Sammy Carsan
Aldo Stroebel, Frank Place and Ramni Jamnadass
Word Congress on Agroforestry, 11th February, 2014.
DELHI, INDIA
2. March 12, 2014
1) Background: Evolution of Kenya’s coffee smallholder sector
2) Study Context: Why coffee agro-forests?
3) Statement of objectives & hypotheses
4) Methods: sampling approach
a) Coffee farms typologies
6) Results & Discussions
Conclusions
Presentation outline
3. March 12, 2014
• Kenya’s coffee in the past estimated to offer livelihood support to over
5 million people directly and indirectly
• Developments summed during and after the ICA market regime
• Living standards, incomes, food security in coffee growing negatively
• Uncertainties in international market and loss of coffee productivity
have affected overall coffee profitability
• Are smallholders ready for incentives to shift from traditional cash
crop systems? Is AF tree cultivation a good incentive?
• How will resource availability and market drivers influence
investments on cash crops
Evolution of Kenya’s smallholder coffee
4. March 12, 2014
Compared to robustas the arabica price differential (premium) is about US$ C 60 (s.d
34.63, n = 129) per pound in the last ten years.
Mean price for Columbian Milds, New York Composite and Robusta coffee from
2000 to 2010
Source: ICO Statistics, 2010
5. March 12, 2014
Kenya’s coffee exports fell by over 50% between 2000 and September, 2010;
world market share declined from 3.1% in 1986 to 0.6% by 2006 (ICO, 2010).
Columbian mild coffee exports by: Columbia, Kenya and Tanzania
Source: ICO statistics, 2010
6. March 12, 2014
• ‘Shaded’ coffee as opposed to open ‘sun’ coffee’-a more sustainable production approach (Mas and
Diestch, 2004). Coffee AF systems act as reservoirs of indigenous tree species (Perfecto et al., 2005).
Trees yield complimentary products e.g. fruits, timber and firewood which diversify, diet and
stabilize farmer incomes
• Peeters (2003) :coffee shaded with any density of Cordia alliodora has better benefit-cost ratio than
un-shaded estates although yields were lower. Simplifying these systems was disadvantageous even
if coffee production increases.
• Structurally complex habitats support more diverse fauna (Garcia et al., 2009).
• Coffee AF seen as an approaches to build alliances between ecologically sustainable agriculture and
conservation efforts in protected areas. Trees contribute ecological services similar to those
provided by forest e.g. soil protection, nutrient cycling, water retention and carbon capture
(Chazdon et al., 2009).
• Farmers benefit culturally by maintaining biological diversity that ensure productivity (Lengkeek et
al. 2005).
• Genetic diversity helps farmers to manage their inputs in more efficient ways- e.g. a mix of fast
growing and slow growing timber grown for different markets; fruit species with different fruiting
phenology to contribute to HH food security (Dawson et al., 2009)
Coffee agro-forests and sustainability?
7. March 12, 2014
• To assess how changes in coffee production influences small farm
intensification/diversification strategies
Hypothesis:
• Smallholders with stagnated or decreasing coffee production (yields,
density of bushes) support higher enterprise intensification rates with
maize, banana, livestock and trees.
Study objectives
8. March 12, 2014
• Cross-sectional survey in three
coffee districts of Mt Kenya (Meru ,
Embu & Kirinyaga)
• The zones are comparable on coffee
and other crops production practices
and largely representative of
smallholder coffee systems in Kenya
• The regions have strong farmer
organization by cooperatives and
societies
Research Methods
9. March 12, 2014
• 10 Farmer Cooperative Societies
(FCS) covering UM1,2 & 3 in Meru,
Embu & Kirinyaga Counties selected
• Membership used to draw a random
set of farms categorized as either
“increasing”, “decreasing” or
“stable”
• Cherry deliveries for last 5 years
(2004-2008) considered
• 5 farmers were picked per category
selecting 15 farms per FCS, later 2
farms were selected giving 6 farms
per FCS.
• 60 farms were selected per category
comprising 180 farms for the entire
survey done from June- August 2009
Sampling strategy
10. March 12, 2014
• SES data collected: family & land size, labour and non labour costs, distance to markets, coffee
size (bushes & cherry), tree inventory, maize & banana value, livestock units (TLU) & daily milk
value, fertilizer and manure use, crop diversity, tree basal area, avocado trees
• Simple descriptive statistics such as means(s.d) were used to profile household and farm
characteristics
• Intensification (value/Ha) verified by: coffee bushes, cherry value, no of trees, maize, banana
outputs per hectare ad inputs such as fertilizer, manure labour and non labour costs per hectare
• Regression analysis: pairwise correlations and GLMs used to assess effects of coffee production
‘trends’ on farm intensification
• Response variates were transformed by natural log or square root (after Shapiro Normality tests)
• Farm types: increasing, decreasing and stable were used as explanatory variates. Farm size
effects were also tested
• Fisher’s least significance difference (LSD) was used to compare differences between farm
categories at P < 0.05 and P < 0.1 level)
• Farm crop diversity was calculated using Simpson Index of Diversification (SID)
Farm and HH assessments
11. March 12, 2014
Farm tree inventories methods
• All trees ≥5 cm DBH measured
• Tree basal area (tree cross-sectional area
measured at breast height) calculated
• Local/common names of trees recorded
from local farmer consultations
• All trees were identified to species level
according to Beentje (1994) or Maundu
and Tengnäs (2005).
12. March 12, 2014
Results- Farm crop diversity
• Farm crop richness (SID) was 7.1 (s.d=1.71)
• Farm with lowest diversity had 2 crop types and one with highest had 12
• The ten most prevalent crops (maize, beans, banana, avocado, macadamia,
mango, beans, papaw, irish potatoes and khat) on farms represent 88% of
all crop types present on all farms.
• Stable farms had higher counts of livestock, banana and avocado;
increasing farms had fewer bananas but higher livestock presence while the
decreasing ones had smaller enterprise count overall.
• Other results showed that crop diversity was strongly and positively
associated with farm size but negatively related to fertilizer and TLU ha-1;
and maize and banana value ha-1 even though analyzed data was
inconclusive with the later.
13. March 12, 2014
Coffee and trees on farms…?
• 75% (156) farms cultivate 250-750 bushes ha-1
• 61%(110) produce 1000-2000 kg cherry ha-1 yr-1
• 41% (75) farms, tree density : 100-200 trees ha-1
• 30% (54) farms: TBA class of 1.1-1.9 m2 ha-1
• 22% (40) farms: TBA class of 2.0-2.9 m2 ha-1
• 35% (66) farms : TBA class of 3-5 m2 ha-1
• Average tree volume : 36.31 (31.1-41.5 ) m3 ha-1
14. March 12, 2014
Findings: functional coffee farm typology
2101 kg yr-1 (s.d = 1380)
1032 kg yr-1 (s.d = 907)
688 kg yr-1 (s.d = 709).
• Farm categories were statistically different (ANOVA test, P < 0.001)
• Increasing farms had more bushes than stable (17% , P < 0.05) and decreasing
ones (5.5% P < 0.05). Decreasing farms had higher bushes than stable (12.3%,
P>0.05)
15. March 12, 2014
Farms descriptive
variables
Coffee farm categories and means (s.d) for all variables
‘Stable’ ‘Decreasing’ ‘Increasing’ Rank
Maize value ha-1
17843(17955) 19098(19138) 14769(13594) Dec>Stab>Inc
Banana value ha-1
48463(78453) 57806(105745) 28416(35768) Dec>Stab>Inc
Coffee age years 35.23(12.96) 37.7(12.43) 33.7(11.97) Dec>Stab>Inc
Avocado trees ha-1
5.956(8.41) 7.580(15.77) 4.064(4.123) Dec>Stab>Inc
AFT Vol. ha-1
30.4(20.4) 34.4(38.1) 32.4(21.6) Dec>Incr>Stab
Family size 4.9(2.5) 4.8(2.2) 5.3(2.2) Inc>Stab>Dec
Land size (ha) 1.3(1.3) 1.1(0.84) 1.4(0.97) Inc>Stab>Dec
Cherry/bush (Kg) 4.4(3.2) 3.84(3.7) 4.63(2.53) Inc>Stab>Dec
Cherry value ha-1
61180(58526) 47220(49604) 69587(54482) Inc>Stab>Dec
Milk value day-1
118(119.4) 94(112.4) 152.3(143.8) Inc>Stab>Dec
Coffee bushes ha-1
499.7(379.1) 569.6(694.5) 601.6(497.4) Inc>Dec>Stab
TLU Ha-1
5.38(5.5) 4.26(4.9) 3.87(2.9) Stab>Dec>Inc
AFT ha-1
229(223) 202(152) 182(99) Stab>Dec>Inc
Macadamia trees ha-1
18.04(27.6) 16.89(19.81) 13.52(18.02) Stab>Dec>Inc
Mango trees ha-1
10.54(24.53) 7.57(8.678) 5.65 (9.68) Stab>Dec>Inc
Farms and households characteristics
16. March 12, 2014
Farms input sizes
• Fertilizer use ha-1 increases significantly (P < 0.05), with the coffee bushes, maize value,
manure, TLU; but is negatively related to farms crops diversity and distance to market.
• Manure application ha-1 was positively associated with coffee bushes, TLU and banana value.
Manure application was negatively related to farm crop diversity.
• Labour expenditure were positively correlated to fertilizer, manure, coffee bushes and
negatively related to market distance and crop diversity.
• Fertilizer and manure application were negatively correlated to farm sizes (P < 0.05).
17. March 12, 2014
General linear regressions coefficient for various ‘intensification’ variables
against farm categories and farm size
LSDs: Increasing vs Stable (*); Increasing Vs Decreasing (+); Decreasing Vs Stable (#). Significant
difference level: P<0.01(*** +++ ###); P< 0.05(** ++ ##); P<0.1 (*+ #)
18. March 12, 2014
Small coffee farms intensification
• Comparisons: cherry value, milk value, avocado trees, fertilizer, labour, non-
labour costs were used to gauge levels of farm intensification.
• Cherry value by the increasing farms was significantly bigger (P < 0.05) than the
decreasing ones but not for the stable ones. While value for the decreasing farms
was significantly lower (P < 0.1) compared to the stable farms.
• Daily milk value by the increasing farms was significantly bigger (P < 0.05) than
the decreasing (38.3%) and stable (22.5%) ones. The stable farms milk value was
not significantly higher (P>0.1) compared to the decreasing (20%) ones. Other
results confirmed that milk outputs could be increased in bigger farms.
• Surprisingly, results showed that maize value increases significantly with farms
TBA, no. of coffee bushes and banana value, but negatively related to farm and
household size.
• The no. of avocado tree ha-1 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the decreasing
(46%) and stable (32%) compared to the increasing ones. Findings further
showed that avocado intensification is significantly reduced in bigger farm sizes.
• Finally, findings revealed that cherry value and coffee bushes ha-1 was significantly
(P < 0.001) smaller in bigger farm sizes.
19. March 12, 2014
• Annual labour costs were significantly higher (P < 0.1) for increasing farms
compared to the stable (30.2%) and the decreasing ones (24.4%). Labour
costs for the decreasing farms were not significantly higher (P>0.01) than the
stable ones (7.7%).
• Other non-labour costs such as pesticides and seeds for the increasing farms
were significantly bigger (P < 0.05) compared to the stable (14.2%) and
decreasing ones (12.9%). Non labour costs were not significantly (P > 0.1)
higher in the decreasing (1.4 %) farms compared to the stable ones.
• Fertilizer use was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for the increasing farms
compared to the stable (33.9%) and the decreasing ones (27.9%). Fertilizer
use on decreasing farms was not significantly higher compared to the stable
(8.4%) ones.
Small coffee farms intensification
20. March 12, 2014
Discussion points
• Findings showing that coffee is significantly reduced in bigger farm sizes
suggests that input affordability, negatively related to farm size, could limit
future plans on coffee expansion.
• Farms decreasing or stable in coffee production are characterized by more
trees, banana, and maize while those with increasing coffee have bigger dairy
milk enterprises
• Smaller land sizes accelerates farm intensification with trees, coffee, banana,
maize and livestock enterprises while crop diversification is significantly
enhanced by bigger land sizes.
• Fertilizer use increases significantly with the no. of coffee stems, maize value
and amount of manure applied; however distance to markets have a negative
correlation with fertilizer use
• Manure use is positively associated with labour costs, coffee bushes, TLU and
banana value but significantly reduced with higher farm crop diversity
• Labour costs can significantly affect fertilizer & manure use implying higher
costs could seriously influence farm nutrient status
21. March 12, 2014
• Farmer intensification/diversification interests with lower input but higher
return crops such as avocado shown to be significantly bigger in
decreasing and stable farms compared to the increasing ones.
• Farmers that can’t afford high costs of maintaining coffee production opt
for crops that provide food security (maize, banana). They also have
higher levels of livestock units and trees to serve as self- insurance for the
household.
• Measures such as the no. of avocado trees and milk output (dairy
activities) per farm were useful indicators to discern farm productivity
differences rather than total tree and livestock counts per farm
• It was clear that inputs such as fertilizer are tremendously reduced with
declining coffee production raising concerns that small coffee farms could
decline to low productivity systems.
• These trends would probably change with a high profitability shift in coffee.
It is therefore critical that policy makers are aware of these trends in order
to support enterprises that are attractive to farmers.
Concluding remarks