Evergreen agriculture involves maintaining trees on agricultural lands through two main approaches: (1) farmer-managed natural regeneration of indigenous trees on farmlands, as seen in Sahel countries, and (2) planting trees in annual cropping systems, common in Eastern and Southern Africa and South Asia. Key examples provided are Faidherbia albida trees intercropped with maize and leguminous trees used as green manure in places like Malawi. Research is underway to accelerate national scaling up programs in countries and address key issues like improved genetics, agronomy practices, carbon sequestration impacts, and economics and policy around agroforestry systems.

1. Evergreen Agriculture
What is it, what makes it work,
and what is the promise?
Dennis Garrity
Distinguished Board Research Fellow
World Agroforestry Centre
Drylands Ambassador, UN Convention to Combat Desertification

2. Two Major Types of
Evergreen Agriculture
(1) Farmer-Managed Natural
Regeneration of Indigenous Trees on
Farmlands, as in the Sahel
(2) Trees planted in annual cropping
systems, as in Eastern and Southern
Africa and South Asia

3. The albida halo effect

4. Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration of
Indigenous Trees in the semiarid lands of the
Sahel

5. High-density Faidherbia millet systems in Niger

6. 5 m ha of parklands dominated by Faidherbia in Niger

7. Expansion of agroforestry parklands in W Africa
A basis for a new vision of regreening the Sahel

8. Key examples of Evergreen Agriculture
in Eastern and Southern Africa
• Faidherbia albida in maize production systems
• Fodder shrubs for balanced dairy nutrition
• Mango and other fruits intercropped in maize
systems
• Grevillia robusta intercropped in maize for
timber, fodder & fuel
• Intercropped coppicing leguminous trees in
maize (eg Gliricidia in Malawi)
• Relay-cropped leguminous species managed as
annual green manure (eg Tephrosia)
• Improved fallows with leguminous species (eg
Sesbania sesban)

9. National recommendations for maize in Malawi & Zambia:
Faidherbia Fertilizer Trees at 100 trees per ha

10. Malawi National Agroforestry Food Security
Programme

11. Impact of fertilizer trees on maize yield
_______________________________________
Plot management Yield (t/ha)
Maize only 1.30
Maize + fertilizer trees 3.05
____________________________________________________________
Survey of farms in six districts (Mzimba, Lilongwe, Mulanje, Salima,
Thyolo and Machinga)

12. Kenyan Farmlands: Bold policy to achieve
>10% tree cover on farms through a
National Evergreen Agriculture Programme

13. Faidherbia albida is commonly found in cereal crop
systems in Ethiopia. Government is launching a new
programme in 2012 to plant 100 m more trees.

15. For More Information
World Agroforestry Centre
www.worldagroforestry.org
Evergreen Agriculture page
www.worldagroforestry.org/
evergreen_agriculture
Email contacts:
d.garrity@cgiar.org
–

16. The Next Phase
Accelerate the ongoing national scaling-
up programmes in Malawi, Zambia,
Burkina Faso and Niger
National Agroforestry Food Security
Programmes being developed for
Senegal, Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Kenya
Preparatory work for new programmes
under way in Tanzania, Mali, and 12
other countries

17. What are the key research issues?
Quality genetics
• More complete germplasm collection & characterization
• More extensive provenance trials
• Identification of superior seed sources
Propagation and agronomy
• Better propagation and tree establishment methods
• Determine optimum tree densities
• Elucidate optimum soil fertility synergies between organic
and inorganic nutrient sources
Carbon sequestration and climate change
• Carbon estimates (soil & above-ground) and modeling
• Methodologies for smallholder carbon projects
Biodiversity effects of agroforests on croplands
Economics, social & cultural aspects
Policy reform
Targeting & Scaling-up methodologies