Entreprenadformers påverkan på resultatet av vägförstärkningRune Fredriksson
Entreprenadformens roll för resultatet
•Traditionell utförandeentreprenads resultat kommer i huvudsak att bero på beställaren.
•Totalentreprenaden utvecklar entreprenörens arbetssätt vilket kan ha en positiv effekt på det färdiga resultatet.
•Funktionsentreprenader med krav på vägytans egenskaper och konstruktionens bärighet påverkar utvecklingen av nya produkter, bättre kvalitet och smartare utförande.
Vilken entreprenadform hade varit bäst för underhåll och rekonstruktion av Svärdsjövägen?
•På kort sikt hade en totalentreprenad med resultatkrav varit bäst. Såväl beställarens som entreprenörens och konsultens sätt att arbeta och samarbeta kan vara ett bra mellansteg i utvecklingen.
•På längre sikt kommer en funktionsentreprenad att vara bättre. Entreprenadformen fokuserar på utveckling, bästa effekt av tillgängliga medel och lägsta pris för efterfrågad funktion. Det leder till utveckling och effektivare användning av tillgängliga resurser.
Funktionsentreprenaden kan premiera de effekter som är önskvärda. Begränsad energiförbrukning, låga transportkostnader, hög trafiksäkerhet etc.
Runbasekonceptet bygger på att skjuvhållfasthetskrafterna mobiliseras vid ökande last. Ett koncept som inte bara gäller det bundna bärlagret Runbase utan även obundna konstruktioner. Ett obundet krossat berglager med en tjocklek som betryggande understiger 2 ggr den maximala stenstorleken har en mycket bättre förmåga att mobilisera skjuvhållfasthet vid belastning än ett lager där lagertjockleken överstiger den maximala stenstorleken 2 ggr eller mer.
Försök i Syd-Afrika [1] med gruvtruckar med max axellast 429 kN, bruttovikt 170-300 ton och max lufttyck 640 kPa visade på en optimal konstruktion utan plastiska deformationer bestående av 50 cm berg med max stenstorlek 300 mm på en undergrund med E=85 MPa och som slitlager 20 cm grusbärlager. Konstruktionen med krossat berg nära vägytan kunde mobilisera tillräckliga skjuvhållfasthetskrafter även vid den extrema belastning som konstruktionen utsattes för.
Forskning vid KTH i Sverige [2] samt vid Sintef i Trondheim [3] visar hur viktigt det är att de obundna lagren kan mobilisera skjuvhållfasthetskrafter när spänningen ökar.
2. Lekarp, F. (1999) ”Resilient and permanent deformation behavior of unbound aggregates under repeated loading”, PhD Thesis, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm.
3. Hoff, I. (1999) ”Material properties of unbound aggregates for pavement structures”, PhD Thesis, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim.
Dimensioning specifications define the nominal, as-modeled or as-intended geometry.
Tolerancing specifications define the allowable variation for the form and possibly the size of individual features, and the allowable variation in orientation and location between features
There are some fundamental rules that need to be applied
All dimensions must have a tolerance. Every feature on every manufactured part is subject to variation, therefore, the limits of allowable variation must be specified. Plus and minus tolerances may be applied directly to dimensions or applied from a general tolerance block or general note. For basic dimensions, geometric tolerances are indirectly applied in a related Feature Control Frame. The only exceptions are for dimensions marked as minimum, maximum, stock or reference.
Dimensions define the nominal geometry and allowable variation. Measurement and scaling of the drawing is not allowed except in certain cases.
Engineering drawings define the requirements of finished (complete) parts. Every dimension and tolerance required to define the finished part shall be shown on the drawing. If additional dimensions would be helpful, but are not required, they may be marked as reference.
Dimensions should be applied to features and arranged in such a way as to represent the function of the features. Additionally, dimensions should not be subject to more than one interpretation.
Descriptions of manufacturing methods should be avoided. The geometry should be described without explicitly defining the method of manufacture.
If certain sizes are required during manufacturing but are not required in the final geometry (due to shrinkage or other causes) they should be marked as non-mandatory.
All dimensioning and tolerancing should be arranged for maximum readability and should be applied to visible lines in true profiles.
When geometry is normally controlled by gage sizes or by code (e.g. stock materials), the dimension(s) shall be included with the gage or code number in parentheses following or below the dimension.
Angles of 90° are assumed when lines (including center lines) are shown at right angles, but no angular dimension is explicitly shown. (This also applies to other orthogonal angles of 0°, 180°, 270°, etc.)
Dimensions and tolerances are valid at 20 °C / 101.3 kPa unless stated otherwise.
Unless explicitly stated, all dimensions and tolerances are only valid when the item is in a free state.
Dimensions and tolerances apply to the length, width, and depth of a feature including form variation.
Dimensions and tolerances only apply at the level of the drawing where they are specified. It is not mandatory that they apply at other drawing levels, unless the specifications are repeated on the higher level drawing(s).
This document discusses product design and development. It covers factors that inspire product design such as identifying gaps in demand, underutilized resources, and new product ideas. It also discusses marketing factors to consider like market potential and competition. Additionally, it outlines the stages of new product development including idea generation, concept development, market strategy development, feasibility studies, product design, testing, and commercialization. Finally, it discusses the product life cycle and how investment depends on what stage the product is in such as introduction, growth, maturity, or decline.
Entreprenadformers påverkan på resultatet av vägförstärkningRune Fredriksson
Entreprenadformens roll för resultatet
•Traditionell utförandeentreprenads resultat kommer i huvudsak att bero på beställaren.
•Totalentreprenaden utvecklar entreprenörens arbetssätt vilket kan ha en positiv effekt på det färdiga resultatet.
•Funktionsentreprenader med krav på vägytans egenskaper och konstruktionens bärighet påverkar utvecklingen av nya produkter, bättre kvalitet och smartare utförande.
Vilken entreprenadform hade varit bäst för underhåll och rekonstruktion av Svärdsjövägen?
•På kort sikt hade en totalentreprenad med resultatkrav varit bäst. Såväl beställarens som entreprenörens och konsultens sätt att arbeta och samarbeta kan vara ett bra mellansteg i utvecklingen.
•På längre sikt kommer en funktionsentreprenad att vara bättre. Entreprenadformen fokuserar på utveckling, bästa effekt av tillgängliga medel och lägsta pris för efterfrågad funktion. Det leder till utveckling och effektivare användning av tillgängliga resurser.
Funktionsentreprenaden kan premiera de effekter som är önskvärda. Begränsad energiförbrukning, låga transportkostnader, hög trafiksäkerhet etc.
Runbasekonceptet bygger på att skjuvhållfasthetskrafterna mobiliseras vid ökande last. Ett koncept som inte bara gäller det bundna bärlagret Runbase utan även obundna konstruktioner. Ett obundet krossat berglager med en tjocklek som betryggande understiger 2 ggr den maximala stenstorleken har en mycket bättre förmåga att mobilisera skjuvhållfasthet vid belastning än ett lager där lagertjockleken överstiger den maximala stenstorleken 2 ggr eller mer.
Försök i Syd-Afrika [1] med gruvtruckar med max axellast 429 kN, bruttovikt 170-300 ton och max lufttyck 640 kPa visade på en optimal konstruktion utan plastiska deformationer bestående av 50 cm berg med max stenstorlek 300 mm på en undergrund med E=85 MPa och som slitlager 20 cm grusbärlager. Konstruktionen med krossat berg nära vägytan kunde mobilisera tillräckliga skjuvhållfasthetskrafter även vid den extrema belastning som konstruktionen utsattes för.
Forskning vid KTH i Sverige [2] samt vid Sintef i Trondheim [3] visar hur viktigt det är att de obundna lagren kan mobilisera skjuvhållfasthetskrafter när spänningen ökar.
2. Lekarp, F. (1999) ”Resilient and permanent deformation behavior of unbound aggregates under repeated loading”, PhD Thesis, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm.
3. Hoff, I. (1999) ”Material properties of unbound aggregates for pavement structures”, PhD Thesis, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim.
Dimensioning specifications define the nominal, as-modeled or as-intended geometry.
Tolerancing specifications define the allowable variation for the form and possibly the size of individual features, and the allowable variation in orientation and location between features
There are some fundamental rules that need to be applied
All dimensions must have a tolerance. Every feature on every manufactured part is subject to variation, therefore, the limits of allowable variation must be specified. Plus and minus tolerances may be applied directly to dimensions or applied from a general tolerance block or general note. For basic dimensions, geometric tolerances are indirectly applied in a related Feature Control Frame. The only exceptions are for dimensions marked as minimum, maximum, stock or reference.
Dimensions define the nominal geometry and allowable variation. Measurement and scaling of the drawing is not allowed except in certain cases.
Engineering drawings define the requirements of finished (complete) parts. Every dimension and tolerance required to define the finished part shall be shown on the drawing. If additional dimensions would be helpful, but are not required, they may be marked as reference.
Dimensions should be applied to features and arranged in such a way as to represent the function of the features. Additionally, dimensions should not be subject to more than one interpretation.
Descriptions of manufacturing methods should be avoided. The geometry should be described without explicitly defining the method of manufacture.
If certain sizes are required during manufacturing but are not required in the final geometry (due to shrinkage or other causes) they should be marked as non-mandatory.
All dimensioning and tolerancing should be arranged for maximum readability and should be applied to visible lines in true profiles.
When geometry is normally controlled by gage sizes or by code (e.g. stock materials), the dimension(s) shall be included with the gage or code number in parentheses following or below the dimension.
Angles of 90° are assumed when lines (including center lines) are shown at right angles, but no angular dimension is explicitly shown. (This also applies to other orthogonal angles of 0°, 180°, 270°, etc.)
Dimensions and tolerances are valid at 20 °C / 101.3 kPa unless stated otherwise.
Unless explicitly stated, all dimensions and tolerances are only valid when the item is in a free state.
Dimensions and tolerances apply to the length, width, and depth of a feature including form variation.
Dimensions and tolerances only apply at the level of the drawing where they are specified. It is not mandatory that they apply at other drawing levels, unless the specifications are repeated on the higher level drawing(s).
This document discusses product design and development. It covers factors that inspire product design such as identifying gaps in demand, underutilized resources, and new product ideas. It also discusses marketing factors to consider like market potential and competition. Additionally, it outlines the stages of new product development including idea generation, concept development, market strategy development, feasibility studies, product design, testing, and commercialization. Finally, it discusses the product life cycle and how investment depends on what stage the product is in such as introduction, growth, maturity, or decline.
A schematic showing laser plastic welded sensor housings and other electronics of a car.
Electronics make up roughly 1/3 of the cost of a car. Securely welded plastic housings ensure those electronics are well protected.
Quality and best engine provides better performance and boost our engines (vehicle's) efficiency. So it is better to follow a good engine management system.
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels using springs, shock absorbers, and linkages. It serves two main purposes - contributing to handling and braking, and protecting the vehicle and passengers from road shocks. Common suspension types include independent front suspensions like MacPherson struts and solid rear axles with leaf springs. Proper suspension provides cushioning, stability, and ride comfort while preventing excess body movement.
Welding is defined as a process where two or more pieces of metal or thermoplastics are fastened together by use of heat and pressure. The process of applying heat softens the material and enables it to affix together as one in a joint area when an adequate amount of pressure is applied. The concept of welding first developed in the middle ages, though it did not form into the process of welding as it is today until the latest years of the 19th century. Before this, a process known as “forge welding” was the only means of joining two metal objects together. Forge welding consisted of using a flame to heat metal to extremely high temperatures and then hammering each piece together until they became one. This method was replaced around the time of the industrial revolution. Electric and gas flame heating methods proved to be much safer and faster for welders. Practically every material object that has made society what it is today, was created by welded construction tools or has been welded itself.
This document provides an overview of hybrid vehicle technology, including definitions, classifications of hybrid systems, and the history and future of hybrid vehicles. Some key points:
- Hybrid vehicles use both an internal combustion engine and electric motor to propel the vehicle. Most hybrids use a high-voltage battery pack and electric motor/generator to assist a gasoline engine.
- There are three main hybrid classifications: series, parallel, and series-parallel. Series systems use just the electric motor, parallel systems can use engine or motor alone or together, and series-parallel can operate in electric or combined modes.
- Hybrid technology has improved battery designs over time from nickel-metal hydride to prismatic batteries for better performance
Human factors and ergonomics (HF&E), also known as comfort design, functional design, and systems, is the practice of designing products, systems, or processes to take proper account of the interaction between them and the people who use them.
The field has seen contributions from numerous disciplines, such as psychology, engineering, bio-mechanics, industrial design, physiology, and anthropometry. In essence, it is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body and its cognitive abilities. The two terms "human factors" and "ergonomics" are essentially synonymous
A hybrid electric vehicle combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine to improve fuel efficiency. There are two main types of hybrid configurations - parallel and series. In a parallel hybrid, both the engine and electric motor can power the wheels directly. In a series hybrid, the engine charges the battery which powers the electric motor to turn the wheels. Fuel cell hybrid vehicles use hydrogen to power an electric motor, providing emissions-free propulsion. Driving at a constant speed, avoiding abrupt stops, and driving more slowly can improve the fuel efficiency of any hybrid vehicle.
The Development Division constantly seeks to manufacture new cars by developing next-generation technology and responding sensitively to ever-changing environment and lifestyle trends. The division pursues concept, styling and design in a quest to realize the ideal car. This persistent spirit of development is the source which gives birth to next-generation cars. The Development Division is responsible for planning and visual design which bring satisfaction to customers, as well as the technical design, testing and evaluation process which support the product appeal. These various functions are made possible by the teamwork of the division.
The document discusses transport policy and funding challenges faced by the International Transport Forum (ITF). It notes that the ITF is an inter-governmental organization with 54 member countries that focuses on global transport policy issues and provides comparative statistics and research. It states that transport policy is difficult due to its impact on people's lives and different stakeholder interests. A mix of policy tools is needed, including supply, regulation, pricing, and information strategies. Funding transport requires balancing long-term impacts versus short-term results and considering who benefits and pays for investments. Knowledge sharing across countries is important given the complex nature of these issues.
A schematic showing laser plastic welded sensor housings and other electronics of a car.
Electronics make up roughly 1/3 of the cost of a car. Securely welded plastic housings ensure those electronics are well protected.
Quality and best engine provides better performance and boost our engines (vehicle's) efficiency. So it is better to follow a good engine management system.
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels using springs, shock absorbers, and linkages. It serves two main purposes - contributing to handling and braking, and protecting the vehicle and passengers from road shocks. Common suspension types include independent front suspensions like MacPherson struts and solid rear axles with leaf springs. Proper suspension provides cushioning, stability, and ride comfort while preventing excess body movement.
Welding is defined as a process where two or more pieces of metal or thermoplastics are fastened together by use of heat and pressure. The process of applying heat softens the material and enables it to affix together as one in a joint area when an adequate amount of pressure is applied. The concept of welding first developed in the middle ages, though it did not form into the process of welding as it is today until the latest years of the 19th century. Before this, a process known as “forge welding” was the only means of joining two metal objects together. Forge welding consisted of using a flame to heat metal to extremely high temperatures and then hammering each piece together until they became one. This method was replaced around the time of the industrial revolution. Electric and gas flame heating methods proved to be much safer and faster for welders. Practically every material object that has made society what it is today, was created by welded construction tools or has been welded itself.
This document provides an overview of hybrid vehicle technology, including definitions, classifications of hybrid systems, and the history and future of hybrid vehicles. Some key points:
- Hybrid vehicles use both an internal combustion engine and electric motor to propel the vehicle. Most hybrids use a high-voltage battery pack and electric motor/generator to assist a gasoline engine.
- There are three main hybrid classifications: series, parallel, and series-parallel. Series systems use just the electric motor, parallel systems can use engine or motor alone or together, and series-parallel can operate in electric or combined modes.
- Hybrid technology has improved battery designs over time from nickel-metal hydride to prismatic batteries for better performance
Human factors and ergonomics (HF&E), also known as comfort design, functional design, and systems, is the practice of designing products, systems, or processes to take proper account of the interaction between them and the people who use them.
The field has seen contributions from numerous disciplines, such as psychology, engineering, bio-mechanics, industrial design, physiology, and anthropometry. In essence, it is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body and its cognitive abilities. The two terms "human factors" and "ergonomics" are essentially synonymous
A hybrid electric vehicle combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine to improve fuel efficiency. There are two main types of hybrid configurations - parallel and series. In a parallel hybrid, both the engine and electric motor can power the wheels directly. In a series hybrid, the engine charges the battery which powers the electric motor to turn the wheels. Fuel cell hybrid vehicles use hydrogen to power an electric motor, providing emissions-free propulsion. Driving at a constant speed, avoiding abrupt stops, and driving more slowly can improve the fuel efficiency of any hybrid vehicle.
The Development Division constantly seeks to manufacture new cars by developing next-generation technology and responding sensitively to ever-changing environment and lifestyle trends. The division pursues concept, styling and design in a quest to realize the ideal car. This persistent spirit of development is the source which gives birth to next-generation cars. The Development Division is responsible for planning and visual design which bring satisfaction to customers, as well as the technical design, testing and evaluation process which support the product appeal. These various functions are made possible by the teamwork of the division.
The document discusses transport policy and funding challenges faced by the International Transport Forum (ITF). It notes that the ITF is an inter-governmental organization with 54 member countries that focuses on global transport policy issues and provides comparative statistics and research. It states that transport policy is difficult due to its impact on people's lives and different stakeholder interests. A mix of policy tools is needed, including supply, regulation, pricing, and information strategies. Funding transport requires balancing long-term impacts versus short-term results and considering who benefits and pays for investments. Knowledge sharing across countries is important given the complex nature of these issues.
The document discusses a PhD project called S-City that aims to understand how information and communication technologies (ITS) can impact mobility and safety while addressing privacy issues. It outlines how ITS has the potential to enhance mobility through information, monitoring, localization, identification, authorization, and communication technologies. However, these applications raise privacy concerns regarding lack of control over personal information, risk of social exclusion, and compromising of privacy. Examples are given of privacy issues around data retention by transportation agencies and mobile phone tracking. The document argues that privacy is important for individuals' well-being and democratic societies, and that its loss can result in harm.
The document discusses connectivity technologies that enable connected vehicles. It provides examples of applications for connected vehicles in urban and interurban areas that improve efficiency, safety, and sustainability. Connected vehicle technologies allow for wireless asset management solutions that optimize maintenance schedules based on real-time vehicle sensor data.
