Network Integration (Multimedia)
This document discusses multimedia networking and integration. It defines multimedia as the digital integration of various media types including text, graphics, images, video, animation and sound. It classifies different media as captured/natural vs synthesized/artificial, and discrete vs continuous. The document then discusses considerations for networked multimedia including large data sizes, real-time requirements, and best-effort networks. It also covers multimedia networking systems, protocols, and technologies like compression to address bandwidth limitations.
A multimedia system is characterized by the digital integration of various media types like text, graphics, sound, images and video. It allows for interactivity and uses computer networks for distribution. Ensuring quality of service is important for multimedia over networks due to the time sensitivity and synchronization needs of media. Compression techniques like lossy and lossless are used to reduce multimedia file sizes.
This is the subject slides for the module MMS2401 - Multimedia System and Communication taught in Shepherd College of Media Technology, Affiliated with Purbanchal University.
This document discusses multimedia and characterizes different types of media. It defines multimedia as any system that supports more than one type of media, such as text, graphics, speech, and music. Continuous media like audio and video are described as having a time component, whereas discrete media like text and images do not. The document also outlines properties of multimedia systems, including the combination of different media types, the independence of each media, computer-supported integration, and use as a communication system. Characteristics of continuous data streams, such as inter-packet intervals and packet size variation, are also covered.
This is the subject slides for the module MMS2401 - Multimedia System and Communication taught in Shepherd College of Media Technology, Affiliated with Purbanchal University.
Multimedia networking:
The term ‘multimedia’ refers to diverse classes of media employed to represent information.
The term ‘Networked Multimedia’ refers to the transmission and distribution of multimedia information on the network
The document discusses various multimedia file formats including RTF, TIFF, RIFF, MIDI, JPEG, AVI, MPEG, and EXIF. It provides details on the purpose and key features of each format such as how RTF is used to transfer formatted text between devices, how TIFF supports image tags, and how MIDI stores musical instrument data. The document also compares formats such as JPEG and GIF, and discusses advantages of MIDI and video file formats for delivering content over the internet.
This document discusses multimedia over IP networks. It describes how IP is used to transport various types of media such as voice, video and messaging. It also discusses multimedia conferencing using tools like Adobe Connect and Polycom that allow interacting with people worldwide through video and audio. Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) and RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) are also described as protocols used for delivering multimedia over IP networks.
A multimedia system is characterized by the digital integration of various media types like text, graphics, sound, images and video. It allows for interactivity and uses computer networks for distribution. Ensuring quality of service is important for multimedia over networks due to the time sensitivity and synchronization needs of media. Compression techniques like lossy and lossless are used to reduce multimedia file sizes.
This is the subject slides for the module MMS2401 - Multimedia System and Communication taught in Shepherd College of Media Technology, Affiliated with Purbanchal University.
This document discusses multimedia and characterizes different types of media. It defines multimedia as any system that supports more than one type of media, such as text, graphics, speech, and music. Continuous media like audio and video are described as having a time component, whereas discrete media like text and images do not. The document also outlines properties of multimedia systems, including the combination of different media types, the independence of each media, computer-supported integration, and use as a communication system. Characteristics of continuous data streams, such as inter-packet intervals and packet size variation, are also covered.
This is the subject slides for the module MMS2401 - Multimedia System and Communication taught in Shepherd College of Media Technology, Affiliated with Purbanchal University.
Multimedia networking:
The term ‘multimedia’ refers to diverse classes of media employed to represent information.
The term ‘Networked Multimedia’ refers to the transmission and distribution of multimedia information on the network
The document discusses various multimedia file formats including RTF, TIFF, RIFF, MIDI, JPEG, AVI, MPEG, and EXIF. It provides details on the purpose and key features of each format such as how RTF is used to transfer formatted text between devices, how TIFF supports image tags, and how MIDI stores musical instrument data. The document also compares formats such as JPEG and GIF, and discusses advantages of MIDI and video file formats for delivering content over the internet.
This document discusses multimedia over IP networks. It describes how IP is used to transport various types of media such as voice, video and messaging. It also discusses multimedia conferencing using tools like Adobe Connect and Polycom that allow interacting with people worldwide through video and audio. Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) and RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) are also described as protocols used for delivering multimedia over IP networks.
MMS2401 - Multimedia system and Communication NotesPratik Pradhan
This is the subject notes for the module, MMS2401 - Multimedia system and Communication Notes, taught in Bachelors of Media Technology in Shepherd College of Media Technology Affiliated with Purbanchal University.
A multimedia networking system allows for the data exchange of discrete and continuous media among computers.
This communication requires proper service and protocols for data transmission.
LAYERS: Provide a set of operations to the requesting application. Logically related services are grouped into layers according to the OSI layes.
PROTOCOL: A protocol consists of a set of rules which must be followed by peer layer instances during any communication between these two peers.
Multimedia involves combining different media types such as text, audio, images, video, and interactivity. A multimedia system is capable of processing multimedia data and applications. Key components of a multimedia system include capture devices, storage devices, communication networks, computer systems, and display devices. Examples of multimedia applications are the World Wide Web, video conferencing, interactive TV, and digital video editing systems.
This document discusses digital video, including its sources, types, and characteristics. Digital video combines graphics and audio to create dynamic content. It can originate from video cameras, film, or animation. There are different types of analog video formats like NTSC, PAL, and SECAM, as well as component video formats. Digital video solves issues with analog by providing an identical digital representation without generation loss. The main characteristics of digital video are frame rate, frame size, and color depth.
Video digitization is the process of converting an analog video signal from a video tape or camera into a digital format that can be edited on a computer. This involves connecting the video source to the computer, either through analog connections like composite video or digitally via Firewire. Video editing software is then used to capture the video, define project settings, and edit the digital video by cutting, inserting titles and effects. The final edited digital video can then be published or delivered.
This document provides information about communication systems, including their basic components and characteristics. It discusses topics such as protocols, handshaking, error detection, transmission methods, and examples of communication systems like teleconferencing and electronic commerce. Network topologies like ring, star, and bus are also summarized.
This is the subject slides for the module MMS2401 - Multimedia System and Communication taught in Shepherd College of Media Technology, Affiliated with Purbanchal University.
This document discusses key concepts in data communication including transmitters, receivers, transmission mediums, analog and digital signals, modulation, error correction, and bandwidth. It covers transmission modes like simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. Impairments during transmission like attenuation, noise, and delay are also summarized. Digital transmission uses repeaters to regenerate signals over long distances while avoiding noise amplification.
Dr.U.Priya, Head & Assistant Professor of Commerce, Bon Secours for Women, Th...PriyaU5
This document discusses digital video technology and its applications in e-commerce. It covers topics such as digital video compression, storage technologies like CD-ROMs and disk arrays, desktop video processing, and desktop video conferencing using technologies like ISDN lines and the Internet. The key advantages of digital video for e-commerce are its ability to be manipulated, transmitted, and reproduced without quality loss, as well as enabling more flexible routing through packet switching networks.
Multimedia involves four key factors: digitization of audio and visual content, networking to exchange information over communication lines, interactivity through two-way communication, and diverse human interfaces. It is a collection of technologies used to manipulate text, graphics, audio, and video. Multimedia applications accept user input and perform actions in response through interactive links.
This document discusses multimedia information representation and digitization principles. It covers the different media types used in multimedia like text, images, audio, and video. It explains how each media type is represented digitally and the encoding and decoding processes used to convert analog signals to digital and vice versa. It also discusses topics like digital sampling, quantization, signal bandwidth, encoding design, and image and text representation formats.
The document discusses multimedia systems and their components. It defines multimedia as the combination of various media types including text, graphics, audio and video. It also defines a multimedia PC as a computer capable of processing and interacting with these different media types in real time. The document then lists some common uses of multimedia and benefits before discussing key concepts like hypermedia, hypertext, and the basic building blocks of multimedia like text, images, sound, video and animation.
The document discusses various topics related to video, including how video works, different video formats and standards, and considerations for using video in multimedia projects. It explains that video places the greatest demands on hardware and requires compression to be practical. Digital video has replaced analog and compression standards like MPEG are used to reduce file sizes while still providing reasonable quality playback. Key aspects like frame rates, resolution, aspect ratios, and safe zones are discussed for different video formats and integrating video with computer displays.
The document discusses adding sound to multimedia projects. It covers digital audio, MIDI audio, audio file formats, and basic sound editing. Some key points:
- Digital audio is created by sampling sound waves and storing the data as bits and bytes. MIDI represents musical notes but not actual sound.
- Common audio file formats include WAV, AIFF, MP3, M4A. Lossy formats like MP3 save space but reduce quality slightly.
- Basic sound editing includes trimming, splicing, adjusting volume, and applying effects like fading and equalization.
- When adding sound, consider file size versus quality and set proper recording levels for a clean recording. The needs of the audience determine the
The document provides an overview of data communication components and concepts. It discusses:
- The key components of data communication including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols.
- Common data communication models including the source, transmitter, transmission system, receiver, and destination.
- Characteristics of effective data communication including delivery, accuracy, and timeliness of data transmission.
- Different types of data representation and data flow including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex transmission.
This document provides an overview of networking fundamentals. It defines a computer network and describes how networks allow users to communicate by transmitting data over connecting cables. The document then discusses key network concepts like file and print sharing, email services, directory services, and the internet. It also covers network administration, transmission types, common network types (LANs and WANs), network interface cards, IP addressing, topologies and physical components like cabling. Finally, it provides details on Ethernet and Token Ring network architectures.
The document defines and describes various components of computer networks. It discusses what a network is, types of networks including local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). It also covers network topologies like bus, star and ring topologies. Additionally, it summarizes common networking hardware such as hubs, routers, gateways and modems. The document also touches on network protocols, architectures, and characteristics of data transmission over networks.
The document provides an overview of telecommunications and networks. It defines key concepts like telecommunications, networks, bandwidth, and different types of network ranges. It describes the components of a basic telecommunications system and different telecommunications media. It also discusses network applications, security, and how telecommunications and networks are transforming organizations by removing barriers of time and distance and allowing sharing of resources.
Sept 2017 communication system and protocolsshahin raj
Photonics involves the control and use of photons in various applications. It includes optoelectronics, which uses light in electronics; quantum electronics, which involves light-matter interaction in devices like lasers; and quantum optics, which studies light's quantum properties. Photonic communications specifically applies these photonic technologies to transmit information over long distances using fiber optics. Fibers allow extremely wide bandwidth, are small and lightweight, provide immunity to electromagnetic interference, and enable transmission rates over 1 Gbit/s. Communication protocols and digital/analog transmission ensure error-free and efficient routing of data between senders and receivers.
Routers are network devices that direct traffic between networks using hardware and software for path selection and packet switching. They perform functions like path selection, packet switching, broadcast containment, VLAN linking, and security/access control. Routers operate at the network edge connecting to WAN links and the internet, at the network core as the backbone, and anywhere for tasks like network segmentation and security. A hierarchical network design using routers reduces workload, constrains broadcasts, enhances simplicity and scaling.
MMS2401 - Multimedia system and Communication NotesPratik Pradhan
This is the subject notes for the module, MMS2401 - Multimedia system and Communication Notes, taught in Bachelors of Media Technology in Shepherd College of Media Technology Affiliated with Purbanchal University.
A multimedia networking system allows for the data exchange of discrete and continuous media among computers.
This communication requires proper service and protocols for data transmission.
LAYERS: Provide a set of operations to the requesting application. Logically related services are grouped into layers according to the OSI layes.
PROTOCOL: A protocol consists of a set of rules which must be followed by peer layer instances during any communication between these two peers.
Multimedia involves combining different media types such as text, audio, images, video, and interactivity. A multimedia system is capable of processing multimedia data and applications. Key components of a multimedia system include capture devices, storage devices, communication networks, computer systems, and display devices. Examples of multimedia applications are the World Wide Web, video conferencing, interactive TV, and digital video editing systems.
This document discusses digital video, including its sources, types, and characteristics. Digital video combines graphics and audio to create dynamic content. It can originate from video cameras, film, or animation. There are different types of analog video formats like NTSC, PAL, and SECAM, as well as component video formats. Digital video solves issues with analog by providing an identical digital representation without generation loss. The main characteristics of digital video are frame rate, frame size, and color depth.
Video digitization is the process of converting an analog video signal from a video tape or camera into a digital format that can be edited on a computer. This involves connecting the video source to the computer, either through analog connections like composite video or digitally via Firewire. Video editing software is then used to capture the video, define project settings, and edit the digital video by cutting, inserting titles and effects. The final edited digital video can then be published or delivered.
This document provides information about communication systems, including their basic components and characteristics. It discusses topics such as protocols, handshaking, error detection, transmission methods, and examples of communication systems like teleconferencing and electronic commerce. Network topologies like ring, star, and bus are also summarized.
This is the subject slides for the module MMS2401 - Multimedia System and Communication taught in Shepherd College of Media Technology, Affiliated with Purbanchal University.
This document discusses key concepts in data communication including transmitters, receivers, transmission mediums, analog and digital signals, modulation, error correction, and bandwidth. It covers transmission modes like simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. Impairments during transmission like attenuation, noise, and delay are also summarized. Digital transmission uses repeaters to regenerate signals over long distances while avoiding noise amplification.
Dr.U.Priya, Head & Assistant Professor of Commerce, Bon Secours for Women, Th...PriyaU5
This document discusses digital video technology and its applications in e-commerce. It covers topics such as digital video compression, storage technologies like CD-ROMs and disk arrays, desktop video processing, and desktop video conferencing using technologies like ISDN lines and the Internet. The key advantages of digital video for e-commerce are its ability to be manipulated, transmitted, and reproduced without quality loss, as well as enabling more flexible routing through packet switching networks.
Multimedia involves four key factors: digitization of audio and visual content, networking to exchange information over communication lines, interactivity through two-way communication, and diverse human interfaces. It is a collection of technologies used to manipulate text, graphics, audio, and video. Multimedia applications accept user input and perform actions in response through interactive links.
This document discusses multimedia information representation and digitization principles. It covers the different media types used in multimedia like text, images, audio, and video. It explains how each media type is represented digitally and the encoding and decoding processes used to convert analog signals to digital and vice versa. It also discusses topics like digital sampling, quantization, signal bandwidth, encoding design, and image and text representation formats.
The document discusses multimedia systems and their components. It defines multimedia as the combination of various media types including text, graphics, audio and video. It also defines a multimedia PC as a computer capable of processing and interacting with these different media types in real time. The document then lists some common uses of multimedia and benefits before discussing key concepts like hypermedia, hypertext, and the basic building blocks of multimedia like text, images, sound, video and animation.
The document discusses various topics related to video, including how video works, different video formats and standards, and considerations for using video in multimedia projects. It explains that video places the greatest demands on hardware and requires compression to be practical. Digital video has replaced analog and compression standards like MPEG are used to reduce file sizes while still providing reasonable quality playback. Key aspects like frame rates, resolution, aspect ratios, and safe zones are discussed for different video formats and integrating video with computer displays.
The document discusses adding sound to multimedia projects. It covers digital audio, MIDI audio, audio file formats, and basic sound editing. Some key points:
- Digital audio is created by sampling sound waves and storing the data as bits and bytes. MIDI represents musical notes but not actual sound.
- Common audio file formats include WAV, AIFF, MP3, M4A. Lossy formats like MP3 save space but reduce quality slightly.
- Basic sound editing includes trimming, splicing, adjusting volume, and applying effects like fading and equalization.
- When adding sound, consider file size versus quality and set proper recording levels for a clean recording. The needs of the audience determine the
The document provides an overview of data communication components and concepts. It discusses:
- The key components of data communication including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols.
- Common data communication models including the source, transmitter, transmission system, receiver, and destination.
- Characteristics of effective data communication including delivery, accuracy, and timeliness of data transmission.
- Different types of data representation and data flow including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex transmission.
This document provides an overview of networking fundamentals. It defines a computer network and describes how networks allow users to communicate by transmitting data over connecting cables. The document then discusses key network concepts like file and print sharing, email services, directory services, and the internet. It also covers network administration, transmission types, common network types (LANs and WANs), network interface cards, IP addressing, topologies and physical components like cabling. Finally, it provides details on Ethernet and Token Ring network architectures.
The document defines and describes various components of computer networks. It discusses what a network is, types of networks including local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). It also covers network topologies like bus, star and ring topologies. Additionally, it summarizes common networking hardware such as hubs, routers, gateways and modems. The document also touches on network protocols, architectures, and characteristics of data transmission over networks.
The document provides an overview of telecommunications and networks. It defines key concepts like telecommunications, networks, bandwidth, and different types of network ranges. It describes the components of a basic telecommunications system and different telecommunications media. It also discusses network applications, security, and how telecommunications and networks are transforming organizations by removing barriers of time and distance and allowing sharing of resources.
Sept 2017 communication system and protocolsshahin raj
Photonics involves the control and use of photons in various applications. It includes optoelectronics, which uses light in electronics; quantum electronics, which involves light-matter interaction in devices like lasers; and quantum optics, which studies light's quantum properties. Photonic communications specifically applies these photonic technologies to transmit information over long distances using fiber optics. Fibers allow extremely wide bandwidth, are small and lightweight, provide immunity to electromagnetic interference, and enable transmission rates over 1 Gbit/s. Communication protocols and digital/analog transmission ensure error-free and efficient routing of data between senders and receivers.
Routers are network devices that direct traffic between networks using hardware and software for path selection and packet switching. They perform functions like path selection, packet switching, broadcast containment, VLAN linking, and security/access control. Routers operate at the network edge connecting to WAN links and the internet, at the network core as the backbone, and anywhere for tasks like network segmentation and security. A hierarchical network design using routers reduces workload, constrains broadcasts, enhances simplicity and scaling.
The document discusses network standards and models including:
- Network communication involves recognizing data, dividing it into chunks, and adding information to determine source/destination and for error checking before sending.
- Standards are needed for hardware/software from different vendors to communicate through standard protocols that control tasks like these.
- There are formal standards developed by standards bodies and de facto standards that emerge in the marketplace.
- Key networking standards organizations that develop standards through specification, identification of solutions, and acceptance processes are ANSI, IEEE, ISO, and ITU.
Sept 2017 static routing and packet forwardingshahin raj
Router 1 receives a packet destined for 192.168.2.0/24 on its FastEthernet 0/0 interface. It does not have a route to this network in its routing table, so it uses the default static route. Router 2 has the packet arrive on its Serial 0/0/0 interface and forwards it out Serial0/0/1 according to its static route to 192.168.2.0/24. Router 3 receives the packet on Serial0/0/1 and forwards it out its FastEthernet 0/1 interface since it has a connected route to 192.168.2.0/24.
The document discusses a network management model where manager applications communicate with managed objects through management protocols. A manager station runs manager applications to monitor and control network elements through agents using communication protocols. The management pyramid shows different levels of network management from business to element management. Network management involves functional areas like fault, configuration, accounting, and performance management across various network types and stages from planning to operation.
This document summarizes the key ways that a person can become a Malaysian citizen according to the Constitution:
1. Citizenship can be acquired by operation of law, such as being born in Malaysia to Malaysian parents.
2. Citizenship can also be obtained through registration, such as a woman marrying a Malaysian citizen.
3. A person over age 21 can apply for naturalization if they have lived in Malaysia for a period of time and intend to reside permanently.
4. When new territories join Malaysia, Parliament will determine citizenship for residents of those areas.
Dynamic routing protocols dynamically share routing information between routers to automatically update routing tables when network topologies change and determine the best path to destinations. They discover remote networks, maintain up-to-date routing information, choose the best path to destination networks, and find new paths when the current path is unavailable. Dynamic routing protocols are grouped and classified based on their routing algorithm, protocol messages, whether they are interior or exterior gateway protocols, and if they are distance vector or link state protocols.
Traditional network design was based on general rules and focused on capacity planning rather than optimization. A top-down approach begins by analyzing customer requirements and applications before selecting devices. The network design life cycle includes phases for analysis, design, implementation, operation, optimization, and retirement. Key aspects of network analysis and design involve understanding customer needs, prioritizing performance requirements, and recognizing necessary trade-offs during optimization.
1. The document discusses network integration and communication architectures, describing layered network models like OSI and TCP/IP.
2. It explains key aspects of each layer in the OSI model and their functions in facilitating communication across a network.
3. The physical and data link layers deal with physical transmission and frame handling, while higher layers include network, transport, and application layers.
Higher Education Management Information System - ARMMCharlie Calimlim
This document summarizes an orientation workshop on collecting and processing higher education data for the 2006-2007 academic year. It outlines the workshop activities which include revisiting the purpose of collecting education data and building a knowledge bank. It then describes the data collection forms that institutions need to complete by certain deadlines, and provides contact information for questions.
The document describes the components and boot sequence of a Cisco router. It includes:
- ROM, flash memory, and NVRAM store the router operating system and configurations.
- During boot, the router performs POST, loads IOS from flash using bootstrap, and loads the startup configuration from NVRAM.
- The configuration register controls the boot process and can force certain modes like ROM monitor for troubleshooting.
Morgan Philips Group est une structure indépendante de conseils en RH. Nous proposons une offre de services complète destinée à tout type d’entreprise : Executive Search, Recrutement de cadres en CDI, CDD et intérim, Management de Transition et solutions d’Outplacement.
Nous avons créé un modèle extrêmement innovant qui permet de RECRUTER VOS TALENTS MIEUX, PLUS VITE ET MOINS CHER.
Nous avons donc travaillé et repensé les deux principaux maillons de la chaîne de valeur du recrutement que sont le sourcing et le consulting.
Nos consultants s’appuient sur la puissance du modèle Morgan Philips :
- 3 centres de recherche de talents qui nous permettent de considérer en moyenne 10 fois plus de candidats,
- Une diffusion de nos offres d’emploi à plus de 9 millions de candidats potentiels tous les mois sur les réseaux sociaux.
- Des outils d’assessment performants qui évaluent en profondeur la personnalité des candidats ainsi que leur adéquation avec la culture de votre entreprise.
- Une communauté de plusieurs milliers d’experts qui nous facilitent l’identification des talents cachés qui ne sont pas en recherche et difficiles à localiser sur le web.
- L’utilisation d’applications digitales uniques qui permettent aux entreprises de rencontrer leurs futurs talents plus efficacement et plus rapidement :
Nos outils innovants nous permettent d’offrir nos services à des honoraires extrêmement compétitifs.
Une présence Internationale :
Paris - Genève - Londres - Zürich - Bruxelles – Luxembourg - Frankfort -Düsseldorf - Boston – Afrique & Moyen Orient - Beijing - Shanghai - Guangzhou - Hong Kong - Taiwan – Singapour.
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En savoir-plus sur nos différentes marques >> www.morganphilipsgroup.com
Azure intoduksjon for it pro 02 data protection publicMorgan Simonsen
Session 2 from the Azure Introduction for IT Pros event held at the Microsoft Norway offices in March 2015.This session explains storage redundancy, backup and disaster discovery features in Azure.
Este documento presenta una rubrica de evaluación para una unidad sobre funciones y derivadas. Evalúa diferentes temas a través de diversas actividades y modalidades como cuestionarios, exámenes, talleres, tareas y foros, asignando un valor numérico a cada actividad. Los temas incluyen funciones, límites, continuidad, derivadas, aplicaciones de la derivada y más.
Este documento presenta la unidad 4 de práctica de la multiplicación. La unidad dura 3 semanas e incluye objetivos como calcular mentalmente, practicar la propiedad conmutativa y asociativa, y repasar conceptos geométricos como rectas y ángulos. Las actividades propuestas son cálculo mental, contenidos, operativa, resolución de problemas, geometría y medición e interpretación de datos.
Building Azure RemoteApp - Microsoft Campus Days 2014Morgan Simonsen
Azure RemoteApp is Remote Desktop-as-a-Service. It combines the Azure platform capabilities with the proven technology of Remote Desktop Sessions and the RDP Protocol. This is the session I gave at the Microsoft Campus Days 2014 in Copenhagen, Denmark.
El documento habla sobre la moda juvenil y la publicidad. Define la publicidad como el conjunto de estrategias para dar a conocer un producto a la sociedad utilizando los medios de comunicación. Explica que la moda juvenil se basa en gustos, usos y costumbres de un período de tiempo. Luego discute las ventajas e inconvenientes de la moda para los jóvenes y ofrece algunos consejos sobre cómo vestirse.
1. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a cell-switching and multiplexing technology that combines the benefits of circuit switching and packet switching. It uses fixed-length cells to carry information across networks.
2. ATM networks are built using ATM switches and end-points. Switches are connected via User-Network Interfaces (UNI) and Network-Network Interfaces (NNI). Common ATM end-points include workstations, routers, and video codecs.
3. ATM provides guaranteed bandwidth through virtual circuits established over packet-switched networks. It is highly scalable and efficient for transmitting voice and video due to its small, fixed-length cells.
Evaluación, calificación y rúbrica presentacion prof. torres 2015 (1)ruddy arias cepeda
Este documento discute conceptos clave relacionados con la evaluación, calificación y uso de rúbricas en educación. Explora definiciones de evaluación, los tipos de evaluación (formativa y sumativa), y factores a considerar para elaborar instrumentos y procesos de evaluación efectivos, como involucrar a los estudiantes y proveer retroalimentación útil. El objetivo general es optimizar las estrategias de evaluación para mejorar el aprendizaje y logro de objetivos de los estudiantes.
This document provides an overview of multimedia applications and technologies for delivering multimedia over the Internet. It discusses the characteristics and requirements of different types of multimedia applications including voice, audio, and video. It introduces various technologies used for real-time multimedia communications over IP networks, such as Voice over IP, streaming audio/video, IPTV, codecs, and protocols like RTP that help address challenges of delivering delay-sensitive multimedia over best-effort IP networks. The document aims to define multimedia applications, introduce relevant Internet technologies, and raise issues in delivering multimedia applications.
The document discusses different types of multimedia including text, images, audio, and video. It describes how these different media types are represented digitally and transmitted over various network types such as telephone networks, data networks, broadcast television networks, integrated services digital networks, and broadband multimedia networks. It provides examples of applications that integrate different multimedia types such as teleconferencing, internet telephony, and image sharing over facsimile.
Data Representation in Data Communication (1).pptxmoviebro1
Data can be represented in different forms such as text, numbers, images, audio, and video. Text is represented using character encoding systems like Unicode and ASCII. Numbers are stored as binary patterns without encoding. Images are represented as a matrix of pixels, each assigned a binary pattern depending on the image type (black/white or color). Audio is continuous data while video combines pictures and audio. Data communication involves transmitting data between devices via transmission mediums. Effective communication depends on delivery, accuracy, timeliness, and jitter. Components include messages, senders, receivers, transmission mediums, and protocols. Modes of transmission are simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. Computer networks connect devices using transmission media
Multimedia involves integrating different types of digital media like text, graphics, images, audio and video. A multimedia system processes multimedia data using a computer and digitally represents all information. It has an interactive interface and integrated components. Multimedia applications include interpersonal communication using video calls, interactive websites, and entertainment like video on demand.
This document defines multimedia and describes its key components. Multimedia is defined as a combination of text, graphics, sound, animation and video delivered interactively via electronic means. The document discusses various multimedia elements including video, audio, images, maps and documents. It also covers multimedia applications, systems architecture, data interface standards and storage media. Common input devices for multimedia like pen, light pen, image scanners and MIDI are explained. Display and printing technologies such as CRT, LCD, inkjet and laser printers are also outlined.
Multimedia communication notes for engineers.pdfananya142
The document discusses different types of multimedia and applications. It describes how text, images, audio and video can be represented digitally and transmitted over networks. It covers various network types used for multimedia communication, including telephone networks, data networks, broadcast television networks, integrated services digital networks, and broadband multiservice networks. Applications of multimedia include interpersonal communication, interactive applications over the internet, and entertainment applications like video calls, video conferencing, voice mail and internet telephony.
This document discusses various WAN technologies and protocols. It covers circuit switching, message switching, packet switching, connection-oriented and connectionless services. Specific technologies covered include X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, broadband ISDN, FDDI, satellite communication, polling, and ALOHA.
This document discusses distributed multimedia systems and provides an overview of key concepts:
- Multimedia applications have large data streams and strict quality of service requirements for timely delivery. Distributed multimedia systems require management of resources like bandwidth, latency, and jitter.
- Quality of service (QoS) management involves admission control, negotiation of resource needs, and real-time scheduling to meet application deadlines.
- The Tiger video file server is presented as a case study of a scalable, fault-tolerant distributed system that uses striping and mirroring to provide video on demand with quality guarantees.
Cs8092 computer graphics and multimedia unit 4SIMONTHOMAS S
This document provides an overview of multimedia system design and multimedia file handling. It discusses multimedia basics and system architecture. Key topics covered include defining objects for multimedia systems, multimedia data interface standards, compression and decompression, data and file format standards, and multimedia I/O technologies. It also examines digital voice and audio, video, image and animation, and full motion video. Storage and retrieval technologies are also mentioned.
Introduction to Audiovisual Communications.
The presentation gives a big picture of different technologies involved in the Audio and Video Communication systems.
This document discusses Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) as a connection-oriented, high-speed switching and transmission technology that uses fixed-size cells. It describes ATM's architecture including its layers, cell format, connection types, and quality of service categories. ATM evolved from B-ISDN standards and uses cells to transport information across networks while avoiding issues of mixed frame sizes.
IPTV supports multicast and unicast transmission of TV content. Multicast transmits the same content to multiple receivers simultaneously, while unicast transmits different content to each receiver. Video and audio are encoded using codecs into a compressed transport stream. The Real-time Transport Protocol controls media servers by issuing commands and maintains state between clients and servers for unicast transmission. Quality of experience for IPTV relies on error-free delivery to avoid issues like pixelation.
This document outlines the course Fundamentals of Computer Networks. It discusses the goals of conveying principles and mechanisms to build scalable computer networks that can grow globally and support diverse applications. The course covers topics like routing, end-to-end protocols, congestion control, wireless networks, and applications through a combination of lectures, practical assignments, and conceptual assignments. It also provides an outline of the first lecture covering requirements, architecture, implementation, and an overview of chapters in the textbook.
This document discusses network protocols, structure, and scope. It defines what a network protocol is and describes some common protocols like Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, and ATM. It also discusses different types of network structures including peer-to-peer and client-server models, and various network topologies like bus, star, ring, and mesh. Finally, it covers the scope of different network types including local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), home area networks (HANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus networks, metropolitan area networks (MANs), virtual private networks (VPNs), backbone networks, and global area networks (GANs).
This document discusses network protocols and structure. It defines what a network protocol is and describes some common protocols like Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, and ATM. It also discusses different types of network models and structures including local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), home area networks (HANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus networks, metropolitan area networks, virtual private networks (VPNs), backbone networks, and global area networks (GANs). Finally, it covers different network topologies like bus, star, mesh, and ring topologies.
The document discusses multimedia communications and provides definitions and examples of multimedia. It describes the basic elements of multimedia as text, graphics, animation, video, and audio. It then discusses characteristics of multimedia systems and various multimedia applications such as presentations, e-books, digital libraries, e-learning, movie making, video games, and more. The document also covers the different types of networks used for multimedia communications including telephone networks, data networks, broadcast television networks, integrated services digital networks, and broadband multiservice networks.
Digital communication standards like SONET, E-carrier, and T-carrier were developed to define rules for digital data transmission over networks. SONET uses optical fiber and operates at high data rates, transporting digital signals in frames. Industry standards are set by organizations like ISO, ITU-T, IEEE, and ANSI to coordinate compatibility across networks and devices globally. Standards ensure interoperability and allow for continued network growth.
The document provides an introduction to multimedia communications including definitions of multimedia, the basic elements of multimedia, characteristics of multimedia systems, and examples of multimedia applications. It then discusses different types of networks used for multimedia communications including telephone networks, data networks, and broadcast television networks. Finally, it describes multimedia networks and how telephone networks, data networks, and broadcast television networks operate and are integrated to support multimedia applications.
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Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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2. What is multimedia?
• Definition of multimedia
– Hard to find a clear-cut definition
– In general, multimedia is an integration of text, graphics,
still and moving images, animation, sounds, and any other
medium where every type of information can be
represented, stored, transmitted and processed digitally
• Characteristics of multimedia
– Digital – key concept
– Integration of multiple media type, usually including video
or/and audio
– May be interactive or non-interactive
3. Various Media Types
• Text, Graphics, image, video, animation, sound, etc.
• Classifications of various media types
– Captured vs. synthesized media
• Captured media (natural) : information captured from the real world
Example: still image, video, audio
• Synthesized media (artificial) : information synthesize by the computer
Example: text, graphics, animation
– Discrete vs. continuous media
• Discrete media: spaced-based, media involve the space dimension only
• Continuous media: time-based, media involves both the space and the
time dimension
4. 4
Classification of Media Type
Sound Video
Image
Animation
Text Graphics
Captured
From real world
Synthesized
By computer
Discrete Discrete
Continuous Continuous
5. Text
• Plain text
– Unformatted
– Characters coded in binary form
– ASCII code
– All characters have the same style and font
• Rich text
– Formatted
– Contains format information besides codes for characters
– No predominant standards
– Characters of various size, shape and style, e.g. bold, colorful
6. 6
Plain Text vs. Rich Text
An example of Plain text Example of Rich text
7. 7
Graphics
• Revisable document that retains structural information
• Consists of objects such as lines, curves, circles, etc
• Usually generated by graphic editor of computer programs
-4
-2
0
2
4
-4
-2
0
2
4
-10
-5
0
5
10
Example of
graphics (FIG file)
8. 8
Images
• 2D matrix consisting of pixels
– Pixel—smallest element of resolution of the image
– One pixel is represented by a number of bits
– Pixel depth– the number of bits available to code the pixel
• Have no structural information
• Two categories: scanned vs. synthesized still image
Computer
software
Capture and
A/D conversion
Digital still image
Synthesized
image
Scanned
image
Camera
9. 9
Sound
• 1-D time-based signal
• Speech vs. non-speech sound
– Speech – supports spoken language and has a semantic content
– Non-speech – does no
– t convey semantics in general
• Natural vs. structured sound
– Natural sound – Recorded/generated sound wave represented as digital
signal
• Example: Audio in CD, WAV files
– Structured sound – Synthesize sound in a symbolic way
• Example: MIDI file
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
10. EE442 Multimedia Networking 10
Networked Multimedia
• Local vs. networked multimedia
– Local: storage and presentation of multimedia information in standalone
computers
• Sample applications: DVD
– Networked: involve transmission and distribution of multimedia
information on the network
• Sample applications: videoconferencing, web video broadcasting,
multimedia Email, etc.
Internet
Video server
Image serverA scenario of multimedia networking
11. Consideration of Networked Multimedia
• Characteristics of multimedia information
– Large data volume
Exercise: What is the size of a video clip of 60 minutes if the frame size is
640*480, the pixel depth is 24, and the frame rate is 24 fps?
– Real-time property
• Continuous display
• Delay requirement of multimedia applications
• Properties of current Internet
– Limitation of bandwidth
– Best effort network, cannot guarantee quality of multimedia applications
– Heterogeneity
• Different user requirements
• Different user network conditions
12. Consideration of Networked
Multimedia
• Requirements of multimedia applications on the network
– Delay requirement
– Quality requirement
• Satisfactory quality of media presentation
• Synchronization requirement
• Continuous requirement (no jerky video/audio)
• Can tolerant some degree of information loss
• Challenges of multimedia networking
– Conflict between media size and bandwidth limit of the network
– Conflict between the user requirement of multimedia application and the
best-effort network
– How to meet different requirements of different users?
13. Technologies of Multimedia
Networking
• Media compression – reduce the data volume
Address the1st challenge
– Image compression
– Video compression
– Audio compression
• Multimedia transmission technology
Address the 2nd and 3rd challenges
– Protocols for real-time transmission
– Rate / congestion control
– Error control
14. Multimedia Networking Systems
• Live media transmission system
– Capture, compress, and transmit the media on the fly (example?)
• Send stored media across the network
– Media is pre-compressed and stored at the server. This system delivers the
stored media to one or multiple receivers. (example?)
• Differences between the two systems
– For live media delivery:
• Real-time media capture, need hardware support
• Real-time compression– speed is important
• Compression procedure can be adjusted based on network conditions
– For stored media delivery
• Offline compression – better compression result is important
• Compression can not be adjusted during transmission
15. 15
Generic Media Streaming System
Video
Encoder
Input video
Compressed
Video
Streaming
Server
Internet
ReceiverVideo
Decoder
Video Display
Error control, rate
control can be done
here to improve QoS
Error control, provide
feedback to the sender
Compressed Video
Video Packets
16. Synchronous Time Division
Multiplexing
• Data rate of medium exceeds data rate of
digital signal to be transmitted
• Multiple digital signals interleaved in time
• May be at bit level of blocks
• Time slots preassigned to sources and fixed
• Time slots allocated even if no data
• Time slots do not have to be evenly
distributed amongst sources
19. TDM Link Control
• No headers and trailers
• Data link control protocols not needed
• Flow control
– Data rate of multiplexed line is fixed
– If one channel receiver can not receive data, the others must carry on
– The corresponding source must be quenched
– This leaves empty slots
• Error control
– Errors are detected and handled by individual channel systems
22. ATM
• By the mid 1980s, three types of communication
networks had evolved.
• The telephone network carries voice calls, television
network carries video transmissions, and newly
emerging computer network carries data.
• Telephone companies realized that voice
communication was becoming a commodity service
and that the profit margin would decrease over time.
• They realized that data communication was
increasing.
• The telecommunication industry decided to expand
its business by developing networks to carry traffic
other than voice.
23. Goal of ATM (extremely ambitious)
• Universal Service
• Support for all users
• Single, unified infrastructure
• Service guarantees
• Support for low-cost Devices
24. ATM
• The phone companies created Integrated Service
Digital Network (ISDN) and Asynchronous Transfer
Mode (ATM).
• ATM is intended as a universal networking
technology that handles voice, video, and data
transmission.
• ATM uses a connection-oriented paradigm in which
an application first creates a virtual channel (VC),
uses the channel for communication, and then
terminates it.
• The communication is implemented by one or more
ATM switches, each places an entry for the VC in its
forwarding table.
25. ATM
• There are two types of ATM VCs: a PVC is
created manually and survive power failures,
and an SVC is created on demand.
• When creating a VC, a computer must specify
quality of service (QoS) requirements.
• The ATM hardware either reserves the
requested resources or denies the request.
26. Development of ATM
• ATM designers faced a difficult challenge because the
three intended uses (voice, video, and data) have
different sets of requirements.
• For example, both voice and video require low delay
and low jitter (i.e. low variance in delay) that make it
possible to deliver audio and video smoothly with
gaps or delays in the output.
• Video requires a substantially higher data rate than
audio.
• Most data networks introduce jitter as they handle
packets.
27. Development of ATM
• To allow packet switches to operate at high
speeds and to achieve low delay, low jitter, and
echo cancellation, ATM technology divides all
data into small, fixed-size packets called cells.
• Each ATM cell contains exactly 53 octets.
• 5 octets for header
• 48 octets for data
28. ATM Cell Structure
Flow Control VPI (First 4 bits)
VPI (Last 4 bits) VCI (First 4 bits)
VCI (Middle 8 bits)
VCI (Last 4 bits) Payload
type
PRIO
Cyclic Redundancy Check
Bits: 0 7
48 Data Octets start here
29. ATM design and cells
• ATM was designed to be completely general. We will
large cell for data and small cell for voice.
• In ATM, cell size is chosen as a compromise between
large cells and small cells.
• Header is 10% of the payload area.
• In Ethernet: data => 1500 octets
header => 14 octets
cell tax =>1%
• In ATM: data => 48 octets
header => 5 octets
cell tax => 10%
30. ATM : Connection oriented
• After the establishment of a connection
between sender and receiver, the network
hardware returns a connection identifier (a
binary value) to each of the two computers.
• When sender sends cells, it places the
connection identifier in each cell header.
• When it receives a cell, an ATM switch
extracts the connection identifier and consults
a table to determine how to forward the cell.
31. VPI/VCI
• Formally, an ATM connection is known as a virtual
channel (VC).
• ATM assigns each VC a 24-bit identifier that is
divided into 2 parts to produce a hierarchy.
• The first part, a virtual path identifier (VPI), specifies
the path the VC follows through the network.
• A VPI is 8 bits long.
• The second part, a Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI),
specifies a single VC within the path.
• A VCI is 16 bits long.
33. ATM Protocol Layer
• Physical Layer: The lowest layer in the ATM protocol. It
describes the physical transmission media. We can use
shielded and unshielded twisted pair, coaxial cable, and fiber-
optic cable.
• ATM Layer: It performs all functions relating to the routing
and multiplexing of cells over VCs. It generates a header to the
segment streams generated by the AAL. Similarly, on receipt
of a cell streams, it removes the header from the cell and pass
the cell contents to the AAL protocol. To perform all these
functions, the ATM layer maintains a table which contains a
list of VCIs.
34. ATM Protocol Layer
• ATM Adaptation Layer: Top layer in the ATM protocol
Model. It converts the submitted information into streams of
48-octet segments and transports these in the payload field of
multiple ATM cells. Similarly, on receipt of the stream of cells
relating to the same call, it converts the 48-octet information
field into required form for delivery to the particular higher
protocol layer. Currently five service types have been defined.
They are referred to as AAL1-5. AAL1 and AAL2 are
connection oriented. AAL1 provides a constant bit rate (CBR)
service, where as AAL2 provides a variable bit rate (VBR)
service. Initially, AAL 3 was defined to provide connection
oriented and VBR service. Later, this service type was dropped
and it is now merged with AAL 4. Both AAL ¾ and AAL 5
provide a similar connectionless VBR service.
35. Disadvantages
• ATM has not been widely accepted. Although
some phone companies still use it in their
backbone networks.
• The expense, complexity and lack of
interoperability with other technologies have
prevented ATM from becoming more
prevalent.
36. Disadvantages
• Expense: ATM technology provides a comprehensive lists of
services, even a moderate ATM switch costs much more than
inexpensive LAN hardware. In addition, the network interface
card needed to connect a computer to an ATM network is
significantly more expensive than a corresponding Ethernet
NIC.
• Connection Setup Latency: ATM’s connection-oriented
paradigm introduces significant delay for distant
communication. The time required to set up and tear down the
ATM VC for distant communication is significantly larger than
the time required to use it.
37. Disadvantages
• Cell Tax: ATM cell headers impose a 10% tax on all data
transfer. In case of Ethernet, cell tax is 1%.
• Lack of Efficient Broadcast: Connection-oriented networks
like ATM are sometimes called Non Broadcast Multiple
Access (NBMA) networks because the hardware does not
support broadcast or multicast. On an ATM network, broadcast
to a set of computers is ‘simulated’ by arranging for an
application program to pass a copy of the data to each
computer in the set. As a result, broadcast is in efficient.
38. Disadvantages
• Complexity of QoS: The complexity of the
specification makes implementation
cumbersome and difficult. Many
implementations do not support the full
standard.
• Assumption of Homogeneity: ATM is designed
to be a single, universal networking system.
There is minimal provision for interoperating
with other technologies