Sentences with reduced clauses
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This document provides instruction on how to use reduced adjective and adverb clauses in sentences. It explains that in a reduced adjective clause, the adjective connector and any following be-verb are omitted. If there is no be-verb, the connector is omitted and the verb is changed to the -ing form. For reduced adverb clauses, the connector remains but the subject and any be-verb are omitted. If there is no be-verb, the subject is omitted and the main verb is changed to the -ing form. Examples are given to illustrate proper use of reduced clauses.
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Verbals+powerpoint
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The document discusses adverb phrases and clauses. It defines an adverb phrase as a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb. An adverb clause also modifies verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, but includes a subject and verb. The document provides examples of forming adverbs from adjectives and comparing adverbs, and explains how adverb phrases and clauses are used in sentences.
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Grammar in brief
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2. Modifier usage is also covered, including adjectives, adverbs, comparatives, superlatives, numbers, and negation. Guidelines are provided for adjective-adverb confusion, dangling modifiers, and adjective order.
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Words and Their Context
You have now explored in a practical way a number of different aspects of language and learning, including the difference between implicit and explicit knowledge of rules, rule discovery, the grammar of spoken and written English, phonology, and linguistic and communicative competence. I now want to turn to the significance of grammatical and communicative contexts for understanding words and grammatical structures. For example, in this unit you will study not only the grammar of the passive, but also the contexts in which it is used.
The unit begins with a look at what we can find out about a word in a dictionary and includes an activity to test your knowledge of grammar terminology. It finishes with a look at some of the reasons why words and patterns change over time and the question of what we consider to be 'correct' modern English.
Dictionaries can give teachers and learners an overall view of a word, with information about its many different aspects. So it's a good idea to get to enjoy using dictionaries. I'm therefore starting this unit with an activity to test your knowledge of what a dictionary can tell you about a word.
1. What information might a dictionary give about a word you look up (for example, its pronunciation)? Make a note of your ideas.
2. Now look up the word kneel in a dictionary and see what information is given. Summarize what you found.
Comment
1. Dictionaries can tell you about a word's:
pronunciation (including where the stress lies)
meaning(s)
word class(es)
different forms (for example past tense, plural)
usage
origin.
2. You could have found the following information about kneel:
how it is pronounced
that it is a verb
that it is intransitive (see below)
that it has alternative past tense forms: knelt or kneeled
that kneeled is used particularly in the United States
that kneel down is a phrasal verb
that it means fall or rest on the knees or a knee
that it comes from an old English word, cneowlian.
In a dictionary like Cobuild or The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, you will also find examples showing you how the word can be used: for example, He kneels beside the girl or Lottie knelt down to pray. We are also given the -ing form of the verb and an example: The kneeling figure was Mary Darling.
Transitive and intransitive verbs
A dictionary always tells you whether a verb is transitive or intransitive, that is, whether it can be followed by an object or not.
The verb 'lost' is transitive because we can put a noun after it. The verb yawned is intransitive because we can't put a noun after it.
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Source: https://ebookschoice.com/words-and-their-context/
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verbs of English principle lesson for teaching
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Sentences with reduced clauses
- 1. Sentences with reduced clauses Skill 13 - 14
- 2. Skill 13: Use reduced adjective clause correctly In the reduced form, the adjective clause connector and the be-verb that directly followed it are omitted: The woman who is waving to us is the tour guide. The woman waving to us is the tour guide. The letter which was written last week arrived today. The letter written last week arrived today.
- 3. When there is NO be-verb in the adjective clause, the connector is omitted and the verb is changed into the –ing form. I don't understand the article which appears in today’s paper I don't understand the article appearing in today’s paper.
- 4. An adjective clause can appear in a reduced form only if the adjective clause connector is followed directly by a verb. The woman that I just met is the tour guide. (not reduced) The letter which you send me arrived yesterday. (not reduced)
- 5. REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES With a be-verb in the adjective clause (ADJECTIVE CONNECTOR/SUBJECT) (BE) (who which that) With NO be verb in the adjective clause (ADJECTIVE CONNECTOR/SUBJECT) (VERB + ING) (who which that) • To reduce and adjective clause, omit the adjective clause connector/subject and the be-verb. • If there is NO be-verb, omit the connector/subject and change the main verb to the –ing form. • Only reduce an adjective clause if the connector/subject is directly followed by the verb. • If an adjective clause is set off with comas, the reduced clause can be moved the front of the sentences.
- 6. Skill 14: Use reduced adverb clause correctly In the reduced form, the adverb connector remains, but the subject and the be-verb are omitted: When you are ready, you can begin your speech When ready, you can begin your speech.
- 7. Skill 14: Use reduced adverb clause correctly When there in NO be-verb in the adverb clause, the subject is omitted and the main verb is changed into the –ing form: When you give your speech, you should speak loudly and distinctly When giving your speech, you should speak loudly and distinctly.
- 8. It should be noted that not all adverb clause can appear in reduced form, and number of adverb clause can only be reduced if the verb is in the passive form. Once you submit your thesis, you will graduate. Active – does not reduce Once it is submitted, your thesis will be reviewed. Once submitted, your thesis will be reviewed. Passive – does reduce
- 9. REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSE With a be-verb in the adverb clause (ADVERB CONNECTOR) (SUBJECT) (BE) With NO be-verb in the adverb clause (ADVERB CONNECTOR) (SUBJECT) (VERB + ING) TIME CONDITION CONTRAST PLACE MANNER Reduces in ACTIVE After Before Since While If Unless Whether Although Though Reduces In PASSIVE Once Until When Wheneve r If Unless Whether Although Though Where Wherever As • To reduce an adverb clause, omit the subject and the be-verb from the adverb clause. • If there is NO be-verb, then omit the subject and change the verb to the –ing form.