The document contains 10 figures and 1 table presenting data on life expectancy, mortality rates, and socioeconomic disparities in the United States compared to other countries. Figure 1 shows that US life expectancy lags behind 23 other developed countries from 1950-2011. Figure 2 shows the US infant mortality rate is higher. Table 1 provides data on education, income inequality, health insurance coverage, and mortality rates broken down by ethnicity in the US circa 2010. Figures 3-5 and 7-8 present trends in age-standardized mortality rates by ethnicity in the US and cities over time. Figures 6 and 9-10 compare life expectancy by ethnicity and state to other developed countries.

1. Tables And Figures To Accompany
Prepared Testimony
Nicholas Eberstadt, Ph.D.
Henry Wendt Chair in Political Economy
American Enterprise Institute
<eberstadt@aei.org>
Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions
Subcommittee on Primary Health and Aging
U.S. Senate
Washington, D.C.
November 20, 2013

2. Figure 1
Life Expectancy at Birth, USA vs. 23 Never-Communist
OECD countries, 1950-2011 (years)
85
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Denmark
Finland
80
France
Germany
Iceland
75
Ireland
Israel
Italy
70
Japan
Luxembourg
Netherlands
65
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Spain
60
Sweden
Switzerland
UK
55
USA
Source: Human Mortality Database. University of California, Berkeley (USA), and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (Germany).
Available at www.mortality.org, Accessed November 15, 2013.

3. Figure 2
Infant Mortality Rate for the USA and 23 Never-Communist OECD
countries, 1950-2011 (deaths per 1000 births)
100
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
90
Denmark
Finland
80
France
Germany
70
Iceland
Ireland
60
50
40
Israel
Italy
Japan
Luxembourg
Netherlands
30
New Zealand
Norway
20
Portugal
Spain
10
Sweden
Switzerland
0
UK
USA
Source: Human Mortality Database. University of California, Berkeley (USA), and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (Germany).
Available at www.mortality.org, Accessed November 15, 2013.

4. Table 1
Socioeconomic Disparities and Mortality in the United States, by Ethnicity, c. 2010
Percent
Adults Age 25+
without High
school Degree
(2009)
Poverty Rate
(2010)
White, not
Hispanic
Asian Pacific
Gini Coefficient
for Family
Income (2010)
Percent with no
health insurance
(2010)
Age-Adjusted
Percentage of
Adults Age 18+
With no Health
Care Visits over
Previous 12
Months (2009)
Age standardized
mortality rate
(2008-2010)
Index of Age
Standardized
Mortality
2008-2010
(All = 100)
9.9
9.6
0.418
11.7
16.5
755.0
101
12.2
14.7
0.427
18.4
24.2
424.3
57
120
Black, not
Hispanic
27.4
(classified as
Black alone)
18.6
0.463
20.8
19.7
898.2
(classified as
Black or African
American)
Hispanic
(any race)
26.5
39.1
0.456
30.7
29.8
558.6
75
All
15.1
14.7
0.440
16.3
19.5
747.0
100
Sources: Poverty Rate: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2011 Annual Social and Economic Supplements,
http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstables/032011/pov/POV01_100.htm; Education: Camille L. Ryan and Julie Siebens, Educational attainment in
the United States: 2009, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P20-556 (February 2012), Table 1,
http://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/p20-566.pdf ; Gini coefficient for family income: U.S. Census Bureau, “Historical Income Tables: Income
Inequality”, Table F-4, http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/inequality/ ; Health Insurance: Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadetter
D. Proctor, Jessica C. Smith, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-239, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United
States: 2010, Figure 7 and Table 8, http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p60-239.pdf ; Health Care Use: Schiller JS, Lucas JW, Peregoy JA. Summary health
statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2011. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 10(256). 2012., Table 35,
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_256.pdf ; Mortality: Centers for Disease Control/National Center for Health Statistics,
Health, United States, 2012, Table 20, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/contents2012.htm#fig01 . All Data Accessed November 15, 2013.

5. Figure 3
Age Standardized Mortality for Females by Ethnicity:
USA, 1980-2010
1,100.0
1,000.0
900.0
800.0
700.0
600.0
500.0
400.0
300.0
All
Black or African American
Asian or Pacific Islander
Hispanic or Latino
White, not Hispanic or Latino
Source: CDC/NCHS, National Vital Statistics System, Compressed Mortality File, See Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System (NVSS),
Health, United States, 2012, Table 25, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/contents2012.htm#fig01 , Accessed November 15, 2013

6. Figure 4
Age Standardized Mortality for Males by Ethnicity:
USA, 1980-2010
1,900.0
1,700.0
1,500.0
1,300.0
1,100.0
900.0
700.0
500.0
300.0
1980
1982
All
1984
1986
1988
Black or African American
1990
1992
1994
Asian or Pacific Islander
1996
1998
2000
Hispanic or Latino
2002
2004
2006
2008
White, not Hispanic or Latino
Source: CDC/NCHS, National Vital Statistics System, Compressed Mortality File, See Appendix I, National Vital Statistics System
(NVSS), Health, United States, 2012, Table 25, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/contents2012.htm#fig01 , Accessed November 15, 2013
2010

7. Figure 5
Life Expectancy at Birth in Los Angeles County by Ethnicity, 2001-2010
with 2010-12 Poverty Rate by Ethnicity
88
2010 Asian
Poverty Rate:
12.7%
86
2010 Hispanic
Poverty Rate:
23.7%
84
Life Expectancy
82
80
2010 White,
non Hispanic
Poverty Rate: 10.2%
78
76
2010 Black
Poverty Rate:
24.2%
74
72
70
2001
2002
Life Expectancy Legend:
2003
2004
Asian/Pacific Islander
2005
2006
Black
Hispanic
2007
2008
2009
White
Sources: Life expectancy dataset, County of Los Angeles, Department of Public
Health, https://dqs.publichealth.lacounty.gov/query.aspx?d=3, Accessed November 15, 2013;
Poverty Rate Statistics: Poverty Status in the Past (S1701): Los Angeles County, U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2010-2012
2010

8. Figure 6
Life Expectancy at Birth by Race/Ethnicity in New York City, 2001-2010;
with Poverty Rate at 2010 by Ethnicity
2010 Hispanic
Poverty Rate
27.9%
2010
White, nonHispanic
Poverty Rate
12.1%
2010 Black
Poverty Rate
23.0%
Sources: NYC DOHMH Bureau of Vital statistics from Li W, Maduro G, Begier EM. Life Expectancy in New York City: What
Accounts for the Gains? New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene: Epi Research Report, March 2013; 1-12.
Poverty Rate Statistics: Poverty Status in the Past 12 months(S1701): New York City, New York, U.S. Census
Bureau, American Community Survey, 2010.

9. Figure 7
Age Standardized Mortality by Race/Ethnicity in New York City, 1990-2006;
with 2006 NYC poverty rate by ethnicity
2006 Black
21.4%
2006
White, nonHispanic
10.9%
2006
Hispanic
28.6%
2006
Asian
17.9%
Notes: Rates are age adjusted. Asian data prior to 1993 excluded due to changes in category definition.
Sources: US Census 1990 and 2006; NYC DOHMH neighborhood population estimates, 2000-2006; Bureau of Vital Statistics, NYC DOHMH, 1990-2006
from Myers C, Olson C, Kerker B, Thorpe L., Greene C., Farley T. Reducing Health Disparities in New York City: Health Disparities in Life Expectancy
and Death. New York: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 2010. Poverty Rate Statistics: Poverty Status in the Past (S1701): New
York City, New York, U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2005.

10. Figure 8
Source: Bureau of Vital Statistics, NYC DOHMH, and New York State Dept. Health Bureau of Biometrics, 2004-2006 combined; NYC neighborhood
population estimates, 2004-2006 combined from Myers C, Olson C, Kerker B, Thorpe L., Greene C., Farley T. Reducing Health Disparities in New York
City: Health Disparities in Life Expectancy and Death. New York: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 2010.

11. Figure 9
Life Expectancy at Birth, 2007 in Years:
OECD Nations vs. African Americans by State
84
82
80
78
76
74
70
District of Columbia
West Virginia
Turkey
Louisiana
Arkansas
Mississippi
Estonia
Alabama
Nebraska
Oklahoma
Tennessee
Michigan
Missouri
Wisconsin
Illinois
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
Hungary
Kentucky
Ohio
Indiana
North Carolina
Kansas
Texas
United States
Georgia
Virginia
California
Iowa
Maryland
Slovakia
Poland
Minnesota
Nevada
New Jersey
Florida
Mexico
Delaware
Czech Republic
Slovenia
Washington
Chile
Connecticut
Arizona
Colorado
Portugal
Oregon
Denmark
Massachusetts
South Korea
New York
Finland
Rhode Island
Belgium
Luxembourg
Austria
Greece
United Kingdom
Ireland
Norway
Germany
New Zealand
Netherlands
Iceland
Israel
Sweden
Spain
France
Canada
Australia
Italy
Switzerland
Japan
72
Source: OECD Data: United States Census Bureau. International Programs. International Data Base. Mortality Indicators by Sex.
http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/informationGateway.php (Accessed: November 17, 2013)
US Data: HD Index and Supplemental Indicators By State, 2010-11 Dataset, Measure of America, Social Science Research Council,
http://measureofamerica.org/maps/?area=States&race=All&sex=All&year=Year2010&index=Life%20Expectancy%20at%20Birth%20%28years%29
(Accessed: Jan. 9, 2013)

12. 70
Turkey
Estonia
Hungary
Slovakia
West Virginia
Poland
Mexico
Oklahoma
Alabama
Mississippi
Kentucky
Nevada
Czech Republic
Arkansas
Slovenia
Louisiana
Tennessee
Chile
Georgia
South Carolina
Texas
Portugal
Indiana
Missouri
North Carolina
Wyoming
Denmark
Ohio
South Korea
Kansas
Maine
Finland
United States
New Mexico
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Michigan
Montana
Belgium
Luxembourg
Maryland
Alaska
Idaho
Rhode Island
Virginia
Austria
Illinois
Greece
Nebraska
United Kingdom
California
New Hampshire
Vermont
Washington
Ireland
Florida
Norway
Iowa
New Jersey
Wisconsin
Germany
Colorado
Hawaii
Utah
New Zealand
Arizona
Massachusetts
Netherlands
Iceland
Connecticut
New York
Israel
Sweden
North Dakota
Spain
South Dakota
France
Canada
Minnesota
Australia
Italy
Switzerland
Japan
District of Columbia
Figure 10
Life Expectancy at Birth, 2007 in Years:
OECD Nations vs. White Americans by State
84
82
80
78
76
74
72
Source: OECD Data: United States Census Bureau. International Programs. International Data Base. Mortality Indicators by Sex.
http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/informationGateway.php (Accessed: November 17, 2013)
US Data: HD Index and Supplemental Indicators By State, 2010-11 Dataset, Measure of America, Social Science Research Council,
http://measureofamerica.org/maps/?area=States&race=All&sex=All&year=Year2010&index=Life%20Expectancy%20at%20Birth%20%28years%29
(Accessed: Jan. 9, 2013)

13. 90
88
86
84
82
80
78
76
74
72
70
Turkey
Estonia
Hungary
Slovakia
Poland
Mexico
Czech Republic
Slovenia
Chile
Hawaii
Portugal
Denmark
Mississippi
Alabama
Louisiana
South Korea
Oklahoma
Finland
New Mexico
Belgium
Luxembourg
Arkansas
Kentucky
Tennessee
Austria
Greece
United Kingdom
Ireland
South Carolina
Norway
Germany
Georgia
North Carolina
New Zealand
Netherlands
Missouri
Ohio
Iceland
Israel
Indiana
Sweden
Michigan
Colorado
Spain
Maryland
Pennsylvania
France
Canada
Delaware
Virginia
Texas
Arizona
Australia
Italy
Switzerland
Oregon
Rhode Island
Wisconsin
Iowa
Japan
Florida
Minnesota
United States
California
Connecticut
New York
Idaho
Utah
Nebraska
Kansas
Washington
New Jersey
Massachusetts
Illinois
Nevada
Figure 11
Life Expectancy at Birth, 2007 in Years:
OECD Nations vs. Hispanic Americans by State
Source: OECD Data: United States Census Bureau. International Programs. International Data Base. Mortality Indicators by Sex.
http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/informationGateway.php (Accessed: November 17, 2013)
US Data: HD Index and Supplemental Indicators By State, 2010-11 Dataset, Measure of America, Social Science Research Council,
http://measureofamerica.org/maps/?area=States&race=All&sex=All&year=Year2010&index=Life%20Expectancy%20at%20Birth%20%28years%29
(Accessed: Jan. 9, 2013)

14. 94
92
90
88
86
84
82
80
78
76
74
72
70
Turkey
Estonia
Hungary
Slovakia
Poland
Mexico
Czech Republic
Slovenia
Chile
Portugal
Denmark
South Korea
Finland
Belgium
Luxembourg
Austria
Greece
United Kingdom
Ireland
Norway
Germany
New Zealand
Netherlands
Iceland
Israel
Sweden
Spain
France
Canada
Australia
Italy
Switzerland
Hawaii
Oklahoma
Louisiana
Japan
Tennessee
South Carolina
North Carolina
Ohio
Missouri
Indiana
Kansas
Wisconsin
Minnesota
Utah
Florida
Oregon
California
Washington
United States
Nevada
Pennsylvania
Virginia
Texas
Georgia
Michigan
Maryland
New York
Illinois
Massachusetts
Colorado
New Jersey
Arizona
Connecticut
Figure 12
Life Expectancy at Birth, 2007 in Years:
OECD Nations vs. Asian Americans by State
Source: OECD Data: United States Census Bureau. International Programs. International Data Base. Mortality Indicators by Sex.
http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/informationGateway.php (Accessed: November 17, 2013)
US Data: HD Index and Supplemental Indicators By State, 2010-11 Dataset, Measure of America, Social Science Research Council,
http://measureofamerica.org/maps/?area=States&race=All&sex=All&year=Year2010&index=Life%20Expectancy%20at%20Birth%20%28years%29
(Accessed: Jan. 9, 2013)

15. Figure 13
Infant Mortality Rate (2009) vs. Poverty Rate (2010):
US Native born vs. Foreign born mothers by ethnicity
14
Black
12
Infant Mortality Rate
10
8
Black
All
6
Hispanic
Asian
White
All
4
Asian
Hispanic
White
2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Poverty Rate
Native born mother
Foreign born mother
Source: Infant mortality rate: T.J. Mathews and Marian MacDorman, Infant Mortality Statistics From the 2009 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death Data
Set, National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol 61, No. 8, January 24, 2013, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_08.pdf.
Poverty Rate data: Center for Immigration Studies, “Poverty, Welfare, and the Uninsured,” Immigrants in the United States: A profile of America’s
Foreign born Population, Table 10, http://cis.org/node/3876#poverty, Accessed November 15, 2013.
35

16. Table 2
Infant Mortality Rate by Ethnicity, marital status, and education level,
2007-2009
8th grade
or less
Married
NonHispanic
Black
9th-12th
grade, no
diploma
High
school
graduate Some
or GED
college, no Bachelor's Master's
completes degree
degree
degree
Doctorate or
Professional
degree
Total
10.25
10.77
10.48
8.5
5.56
9.44
12.55
14.84
13.06
11.74
10.21
12.86
12.81
Married
NonHispanic
White
6.42
8.37
5.6
4.58
3.28
2.97
Unmarried
NonHispanic
White
8.43
10.03
7.53
5.66
5.66
Unmarried
NonHispanic
Black
3.58
4.24
7.13
Source: United States Department of Health and Human Services (US DHHS), Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for
Health Statistics (NCHS), Division of Vital Statistics (DVS), Linked Birth / Infant Death Records 2007-2009 on CDC WONDER On-line Database. Accessed
at http://wonder.cdc.gov/lbd-current.html on Nov 17, 2013

17. Figure 14
Gestational age-specific infant mortality rates,
United States vs. selected European countries, 2004
1,000.00
100.00
10.00
1.00
22–23 weeks
Scotland
Northern Ireland
24–27 weeks
Denmark
28–31 weeks
Finland
Austria
England and Wales
32–36 weeks
United States
37 and over
Norway
Sweden
Source: Marian MacDorman and T.J. Mathews, Behind international rankings of infant mortality: How the United States compares with
Europe, Table 2, International Journal of Health Services, Volume 40, Number 4, Pages 577–588, 2010.