Piero Iamartino, EIPG Vice-President
Presentation at Malta Qualified Persons Association-European Industrial Pharmacists Group-University of Malta joint seminar “The Successes And Challenges Of Today’s Pharmaceutical Industry”, Malta 2008.
Biosimilars
A biosimilar is a biological medicine highly similar to another already approved biological medicine (the 'reference medicine'). (A medicine whose active substance is made by a living organism.)
Biologicals
Biological medicines contain active substances from a biological source, such as living cells or organisms and are often produced by cutting-edge technology.
Biological medicinal product
Biological Medicinal Products, also known as biologics or biologicals, are medicinal products that are manufactured using biotechnology processes and derived from living organisms or their products. They can include vaccines, blood products, gene therapies, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, and other complex biological substances.
Biological Investigational Medicinal Product
Refer to biological products that are being investigated in clinical trials or research studies to evaluate their safety, efficacy, or pharmacokinetic properties. These products have not yet received marketing authorization and are still in the experimental phase.
In the European Union, A biological substance is referred as the active ingredient in biological products.
A "biological substance" is defined as "a substance that is produced by or extracted from a biological source
That requires a combination of physico-chemical-biological testing, along with the production process and its control, for its characterization and the determination of its quality.“
Examples: Immunologic medicines
Medicines derived from human blood and plasma
Medicines developed by means of recombinant DNA technology
Hybridoma and mAb methods
Advanced therapy medicinal products
The requirements of the EU centralized procedure.
The approval standards for biotechnology products are the same as for chemically synthesized medicines.
Both types of products must be safe and effective and have appropriate quality.
MAA for a biotechnology product must meet the standard dossier submission requirements
MAA must generally comply with the CTD format, including with respect to
Module I (administrative information, including labelling)
Module 2 (various summaries)
Module 3 (chemical, pharmaceutical, and biological information)
Module 4 (nonclinical reports)
Module 5 (clinical study reports)
The EU has approved the highest number of biosimilars worldwide, and consequently has the most extensive experience of their use and safety.
EMA has issued scientific guidelines to help developers conform to the strict regulatory requirements for approving biosimilars.
The guidelines have evolved to keep pace with rapid advances in biotechnology and analytical sciences, and they take on board increasing experience of clinical use.
All medicines produced using biotechnology and those for specific indications must be approved in the EU through EMA
Some biosimilars may be approved at national level, such as some low-molecular weight heparins derived from porcine intestinal mucosa.
Biosimilars
A biosimilar is a biological medicine highly similar to another already approved biological medicine (the 'reference medicine'). (A medicine whose active substance is made by a living organism.)
Biologicals
Biological medicines contain active substances from a biological source, such as living cells or organisms and are often produced by cutting-edge technology.
Biological medicinal product
Biological Medicinal Products, also known as biologics or biologicals, are medicinal products that are manufactured using biotechnology processes and derived from living organisms or their products. They can include vaccines, blood products, gene therapies, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, and other complex biological substances.
Biological Investigational Medicinal Product
Refer to biological products that are being investigated in clinical trials or research studies to evaluate their safety, efficacy, or pharmacokinetic properties. These products have not yet received marketing authorization and are still in the experimental phase.
In the European Union, A biological substance is referred as the active ingredient in biological products.
A "biological substance" is defined as "a substance that is produced by or extracted from a biological source
That requires a combination of physico-chemical-biological testing, along with the production process and its control, for its characterization and the determination of its quality.“
Examples: Immunologic medicines
Medicines derived from human blood and plasma
Medicines developed by means of recombinant DNA technology
Hybridoma and mAb methods
Advanced therapy medicinal products
The requirements of the EU centralized procedure.
The approval standards for biotechnology products are the same as for chemically synthesized medicines.
Both types of products must be safe and effective and have appropriate quality.
MAA for a biotechnology product must meet the standard dossier submission requirements
MAA must generally comply with the CTD format, including with respect to
Module I (administrative information, including labelling)
Module 2 (various summaries)
Module 3 (chemical, pharmaceutical, and biological information)
Module 4 (nonclinical reports)
Module 5 (clinical study reports)
The EU has approved the highest number of biosimilars worldwide, and consequently has the most extensive experience of their use and safety.
EMA has issued scientific guidelines to help developers conform to the strict regulatory requirements for approving biosimilars.
The guidelines have evolved to keep pace with rapid advances in biotechnology and analytical sciences, and they take on board increasing experience of clinical use.
All medicines produced using biotechnology and those for specific indications must be approved in the EU through EMA
Some biosimilars may be approved at national level, such as some low-molecular weight heparins derived from porcine intestinal mucosa.
Regulatory requirnment and approval procedure of drugs in japan pptsandeep bansal
this ppt is about all the rules and regulations of drugs in Japan.this ppt contains the PMDA structure, DMF data, IND and NDA procedure, cosmetic regulations, post marketing survelliance etc.
The slides explain 21 CFR Part 812. It includes all the guidelines to be followed by any manufacturer and investigator while manufacturing and investigating the safety, efficacy of the medical device.
plasma master file is a EU requirement for the apploval of the biologics or the biosimilars to the EU in a eCTD format or Nees as per the requirement type and should contain the above given details
NSF International and its role in Dietary supplements & Nutraceutical industr...SyedArshiya4
This presentation will allow the reader to know about NSF international its history, mission, NSF Mark, role in Dietary supplements and Nutraceutical industries. It also give information on testing, inspection, certification of products.
Product lifecycle management: process of managing the entire lifecycle of a product from its conception, through design and manufacture, to service and disposal.
It contains details rules and regulations /legislation of Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics, Active Substance Masters File, Investigational Medicinal Product Dossier for European Union
Herbal products, also known as botanical products or phytomedicines, are products made from plants to treat diseases or maintain health.
Herbal products are made by extracting active ingredients from plant parts, such as leaves, bark, roots, seeds, or flowers.
Herbal products, including dietary supplements, are regulated by the FDA. However, unlike pharmaceutical drugs, they do not require pre-market approval. Instead, manufacturers are responsible for ensuring the quality and safety of their products.
The FDA establishes Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regulations for dietary supplements to ensure quality control during manufacturing.
The safety of herbal products in the USA is overseen by various regulatory agencies, primarily the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).
To ensure a high degree of safety and effectiveness of herbal products and quality control standards during the manufacturing of herbal supplements and medicines, AHPA published GACP (Good Agriculture and Collection Practices) guideline in the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia.
plasma master file in European countries and requirements in letter of intent...Sanjay batra
it includes that what is plasma master file, principles, procedure to file PMF, strategy involved, administration information, certification procedure & inspection
Herbal medicines are popular because of experience and the abundant
availability of plants in India due to its varied climatic zones. India has
around 45,000 species of plants, out of which 15,000–20,000 plants have
proven medicinal value.
Regulatory requirnment and approval procedure of drugs in japan pptsandeep bansal
this ppt is about all the rules and regulations of drugs in Japan.this ppt contains the PMDA structure, DMF data, IND and NDA procedure, cosmetic regulations, post marketing survelliance etc.
The slides explain 21 CFR Part 812. It includes all the guidelines to be followed by any manufacturer and investigator while manufacturing and investigating the safety, efficacy of the medical device.
plasma master file is a EU requirement for the apploval of the biologics or the biosimilars to the EU in a eCTD format or Nees as per the requirement type and should contain the above given details
NSF International and its role in Dietary supplements & Nutraceutical industr...SyedArshiya4
This presentation will allow the reader to know about NSF international its history, mission, NSF Mark, role in Dietary supplements and Nutraceutical industries. It also give information on testing, inspection, certification of products.
Product lifecycle management: process of managing the entire lifecycle of a product from its conception, through design and manufacture, to service and disposal.
It contains details rules and regulations /legislation of Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics, Active Substance Masters File, Investigational Medicinal Product Dossier for European Union
Herbal products, also known as botanical products or phytomedicines, are products made from plants to treat diseases or maintain health.
Herbal products are made by extracting active ingredients from plant parts, such as leaves, bark, roots, seeds, or flowers.
Herbal products, including dietary supplements, are regulated by the FDA. However, unlike pharmaceutical drugs, they do not require pre-market approval. Instead, manufacturers are responsible for ensuring the quality and safety of their products.
The FDA establishes Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regulations for dietary supplements to ensure quality control during manufacturing.
The safety of herbal products in the USA is overseen by various regulatory agencies, primarily the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).
To ensure a high degree of safety and effectiveness of herbal products and quality control standards during the manufacturing of herbal supplements and medicines, AHPA published GACP (Good Agriculture and Collection Practices) guideline in the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia.
plasma master file in European countries and requirements in letter of intent...Sanjay batra
it includes that what is plasma master file, principles, procedure to file PMF, strategy involved, administration information, certification procedure & inspection
Herbal medicines are popular because of experience and the abundant
availability of plants in India due to its varied climatic zones. India has
around 45,000 species of plants, out of which 15,000–20,000 plants have
proven medicinal value.
Presentation by Timo Ligi and Erik Akse for the workshop organised by SIGMA on Improving the Analytical Quality of Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) reports taking place in Budva, Montenegro on 18-19 May 2016.
Presentation on Involving stakeholders to ask the right questions, Heleen de Coninck, Radboud University, given at Session 3a at EPA H2020 SC5 Info Day 7.10.16
Webinar on Environmental Footprint Screening studyMarisa Vieira
This slides deck includes the materials used in the webinar we hosted on the screening study for the Environmental Footprint pilot phase. We gave this webinar on behalf of the Environmental Footprint team from the European Commission.
A better understanding of the OECD Test Guidelines Programme and the validati...OECD Environment
The two presentations in the video offer clear explanations of how the OECD Test Guidelines Programme operates, the key actors and partners. The second presentation illustrates how a validation body has been actively contributing to the Programme. A number of challenges are also identified moving forward with new approach methods.
This was the presentation to experts attending our task's first webinar in April 2012. Their feedback fed into the reworking of the draft workplan, which was presented and accepted at the ExCo meeting in May 2012.
Presentation by Karen Hill, Head of SIGMA, at the regional conference on Public Administration Reform Challenges in Western Balkan Countries held at the OECD in Paris, 4 December 2015
Presentation slides from a webinar that updated attendees on the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board’s proposed standard for Audits of Less Complex Entities (ISA for LCE), including changes since the Exposure Draft and the forecasted project timeline, as well as provide an opportunity for participants to ask questions.
Presentation: TGA manufacturing principles update - Adoption of PIC/S Guide t...TGA Australia
2018 has posed many changes for the TGA regulated Pharmaceutical manufacturing industry with the TGA legislating version 13 of the PIC/S guide to GMP for medicinal products which included several changes to both the general chapters and the relevant Annexes. With the implementation transitioning through to the end of December, Manufacturers and Sponsors need to be informed and actively implementing these changes. Additionally, a draft version of Annex 1 has also been released which has the potential to significantly impact sterile manufacturing requirements.
Maurizio Battistini, EIPG Vice-President
EIPG Presentation at Pharmaceutical Supply Chains I, a training school organised by Cost Action CA15105: European Medicines Shortages Research Network – addressing supply problems to patients (Medicines Shortages), Lisbon 2017
Claude Farrugia, EIPG President
EIPG Presentation at European Clinical Trial Day, an international conference organised by AFI and Regione Lombardia, endorsed by EIPG, Milan 2017
Claude Farrugia, EIPG Vice-President
EIPG Presentation at VAPI-UPIP Seminar “Implementation of the new Delegated Act on Falsified Medicines”, Limelette 2016.
Prof Kristien De Paepe
Presentation at EIPG - Royal Pharmaceutical Society Scientific Symposium "Advances in Technology Impacting the Pharmaceutical Industry" at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow 2015.
Dr Gavin Halbert
Presentation at EIPG - Royal Pharmaceutical Society Scientific Symposium "Advances in Technology Impacting the Pharmaceutical Industry" at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow 2015.
Prof Clive Badman OBE
Presentation at EIPG - Royal Pharmaceutical Society Scientific Symposium "Advances in Technology Impacting the Pharmaceutical Industry" at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow 2015.
Prof Angela Timoney
Presentation at EIPG - Royal Pharmaceutical Society Scientific Symposium "Advances in Technology Impacting the Pharmaceutical Industry" at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow 2015.
Prof Alastair Florence
Presentation at EIPG - Royal Pharmaceutical Society Scientific Symposium "Advances in Technology Impacting the Pharmaceutical Industry" at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow 2015.
Jean Pierre Paccioni, EIPG President
Presentation at EIPG – BIPA Symposium “Clinical Trials Research” at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia 2014.
Jacques Morénas, Deputy Director, Inspection Division, ANSM
Presentation at EIPG – BIPA Symposium “Clinical Trials Research” at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia 2014.
Borislav Borissov, Former Head of BDA
Presentation at EIPG – BIPA Symposium “Clinical Trials Research” at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia 2014.
Georgina Gal, Regulatory Affairs Manager, AbbVie, Hungary
Presentation at EIPG – BIPA Symposium “Clinical Trials Research” at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia 2014.
More from European Industrial Pharmacists Group (20)
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
1. Qualified Person
and
Mi D i tiMinor Deviations
P. Iamartino – EIPG Italian Delegate
Malta, 18th April 2008
2. Overview
• EMEA Reflection PaperEMEA Reflection Paper
• EIPG Working Group
• Comments of Interested Parties
• Conclusions• Conclusions
3. EMEA Reflection Paperp
• It was published on March 2006p
• It deals with minor deviations from the
details described in the MA
• It is recognized that “ from time to time• It is recognized that from time to time
minor deviations from the details set out in
h l dthe MA application do occur”
4. EMEA Reflection Paperp
• The issue is whether a QP may certify and
l h b hrelease such batches
• No harmonised approach exists in the EU• No harmonised approach exists in the EU
• The proposal deals with the one-off type ofThe proposal deals with the one off type of
deviations
• Recurrent deviations are outside the scope
of the EMEA proposalof the EMEA proposal
5. EMEA Reflection Paperp
A simple and pragmatic approach is proposedA simple and pragmatic approach is proposed,
based on:
1. responsibility of QP to make decisions
2. principles of quality risk management
3. documentation made available on request
6. EMEA Reflection Paperp
Application criteria:
• deviation is minor, one-off, unplanned
d i ti t ff ti f t ffi• deviation not affecting safety or efficacy
• API and finished products specs not involvedp p
• to assess the need of an on-going stability test
• QRM to be integrated into the QA system
• all deviations to be reviewed as part of the AQR
7. EMEA Reflection Paperp
• To minimise the occurrence of deviations it• To minimise the occurrence of deviations, it
is requested to remove unnecessary details
from MA application
• Any deviation which may affect the safety or• Any deviation which may affect the safety or
efficacy or compromises the overall quality
must result in a QP decision not to release the
batch
8. EMEA Reflection Paperp
• A feedback was requested to all interested
parties
• Amendment to Annex 16 was pointed outAmendment to Annex 16 was pointed out
• In February 2007 a new request of reply, on ay q p y,
structured form, was issued
• A meeting with industry representatives and
associations was planned by September 2007p y p
9. EIPG Working Groupg p
• QP responsibilities and duties is part of
G i lEIPG strategic plan
• A Working Group was set up in Prague• A Working Group was set up in Prague
(2007 G.A.) to prepare a reply to EMEA
• All delegations were invited to give their
comments and contributionscomments and contributions
• An official EIPG document was submittedAn official EIPG document was submitted
to EMEA on September 2007
10. EIPG Working Groupg p
Innovative Issues
• promotion of quality risk management
i i lprinciples
• increase of QP discretion power and• increase of QP discretion power and
extension of responsibilities
• benefit in time response and in flexibility
from Regulatory Bodiesfrom Regulatory Bodies
11. EIPG Working Groupg p
Critical Issues
• a cultural change is required for the
i l t ti f QRM i i limplementation of QRM principles
• reducing level of details in MA seemsreducing level of details in MA seems
difficult to be applied to existing dossiers
• more flexible approach is required for
dealing with recurrent deviationsdealing with recurrent deviations
12. EIPG Working GroupEIPG Working Group
Key PointsKey Points
• incorporation into EU GMPsp
(Annex 16 and other sections of GMPs)
• QP responsibilities and duties• QP responsibilities and duties
• QP reliance on the quality system
• extension of the principles to IMPs
13. Comments of Interested Parties
Meeting held in London on 26 Sept 2007 with:
APIC/CEFICAPIC/CEFIC
EFPIA
EGAEGA
EIPG
EQPA
EVM
IFAH-EU
ISPEISPE
PDA
PPTAPPTA
AESGP
14. Comments of Interested Parties
• Most of Interested Parties presentedMost of Interested Parties presented
detailed comments and suggestions
• EFPIA took the lead of the discussion
• A common position was agreed
A presentation as made to EMEA• A presentation was made to EMEA
15. Comments of Interested Parties
• Reflection Paper generally welcomedReflection Paper generally welcomed
• Most companies not aware of the
Reflection Paper
• Proposal of EMEA not accepted byProposal of EMEA not accepted by
Authorities in some Member States
St t d i l l f d t il• Strong support on reducing level of details
in MA dossiers
16. Comments of Interested Parties
QP discretion should be broadened
to include:
t d i tirecurrent deviations
minor changes, pending approval of a filed
variation
OOS deviations for non critical attributes
deviations from IMP dossier
not impacting safety or efficacy
17. Comments of Interested Parties
• To extend the scope to any minor deviation
(starting and packaging materials specs IPCs)(starting and packaging materials specs, IPCs),
provided that safety and efficacy are met
• To clarify that the QP involved in release of
intermediate stage products may adopt the sameg p y p
principles
T l if th t it i t l t• To clarify that it is not always necessary to
perform a formal risk assessment, but an
i f l l i i t blinformal analysis is acceptable
18. Comments of Interested Parties
• The Reflection Paper is too limited as itThe Reflection Paper is too limited, as it
does not allow for the full qualification and
t bilit f th QP i b t h laccountability of the QP in batch release
decision
• Interested Parties ready to actively
contrib te to re ision of Anne 16 andcontribute to revision of Annex 16 and
GMPs to harmonise the QP role
19. Comments of Interested Parties
All comments presented to EMEAAll comments presented to EMEA
Principles of the Reflection Paper accepted
by all Member States
Harmonisation on QP role expectedHarmonisation on QP role expected
Agreement on the Annex 16 revision
Further discussion required before
implementationp
20. Conclusions
1. EIPG was officially recognised among the1. EIPG was officially recognised among the
European professional bodies
2. Broadening of QP discretion power is the
key issue for the next futurey
3. QP qualification and professional
development is part of EIPG strategic plan