What is livelihood? What is Rural Livelihood? Importance of Rural livelihood? how to uplift the livelihood of Rural people? Various measures to be taken to make the lives of rural people better Mobility map

1. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE , RAICHUR .
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION
SEMINAR
WAYS TO UPLIFT RURAL LIVELIHOODS

2. What is a livelihood?
• The livelihood of a household or individual can be interpreted as their means of
living. their means of living is based on their capabilities, assets(financial, physical,
human, natural resources and social) and activities.
• Livelihoods consist of both generation of income as well as the ownership of assets
that reduces the vulnerability of marginalized communities.
• A livelihood is sustainable when it:
1. Can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks, and
2. Can maintain or build on available capabilities and assets and,
3. Does not undermine the natural resource base.

3. What are rural livelihoods?
• Rural livelihoods create the economic, social and cultural space wherein rural
families are bound to make their living.
• The rural livelihoods approach places people at the centre of development, and
focuses on building assets and skills so that women and men can access new for
income generation and employment.
Why livelihood?
A livelihoods perspective encourages a broader understanding and examination
of factors, institutions and processes that can explain the differing success with which
rural households make a living.

5. 1. The primary right to promote livelihoods is the belief in the essential right of all
human beings to get an equal opportunity ensuring a stable livelihood over a period of
time.
2. The second reason is to promote economic growth and helps people getting in
steadier incomes through livelihood promotion.
3. The third is to bring social and political stability in the villages.
Thus, we can see that there are idealistic, utilitarian and plain self interest based
arguments for livelihood promotion. but the main qustion that arises is how to promote
livelihoods?

6. Sustainable Livelihood approaches are not new and they are build upon the
decades of thinking about best ways to approach development problems, and
incorporate many of the tools and methods which are familiar.
• SL brings all the issues together at the same time and combines tham with a core
emphasis on poverty elimination, on people (rather than on resources or project
outputs) and on the importance of working simultaneously at tha local and at higher
levels and with both the public and private sector.
What is a sustainable livelihood approach?
The two key components of SLA are
1. A framework that helps in understanding the complexites of poverty
2. A set of principles to guide action to address and overcome poverty

7. There is no single method in SLA and flexibility is the distinctive feature of sustainable
livelihoods.
Framework:
1. Context
The external environment in which poor poeple live their lives and which is
responsible for many of their hardships
2. Assets and capabilities
The resources poor people possess access to and gain to a livelihood
3. Policies, institutions and processes
The institutions, organizations, policies and legislation that determine access to
assets and choice of livelihood strategies.
4. Livelihood strategies
The ways in which pooor people deploy their assets and capabilities to improve
their livelihoods.

8. 5. Outcomes
Successful livelihood strategies leads to more income and more economically
sustainable livelihoods, increasing well being, reduce vulnerability and more sustainable
use of the natural resource base.
Thus, SLA represents a positive evolution in thinking around poverty
elimination and differs from previous approaches to development in that,
Principles of SL approach
1. People-centered
beginning by understandingpeoples’ priorities and livelihood strategies.
2. Responsive and participatory
responding to the expressed priorities of poor people.

9. 3. Multi-level:
ensuring micro-level realities inform macro-level institutions and processes.
4. Conducted in partnership:
working with public, private and civil society actors.
5. Sustainable:
environmentally, economically, institutionally, and socially.
6. Dynamic:
ensuring support is flexible and process-oriented, responding to changing livelihoods.
7. Holistic:
reflecting the integrated nature of people’s lives and diverse strategies.
8. Building on strengths: while addressing vulnerabilities

11. • One of the most widely used frameworks is the one used by the UK Department for
International Development.
• The DFID framework sets out to conceptualise how people operate within a
vulnerability context that is shaped by different factors – shifting seasonal constraints
(and opportunities), economic shocks and longer-term trends how they draw on
different types of livelihood assets or capital in different combinations which are
influenced by:
• the vulnerability context
• a range of institutions and processes
• how they use their asset base to develop a range of livelihood strategies to
achieve desired livelihood outcomes.

12. • The framework is informed by certain core concepts:
1. It is people-centred in the sense that it advocates that:
a. Development policy and practice should flow from an understanding of the
poor and their livelihoods strategies
b. The poor should directly contribute to determining development priorities and be
able to influence the institutions and process that impact on their lives
c. It is holistic in that the framework encourages analysis that cuts across different
sectors and recognises a range of actors and influences as well as multiple livelihood
strategies and outcomes.
d. It is dynamic in that it tries to understand change over time and the complex
interplay between different factors.
e. It starts from an analysis of strengths rather than needs and problems.
f. It looks for and makes the linkages between ‘micro’ and ‘macro’ levels.
g. It is concerned with sustainability in all its dimensions – social,
eco_x0002_nomic, institutional and ecological

14. DFID’s Approach to Improving Rural Livelihoods
People’s participation, capacity building, technical innovation and service
delivery are central to all their rural livelihoods programmes.
The various activities taken up by DFID
1. ‘watershed plus’ approach
Through this approach DFID support transformed implementing states from
natural resource programmes focus, emphasising physical conservation works and
primarily benefiting larger, mostly male, landowners, to people centred programmes,
inclusive of all the residents of the watersheds and paying particular attention to
landless, women and other vulnerable groups.

15. 2. Emphasis on decentralisation of government through elected panchayati raj
institutions prompted different variants of the rural livelihoods model in
Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal, where programmes have adopted
administrative units, rather than physical units, as the basis for planning.
3. Impact on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment in Western Orissa, 65%
women from poorest households reported increased access to their entitlements
from Government schemes as a result of campaigns by women’s self-help
groups.
4. Poor people have improved access to forest products and improvements in grazing
areas. Access to safe drinking water has increased, the number of children being
enrolled in schools has increased in villages where livelihoods interventions are
undertaken – and people are choosing to spend their money on education for
their children.

16. LivelihoodInterventions for development
• Livelihood interventions are conscious efforts by an agency or an organization to
promote and support livelihood opportunities for a large number of people (other
than those directly orindirectly employed by them). Government of India has been
one of the largest agency involved in such livelihood promotion efforts. However, the
cooperative sector, as also the NGO sector has also contributed to promoting
livelihoods. Examples include
 Government program for development of irrigation. India has added over 40
millionhectares of irrigation since independence; largest in human history. This has
generated orstabilized the livelihoods of millions of people.
 Special government programs, run in specific states, to promote both wage
employment,and to promote self-employment through highly subsidized asset
acquisition, such as theWorld Bank sponsored District Poverty Initiatives Program
(DPIP) in AP, MP andRajasthan.

17. • Programs run by sectoral institutions such as the National Dairy Development Board,
the CentralSilk Board, the Coir Board, the NationalHorticultural Board, and the
DevelopmentCommissioners for Handloom and Handicrafts.
• Programs run by non-governmental agencies,for promoting livelihoods in different
regionsand sectors, such as by SEWA, BAIF, MYRADA,AKRSP, PRADAN, RGVN
and BASIX.
• The Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) works with over 750,000 self-
employedwomen of low-income households
• Bharatiya Agro-Industries Foundation’s (BAIF) program supporting one million
livelihoods,comprising cattle cross-breeding, pasture development, horticulture, etc.

18. Some of the important schemes implemented by GoI for rural
livelihood development includes:
1. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
2005:
The scheme was introduced as a social measure that guarantees “the right to
work”.
2. Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-
NRLM):
It is a centrally sponsored programme, launched by the Ministry of Rural
Development in June 2011 to eliminate rural poverty through the promotion of multiple
livelihoods and improved access to financial services for the rural poor households
across the country.

19. 3. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY):
Unconnected habitations of designated population size in the core network for
uplifting the socio-economic condition of the rural population.
4. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Gramin:
To help rural people below the poverty line (BPL) in construction of dwelling
units and upgradation of existing unserviceable kutcha houses by providing assistance in
the form of a full grant it was launched in 1st April 2016.
5. Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAGY):
Government of India initiative for the empowerment of deprived sections, aims
to achieve integrated development of selected villages through convergent
implementation of all relevant Central and State schemes.
6. National Rurban Mission (NRuM):
The National Rurban Mission (NRuM) follows the vision of “Development of a
cluster of villages that preserve and nurture the essence of rural community life with

20. focus on equity and inclusiveness without compromising with the facilities perceived to
be essentially urban in nature, thus creating a cluster of “Rurban Villages”.
The objective of the National Rurban Mission (NRuM) is to stimulate local
economic development, enhance basic services, and create well planned Rurban
clusters.
7. The National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
It is a welfare programme being administered by the Ministry of Rural
Development. It is intended to secure for the citizens adequate means of livelihood,
raise the standard of living, improve public health, provide free and compulsory
education for children etc.
8. Mission Antyodaya:
It seeks to converge government interventions with Gram Panchayats as the
basic unit for planning by following a saturation approach by pooling resources –
human and financial to ensure sustainable livelihoods.

21. Important aspects for Sustaining Livelihoods amongst the Rural
Communities
• Livelihood is not just referred to an increase in income or productivity. The main
purpose of all the individuals is to increase their source of income to lead to
enhancement of the livelihood opportunities, which is reflected in a healthy living.
The important aspects for sustaining livelihoods amongst the rural communities have
been stated as follows:
1. Income
The increase in income is considered to be the primary source that would
enable the individuals to satisfy all their needs and requirements. Individuals in rural
areas, make an attempt to look for opportunities that would generate an adequate source
of income

22. 2. Health
Health of a person is important to maintain to enhance the livelihoods. If the
health conditions of the individuals are not well maintained, then they would experience
problems in obtaining the livelihood outcomes for the other family members.
3. Education
In the present existence, the large part of the education community discusses,
there is a need to making basic education more livelihood friendly. It is vital for the
rural individuals to realize the significance of education. Focus in the area of education
should not only be put upon academic concepts, but also skill development and capacity
building.
4. Food Security
The majority of the individuals in rural areas are residing in the conditions of
poverty and backwardness. They are unable to meet the nutritional requirements of their
family members, due to this, problems appear in the sustenance of livelihoods. The
provision of food requirements are essential for the individuals in rural areas.

23. 5. Agriculture
Governance of the agricultural sector requires a new organizational arrangement,
in which individuals would make use of modern and innovative techniques and
methods. Trade, disease surveillance and control, are some of the areas that need to be
adequately taken care of within the agricultural sector.
6. Skill Building Program
The Government of India has placed a renewed emphasis upon the development
of skills in the services and the manufacturing sectors. There are two major objectives
of these sectors, development of employment opportunities and growth. In India, the
youth needs to be equipped with greater work skills and capacity building.

24. Some areas in which the programmes need to be made in order to
bring transformational impact are :
 Promoting income generation and rural growth
 Better management of Natural Resources
 Targeting the poorest and socially marginalised
 Strengthening local institutions and self governance.
1. Promoting income generation activities
Typically, agriculture or harvesting of natural products, are the main sources of
livelihood and many of the poorest are landless, depending on casual labour and are
forced to migrate if work is not available. Nonetheless, opportunities exist for the rural
poor to build their assets and to improve their sustainable income

25. • Many farm and non- farm sector activities other than agriculture includes seed
production, making vermicompost, making flower garlands, boquets and horticulture,
making of incense sticks, dairy activities, post harvesting activities and proceessing
like making pickels, sauces and other snacks items with millets, leaf plate making,
repair of electrical items, flour mills, road side restaurants, other minor handicrafts
can bepromoted among the rural women and youth by providing required Business
knowledge and skills trainings.
• Trainings to farmers for increase in use of modern technologies for increased yields
need to be provided regularly.
• Enchancing support to those who choose to migrate by providing communication
skills, insurance, ID cards, information on employment opportunities, assistance in
wage negotiations, and training on migrant rights etc.

26. 2. Better management of Natural Resources
Natural resources, such as water, land and forests are fundamental to the
livelihoods of the rural poor.
• Hence projects targetting rainfed areas where water is limited, soils are fragile and
prone to erosion and forests play a key role in supplying the products necessary to
support the livelihoods of the poorest need to be brought out and sufficient trainins to
be provided which will ensure lasting benefits to the rural people.
• Promoting water sheds, maintainance of farm ponds, maintianance of grazing lands
properly, going to non farm activities in highly degraded lands etc. need to be
brought into spot light.

27. 3. Targeting the poorest and socially marginalised
• Community based targeting methods are to be used within villages, enabling all
community members to carry out their own identification of different wealth groups.
This enables communities as well as project teams to disaggregate and monitor
information on who benefits, and to identify mechanisms to ensure that resources
really reach the poorest.
• All projects should support the participation of women in community level planning
and decision making. As a result, there will be a clear increase in the status and
confidence of poor women.
• More emphasis should be given to the poor people and care should be taken that they
are the successful beneficiaries for various government schemes

28. 4. Strengthening local institutions and self governance.
• Building local level institutions to manage resources, whether financial or natural, is
at the core of the sustainable livelihoods programmes.
• Wider community participation is a precondition to ensuring that implementation of
programmes is inclusive, and people centred. Each community undertakes a
participatory needs assessment, wealth ranking of households, and community action
plans or micro plans.
• Funds are released to village level, and are managed and accounted for by village
level organisations.
• All programmes should work more closely with the lower rungs of the Panchayati
Raj system.
• Capacity building is given high emphasis, whether on financial management,
organisational issues, preparation of village development plans or social audit
systems to ensure transparency.

29. Case study
CSR for Sustainable Livelihood: A Case Study of Training in Handicrafts
for Primitive Tribal Groups in Jharkhand
• Savar are primitive tribes in Eastern India mainly residing in Jharkhand. Their main
economic activities are basketry, collection of minor forest produce from forest, lac
cultivation and agriculture.
• As part of livelihood options, Savars were given training in making handicraft items.
The major focus of the training programme aims at creating marketable handicrafts
based on tribals’ inherent art and culture. These handicrafts, if adapted to modern
designs, have huge perceived value and utility.
• The training is given in making goods based using “Kasi Grass” (an indigenous
grass) and “Bamboo” as raw material which is found in abundance in this region.

30. • The training given to these PTG people was started with Bharat Seva Ashram Sangh.
It was taken over by an NGO named Ambalica. This training was given to them to
refine and modernise their primitive art for livelihood options.
• The compensation provided during training is 120 INR, with free food (lunch, two
time snacks with tea), travel facility between home and training centre. Medical
facility is also available at the training centre. The timings are in the morning from
8AM to 5 PM. They can bring along their children. The money goes directly into
bank accounts and money is paid on a weekly basis. Many women participated in
training programmes due to its flexibility.
Results of training
• The Sabars were able to make goods as desired by consumers as per modern
requirements. About Rs 120,000 worth of goods were sold in exhibitions held in
Delhi Haat (October 2012) and IITF (Nov 2013) i.e., within a year of getting trained.

31. • Small orders are coming up from organizations like IMAP, novelty products.
Currently they are targeting domestic markets. Their target market is melas, trade
fairs, exhibitons & workshops since their production base is not huge.
• This programme was well received by the PTGs. They are in favour of this
programme as cash realisation is weekly. The IAP programme makes payment
immediately & they don’t want to receive the products back if not sold.
Conclusion
This model was proved successful, and made sure that the whole community
was included in the system and all the revenue generated goes back for their
development. This also helped in making their handicraft livelihood option sustainable
and helped them in preserving their distinct culture and ethnic identity.

32. Social Mapping
This is “village map” as drawn by villagers on the ground (not to scale) –using
rangolipowder or chalk piece etc. This is an Ariel view photograph of the village showing
all the streets, lanes, institutions, common infrastructure, houses etc.
 Village Map, first of all, depicts all the streets, and lanes in the village. This is followed
by marking the locations where various institutions such as Panchayat Office, School,
Anganwadi, Health Centre; and location of other common infrastructure in the village i.e.
water tank, hand-pumps / common water collection points, street lights, community hall
etc.

34. The purpose
• Collecting data regarding population, households, caste (if required), occupation
details, institutions available, common infrastructure facilities available / not
available;
• Household details depending on the type of data we are looking for.
• If we are looking for child labourers details, we can ask the local people to identify
houses that has child labourers / school-age-children not going to school;
• if we are looking for households without a functional water tap connection, they can
identify;
• if we are looking for households that have toilet, but not using, they can identify.
• Thus, social map can generate a wealth of information, you need

35. Resource Map:
• Resource map is one of the most
commonly used PRA methods next
to social map.
• While the social map focuses on
habitation, community facilities,
roads, temples, etc., the resource
map focuses on the natural
resources in the locality and depicts
land, hills, rivers, fields, vegetation
etc. A resource map may cover
habitation as well. At times, the
distinction between the resource and
social map may get blurred.

36. Applications
• Resource maps have been used for depicting of various aspects related to the natural
resource management of a locality including:
• Topography, terrain and slopes
• Forest, vegetation and tree species
• Soil-type, fertility, erosion and depth
• Land and land use, command area, tenure, boundaries and ownership
• Water, water bodies, irrigation sources, rivers and drainage
• Watershed development, various soil and water conservation measures, denuded areas,
etc.
• Agricultural developments, cropping pattern, productivity, etc.
Resource maps have been found especially useful because they provide a focussed
spatial structure for discussion and analysis.