The document discusses the Sensor Web and Semantic Sensor Web. It provides definitions and examples of the Sensor Web from NASA and OGC. The key components of Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) are described including sensor models, encodings, and web services. The role of semantics and ontologies in the Semantic Sensor Web is explained to provide contextual meaning to sensor observations. Rules can be used to derive additional knowledge from semantically annotated sensor data.
Energy Efficient Data Transmission through Relay Nodes in Wireless Sensor Net...IDES Editor
In a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) having a single
sink, information is given to the distant nodes from beacons
by overhearing. Since it is out of the communication range,
information is not sent directly to the static sink (SS). If a
distant node is not able to communicate directly, then it should
send its own packet to another node which is closer to the
Base Station (BS) so that the received packets are relayed to
the BS by this node. In this paper, we propose a relay node
selection algorithm to reduce contention and improve energy
efficiency. In this algorithm, each data packet of direct
communication should include the received signal strength
(RSS) of the beacon packet. The distant node selects a node
with the maximum RSS value as a relay. The algorithm also
assigns transmitting intervals to each relay node. By our
simulation results, we show that our proposed algorithm
improves the packet delivery ratio and energy efficiency.
Representing and Reasoning about Geographic Occurrences in the Sensor WebAnusuriya Devaraju
Observations are fed into the Sensor Web through a growing number of environmental sensors, including technical and human observers. While a wealth of observations is now accessible, there is still a gap between low-level observations and the high-level descriptive information they reflect. For example, we may ask what the measurements mean when a weather buoy provides a temperature time series. The challenge is not to gather a vast number of observations, but rather to make sense of them in environmental monitoring and decision making.
In order to infer meaningful information about occurrences from observations, a description of how one gets from the former to information about the latter must be expressed. This thesis develops an ontology to formally capture the relationships between geographic occurrences and the properties observed by in situ sensors. Building upon the existing positions on experiential and historical perspectives, stimulus-centric sensing, event-process algebra and thematic roles, the ontology elucidates the key concepts associated with geographic occurrences that are particularly significant from a sensing point of view. A use case for reasoning about blizzards and their temporal parts from real time series supplied by the Environment Canada illustrates the ontological approach. This thesis evaluates its findings on the basis of a comparison with an alternative approach in the Sensor Web, a verification of the use case results using an official event report published by the weather agency and an analytical assessment approached from the system development perspective.
The theoretical contribution of the thesis lies in the development of a formal model, which constitutes common building blocks for constructing application ontologies that account for inferences of geographic events from observations. With regards to its practical contribution, the thesis has demonstrated how ontological vocabularies are exploited with reasoning mechanisms to infer information about events, and to formulate symbolic spatio-temporal queries.
Energy Efficient Data Transmission through Relay Nodes in Wireless Sensor Net...IDES Editor
In a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) having a single
sink, information is given to the distant nodes from beacons
by overhearing. Since it is out of the communication range,
information is not sent directly to the static sink (SS). If a
distant node is not able to communicate directly, then it should
send its own packet to another node which is closer to the
Base Station (BS) so that the received packets are relayed to
the BS by this node. In this paper, we propose a relay node
selection algorithm to reduce contention and improve energy
efficiency. In this algorithm, each data packet of direct
communication should include the received signal strength
(RSS) of the beacon packet. The distant node selects a node
with the maximum RSS value as a relay. The algorithm also
assigns transmitting intervals to each relay node. By our
simulation results, we show that our proposed algorithm
improves the packet delivery ratio and energy efficiency.
Representing and Reasoning about Geographic Occurrences in the Sensor WebAnusuriya Devaraju
Observations are fed into the Sensor Web through a growing number of environmental sensors, including technical and human observers. While a wealth of observations is now accessible, there is still a gap between low-level observations and the high-level descriptive information they reflect. For example, we may ask what the measurements mean when a weather buoy provides a temperature time series. The challenge is not to gather a vast number of observations, but rather to make sense of them in environmental monitoring and decision making.
In order to infer meaningful information about occurrences from observations, a description of how one gets from the former to information about the latter must be expressed. This thesis develops an ontology to formally capture the relationships between geographic occurrences and the properties observed by in situ sensors. Building upon the existing positions on experiential and historical perspectives, stimulus-centric sensing, event-process algebra and thematic roles, the ontology elucidates the key concepts associated with geographic occurrences that are particularly significant from a sensing point of view. A use case for reasoning about blizzards and their temporal parts from real time series supplied by the Environment Canada illustrates the ontological approach. This thesis evaluates its findings on the basis of a comparison with an alternative approach in the Sensor Web, a verification of the use case results using an official event report published by the weather agency and an analytical assessment approached from the system development perspective.
The theoretical contribution of the thesis lies in the development of a formal model, which constitutes common building blocks for constructing application ontologies that account for inferences of geographic events from observations. With regards to its practical contribution, the thesis has demonstrated how ontological vocabularies are exploited with reasoning mechanisms to infer information about events, and to formulate symbolic spatio-temporal queries.
Presentation made at the Metadata Australia conference, Canberra, May 2010 (also available via metadataaustralia2010.com)
(Light) Introduction to work done in the Semantic Sensor Networks Incubator activity.
Analysis of the commonalities and differences for the adoption of semantic web standards by sensing web and eGov communities of practice.
Semantic Sensor Network Ontology: Description et usagecatherine roussey
cours à l'école d'Été Web Intelligence 2013 « Le Web des objets » 3 septembre 2013, Saint-Germain-Au-Mont-d'Or, Franc. 67 slides.
ce cours en plus de décrire l'ontology ssn présente certains usages.
Semantically-Enabling the Web of Things: The W3C Semantic Sensor Network Onto...Laurent Lefort
Presentation of the SSN XG results at eResearch Australia 2011 https://eresearchau.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/74-semantically-enabling-the-web-of-things-the-w3c-semantic-sensor-network-ontology.pdf
Sensor Interface Descriptors - Describing instrument protocols in a standar...Arne Bröring
The Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) initiative of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) defines standards for Web Service interfaces and data encodings usable as building blocks to implement a Sensor Web. These standards encapsulate sensors for web-based discovery, tasking and access. In recent years, SWE has been applied in a multitude of projects, demonstrating its suitability in real world scenarios. However, there is still a fundamental challenge to be tackled. While SWE enables interoperability with the upper application layer, the connection between SWE and the underlying sensor layer and its heterogeneous protocols is not yet sufficiently described. To close this gap, a declarative model for Sensor Interface Descriptors (SID) based on OGC's SensorML standard is presented here. An SID for a particular sensor enables a so called SID interpreter to translate between the communication protocol of the sensor and the Sensor Web. We have developed a generic SID interpreter capable of connecting sensors to Sensor Observation Services and Sensor Planning Services based on their SID. The presented approach of SIDs is the basis for realizing our vision of sensor plug & play and will make sensors on-the-fly available on the Sensor Web.
Semantic Web technologies, both those envisaged and those already realised, have the potential to benefit domains where issues such as volume, complexity and heterogeneity can overcome traditional techniques. Sensor networks are one such area where the application of semantics is indicated by scale, complexity, and the need to integrate over heterogeneous standards, sensors and systems for multiple purposes and multiple disciplines.
The Semantic Sensor Networks W3C Incubator is an international initiative to develop standards for sharing information collected by sensors and sensor networks over the Web, including an ontology for different types of sensing devices and their observations, and new approaches for the semantic markup of sensor descriptions and services that support sensor data exchange and sensor network management.
Kerry will describe the ongoing effort to increase the quality and reduce the cost of capturing environmental data, to address the growing demand for information about the environmental systems that support Australia’s agricultural, resource and process-based industries.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Charith Perera, Arkady Zaslavsky, Peter Christen, Michael Compton, and Dimitrios Georgakopoulos, Context-aware Sensor Search, Selection and Ranking Model for Internet of Things Middleware, Proceedings of the IEEE 14th International Conference on Mobile Data Management (MDM), Milan, Italy, June, 2013
Funders, publishers, and data service providers have strongly endorsed applying FAIR principles to maximize the reuse of research data since the principles were published in 2016. Much of existing work on FAIR assessment focuses on "what" needs to be measured, which led to the development of assessment metrics. However, the questions of "how" to measure the FAIRness of the research data and use the assessment results to improve data reuse haven't been fully demonstrated in practice yet. This presentation will cover some insights on these aspects derived from the development of a practical solution (F-UJI) to measure the progress of FAIR aspects of data programmatically.
Presentation made at the Metadata Australia conference, Canberra, May 2010 (also available via metadataaustralia2010.com)
(Light) Introduction to work done in the Semantic Sensor Networks Incubator activity.
Analysis of the commonalities and differences for the adoption of semantic web standards by sensing web and eGov communities of practice.
Semantic Sensor Network Ontology: Description et usagecatherine roussey
cours à l'école d'Été Web Intelligence 2013 « Le Web des objets » 3 septembre 2013, Saint-Germain-Au-Mont-d'Or, Franc. 67 slides.
ce cours en plus de décrire l'ontology ssn présente certains usages.
Semantically-Enabling the Web of Things: The W3C Semantic Sensor Network Onto...Laurent Lefort
Presentation of the SSN XG results at eResearch Australia 2011 https://eresearchau.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/74-semantically-enabling-the-web-of-things-the-w3c-semantic-sensor-network-ontology.pdf
Sensor Interface Descriptors - Describing instrument protocols in a standar...Arne Bröring
The Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) initiative of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) defines standards for Web Service interfaces and data encodings usable as building blocks to implement a Sensor Web. These standards encapsulate sensors for web-based discovery, tasking and access. In recent years, SWE has been applied in a multitude of projects, demonstrating its suitability in real world scenarios. However, there is still a fundamental challenge to be tackled. While SWE enables interoperability with the upper application layer, the connection between SWE and the underlying sensor layer and its heterogeneous protocols is not yet sufficiently described. To close this gap, a declarative model for Sensor Interface Descriptors (SID) based on OGC's SensorML standard is presented here. An SID for a particular sensor enables a so called SID interpreter to translate between the communication protocol of the sensor and the Sensor Web. We have developed a generic SID interpreter capable of connecting sensors to Sensor Observation Services and Sensor Planning Services based on their SID. The presented approach of SIDs is the basis for realizing our vision of sensor plug & play and will make sensors on-the-fly available on the Sensor Web.
Semantic Web technologies, both those envisaged and those already realised, have the potential to benefit domains where issues such as volume, complexity and heterogeneity can overcome traditional techniques. Sensor networks are one such area where the application of semantics is indicated by scale, complexity, and the need to integrate over heterogeneous standards, sensors and systems for multiple purposes and multiple disciplines.
The Semantic Sensor Networks W3C Incubator is an international initiative to develop standards for sharing information collected by sensors and sensor networks over the Web, including an ontology for different types of sensing devices and their observations, and new approaches for the semantic markup of sensor descriptions and services that support sensor data exchange and sensor network management.
Kerry will describe the ongoing effort to increase the quality and reduce the cost of capturing environmental data, to address the growing demand for information about the environmental systems that support Australia’s agricultural, resource and process-based industries.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Charith Perera, Arkady Zaslavsky, Peter Christen, Michael Compton, and Dimitrios Georgakopoulos, Context-aware Sensor Search, Selection and Ranking Model for Internet of Things Middleware, Proceedings of the IEEE 14th International Conference on Mobile Data Management (MDM), Milan, Italy, June, 2013
Funders, publishers, and data service providers have strongly endorsed applying FAIR principles to maximize the reuse of research data since the principles were published in 2016. Much of existing work on FAIR assessment focuses on "what" needs to be measured, which led to the development of assessment metrics. However, the questions of "how" to measure the FAIRness of the research data and use the assessment results to improve data reuse haven't been fully demonstrated in practice yet. This presentation will cover some insights on these aspects derived from the development of a practical solution (F-UJI) to measure the progress of FAIR aspects of data programmatically.
Towards A Web-Enabled Geo-Sample Web: An Open Source Resource Registration an...Anusuriya Devaraju
Within the earth sciences the curation and sharing of geo-samples is crucial
to supporting reproducible research, in addition to extending the use of the samples in new
research, and saving costs by avoiding sample loss and duplicating sampling activities. In the
Commonwealth Scientic and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), researchers gather
various geo-samples as part of their eld studies and collaborative projects. The diversity of the
samples and their unsystematic management led ambiguous sample numbers, incomplete sample
descriptions, and diculties in nding the samples and their related data. These problems are
also found in universities, research institutes and government agencies, which usually curate and
manage diverse samples. To address this problem, we developed an open source registration
and management system to identify geo-samples unambiguously and to manage their metadata
and data systematically. The system supports the linking of samples and sample collections to
the real world features from where they were collected, as well as to their data and reports on
the Web. This paper describes the implementation of the system including its underlying design
considerations, and its applications. The system was built upon the International Geo Sample
Number persistent identier system with Semantic Web technologies. It has been implemented
and tested with individual users and three sample repositories in the organization.
Data You May Like: A Recommender System for Research Data DiscoveryAnusuriya Devaraju
Various data portals been developed to facilitate access to research datasets from different sources. For example, the Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science (PANGAEA), the Registry of Research Data Repositories (re3data.org), and the National Geoscience Data Centre (NGDC). Due to data quantity and heterogeneity, finding relevant datasets on these portals may be difficult and tedious. Keyword searches based on specific metadata elements or multi-key indexes may return irrelevant results. Faceted searches may be unsatisfactory and time consuming, especially when facet values are exhaustive. We need a much more intelligent way to complement existing searching mechanisms in order to enhance user experiences of the data portals.
We developed a recommender system that helps users to find the most relevant research datasets on the CSIRO’s Data Access Portal (DAP). The system is based on content-based filtering. We computed the similarity of datasets based on data attributes (e.g., descriptions, fields of research, location, contributors, and provenance) and inference from transaction logs (e.g., the relations among datasets and between queries and datasets). We improved the recommendation quality by assigning weights to data similarities. The weight values are drawn from a survey involving data users. The recommender results for a given dataset are accessible programmatically via a web service. Taking both data attributes and user actions into account, the recommender system will make it easier for researchers to find and reuse data offered through the data portal.
The Implementation of the International Geo Sample Number in CSIRO: Experienc...Anusuriya Devaraju
In 2014 the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) began to implement the International Geo Sample Number (IGSN) to allow unambiguous identification of physical samples and data derived from these samples. In this paper we describe the requirements for the implementation of persistent identifiers for physical samples in the organisation and technical solutions we developed to meet these requirements.
Using Feedback from Data Consumers to Capture Quality Information on Environm...Anusuriya Devaraju
Data quality information is essential to facilitate reuse of Earth science data. Recorded quality information must be sufficient for other researchers to select suitable data sets for their analysis and confirm the results and conclusions. In the research data ecosystem, several entities are responsible for data quality. Data producers (researchers and agencies) play a major role in this aspect as they often include validation checks or data cleaning as part of their work. It is possible that the quality information is not supplied with published data sets; if it is available, the descriptions might be incomplete, ambiguous or address specific quality aspects. Data repositories have built infrastructures to share data, but not all of them assess data quality. They normally provide guidelines of documenting quality information. Some suggests that scholarly and data journals should take a role in ensuring data quality by involving reviewers to assess data sets used in articles, and incorporating data quality criteria in the author guidelines. However, this mechanism primarily addresses data sets submitted to journals. We believe that data consumers will complement existing entities to assess and document the quality of published data sets. This has been adopted in crowd-source platforms such as Zooniverse, OpenStreetMap, Wikipedia, Mechanical Turk and Tomnod. This paper presents a framework designed based on open source tools to capture and share data users’ feedback on the application and assessment of research data. The framework comprises a browser plug-in, a web service and a data model such that feedback can be easily reported, retrieved and searched. The feedback records are also made available as Linked Data to promote integration with other sources on the Web. Vocabularies from Dublin Core and PROV-O are used to clarify the source and attribution of feedback. The application of the framework is illustrated with the CSIRO’s Data Access Portal.
CAPTURING DATA PROVENANCE WITH A USER-DRIVEN FEEDBACK APPROACHAnusuriya Devaraju
Various portals have been developed to provide an easy way to discover and access public research data sets from various organizations. Data sets are made available with descriptive metadata based on common (e.g., OGC, CUAHSI, FGDC, INSPIRE, ISO, Dublin Core) or proprietary standards to facilitate better understanding and use of the data sets. Provenance descriptions may be included as part of the metadata and are
specified from a data provider’s perspective. These can include, for example, different entities and activities involved in a data creation flow, such as sensing platforms, personnel, and data calculation and transformation processes. Moving beyond the provider-centric descriptions, data provenance may be complemented with
forward provenance records supplied by data consumers. The records may be gathered via a user-driven feedback approach. The feedback information from data consumers gives valuable insights into application and assessment of published data sets. This might include descriptions about a scientific analysis in which the data
sets were used, the corrected version of an actual data set or any discovered issues and suggestions concerning the quality of the published data sets. Data providers might then use this information to handle erroneous data and improve existing metadata, their data collection and processing methods. Contributors can use the feedback channel to share their scientific analyses. Data consumers can learn more about data sets based on
other people’s experiences, and potentially save time by avoiding the need for interpreting or cleaning data sets. The goals of the study are to capture feedback from data users on published research data sets, link this to actual data sets, and finally support search and discovery of research data using feedback information. This
paper reports preliminary results addressing the goals. We provide a summary of current practices on gathering feedback from end-users on research data portals, and discuss their relevance and limitations. Examples from the Earth Science domain on how commentaries from data users might be useful in practice are also included.
Then, we present a data model representing key aspects of user feedback. We propose a system architecture to gather and manage feedback from end-users. We describe how the core PROV model may be used to represent the provenance of user feedback information. Technical solutions for linking feedback to existing data portals are also specified.
The rapid development of sensing technologies had led to the creation of large volumes of environmental observation data. Data quality control information informs users how it was gathered, processed, examined. Sensor Web is a web-centric framework that involves observations from various providers. It is essential to capture quality control information within the framework to ensure that observation data are of known and documented quality. In this paper, we present a quality control framework covering different environmental observation data, and show how it is implemented in the TERENO data infrastructure. The infrastructure is modeled after the OGC’s Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) standards.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Semantic Sensor Web
1. (Geospatial Semantics)
ANUSURIYA DEVARAJU
Institute for Geoinformatics,
University of Muenster.
Muenster
(anusuriya.devaraju@uni-muenster.de)
2. Definitions : Sensor Web (OGC, NASA)
OGC Sensor Web Enablement (SWE)
( )
SWE Specifications
How SWE Works? An Example…
Semantic Sensor Web & Motivating Example
Architecture
Approach
– Semantic Annotation
– Ontologies (Sensors, Observations, Space, Time, Domain-specific)
– Rules-based Reasoning
2
3. A Sensor Web consists of intra-communicating, spatially-
distributed sensor pods that are deployed to monitor and explore
environments [NASA New Technology Report on Sensor Webs]
Information sharing among
the pods
Intelligent autonomous
operations ( d t and react)
ti (adapt d t)
Source: Delin K and Jackson S, (2001) , The Sensor Web: A New Instrument Concept 3
4. Sensor Web refers to web accessible sensor networks and
archived sensor data that can be discovered and accessed using
standard protocols and application program interfaces [Botts et al. , 2006]
Sensor Web concept (OGC, 2006)
Source: M. Botts, G. Percival, C. Reed, J. Davidson (2006) , OGC SWE : Overview and High Level Architecture 4
5. Sensors and sensor observations will be web accessible and
discoverable through standardized web services
Sensors will be self-describing to humans and software using
standard encodings
Most sensor observations will be easily accessible in near real
time over the web
Real-time mining of observations to find phenomena of immediate
interest
i t t
Sensor systems will be capable of issuing alerts based on
observations, as well as be able to respond to alerts issued by
other sensors
Source: M.Botts and Robin A, (2007), Bringing the Sensor Web Together 5
6. Software will be capable of on-demand geo-location and
processing of observations from a newly-discovered sensor
without a priori knowledge of that sensor system
Sensors, simulations, and models will be capable of being
configured and tasked through standard, common web interfaces
The semantics of sensor web components will be tied to well-
defined ontologies that will allow better understanding of potential
relationships between systems
Source: M.Botts and Robin A, (2007), Bringing the Sensor Web Together 6
7. The role of Sensor Web Enablement for supporting heterogeneous
sensors, models, simulations, and decision support tools.
Enable interoperability
between disparate sensor
types, disciplines,
types disciplines and
agencies.
Leverage benefits of open
standards
d d
Service Oriented
Architecture (SOA) based
( )
Virtually any sensor or
modeling system can be
supported
Source: M.Botts (2008), OGC Sensor Web Enablement (Intro) - Presentation Slides 7
8. Information Encodings
– Observations & Measurements (O&M) : The general models and XML
encodings for observations and measurements.
– Sensor Model Language (SensorML) : Standard models and XML Schema
for describing the processes within sensor and observation processing
systems.
– Transducer Markup Language (TML) : Conceptual model and XML encoding
for supporting real-time streaming observations and tasking commands from
and to sensor systems.
Source: M.Botts (2008), OGC Sensor Web Enablement (Intro) - Presentation Slides 8
10. Web Services
– Sensor Observation Service: Access Observations for a sensor or sensor
constellation, and optionally, the associated sensor and platform data
– Sensor Alert Service : Subscribe to alerts based upon sensor observations
– Sensor Planning Service : Request collection feasibility and task sensor
system for desired observations
– Web Notification Service : Manage message dialogue between client and
Web service(s) for long duration ( y
( ) g (asynchronous) processes
)
– Sensor and Observation Registry : Common interface for discovery of
sensor systems, processes, models, and observations
Source: M.Botts (2008), OGC Sensor Web Enablement (Intro) - Presentation Slides 10
11. (
(Sensor Observation Service Concept)
p)
Source: http://www.sensorsportal.com/HTML/DIGEST/september_06/P_84.pdf 11
17. SWE specifications enables a wider access to sensors and
observations. Nevertheless, an effort is required to collate and
interpret th
i t t them..
Observation Archives
Stream
DPIPWE Flow
Current
C t
XML stream flow
data at river
HydroTas X?
WaterCourse
WDS Discharge
XML
Stream
Discharge
XML
SWE Client
Sensor Collection Service
17
18. A framework that extends SWE and Semantic Web technologies
to provide enhanced meaning to sensor data
– How? Annotate sensor data with spatial, temporal and thematic semantic
metadata
Source: Sheth A and Henson C, 2008, Semantic Sensor Web 18
21. Embedding semantics in an XML document using RDFa
<swe:component rdfa:about=“time_1”
rdfa:instanceof=”time:Instant”>
<swe:Time rdfa:property=“xs:date-time”>20080308T05:00:00
</swe:Time>
</ Ti >
</swe:component>
(a timestamp encoded in O&M and semantically annotated with RDFa)
rdf:type
time_1
time 1 time:Instant
xs:date-time 20080308T05:00:00
Source: Sheth A and Henson C, 2008, Semantic Sensor Web 21
22. Creating internal and external links within XML documents using
XLink (XML Linking Language)
(Semantic annotation of O&M with XLink)
Source: http://geostandards.geonovum.nl/index.php/5.3.2_O%26M 22
23. Sensor and Sensing Procedure : W3C SSN Incubator, NIST Sensor Standards
Harmonization, OntoSensor, CESN ontology, SWAMO, ….
Observation : O&M ontology, Functional Ontology of O&M…
gy, gy
Units of Measurements : UCUM Units, SWEET Units, QUDT, …
Spatial : GML Ontology..
Temporal: W3C Time Ontology,
p gy,
Valid-Time Temporal Ontology..
Sensed domain (thematic) :
*Domain- specific ontologies
p g
Image: Sheth A and Henson C, 2008, Semantic Sensor Web 23
24. Point measurements performed by an instrument
(e.g., evaporation pan)
The partial view of the Sensor Network Ontology (SNO)
Source: Devaraju A, et al. (2010), Combining Process and Sensor Ontologies to Support Geo-Sensor Data Retrieval 24
25. Incorporates rules into an ontology schema to derive additional
knowledge from semantically annotated sensor data
[Environment Canada] A blizzard must have winds of 40 km/h or more,
have snow or blowing snow, visibility less than 1 km and a windchill of less
than -25 degrees celsius All of these conditions must last for 4 hours or more
25 celsius. more.
WindSpeed(a) ≥ 40km/h Duration(a) ≥ 4hours
Visibility(b) ≤ 1km Duration(b) ≥ 4hours
WindChill(c) < -25◦C Duration(c) ≥ 4hours
→ Blizzard(x)
25