This presentation pdf gives information about the floral biology, botany, emasculation and pollination in eggplant or brinjal. This explains the conventional and non-conventional methods to develop hybrids in brinjal.

1. DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY
GPB 513 – BREEDING VEGETABLE CROPS - (2+1)
PRSENATATION ON BEEDDING TECHNIQUES IN SOLANACEAE
- EGGPLANT
SUBMITTED BY
A.VIKRAMAN
II M.SC. AGRI GPB
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2. BRINJAL
• Common name : Brinjal, Egg plant,
Aubergine
• Scientific name : Solanum melongena L.
• Family : Solanaceae
• Chromosome : 2n = 2x = 24
number
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3. INTRODUCTION
• Brinjal is one of the most important vegetable in many parts of the world.
• It is known as king of vegetables.
• It is used as potential raw material in pickling & dehydrating industry.
• Fruit contains some medicinal properties, white brinjal is found to be good
for diabetic patients.
• Excellent remedy for liver complaints, when taken as fried brinjal fruit with
sesame oil.
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4. ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
• According to A. Decandolle, brinjal is native of India.
• According to N.I. Vavilov, the eggplant originated in the Indo-Burma region.
• More than 16 species of brinjal are found to grow wild in various parts of the
country.
• Brinjal is cultivated in most parts of the world.
• Leading countries are USA, China, India, France, Bangladesh and Philippines.
• It is also popular in Egypt, France, Italy and United States.
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5. TAXONOMY
• Kingdom : Plantae
• Class : Magnoliopsida
• Subclass : Asteridae
• Order : Solanales
• Family : Solanaceae
• Genus : Solanum
• Species : melongena
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6. BOTANICAL VARIETIES
• Almost all the cultivars belong to the 3 main botanical varieties under the
species melangena viz,
1.Solanum melangena var esculentum (round egg plant)
2. S. melangena var serpentinum (long egg plant)
3. S. melangena var depressum (dwarf egg plant)
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7. BOTANY
• Annual herbaceous plant.
• Erect, compact and well branched plant.
• Leaves are large, simple, lobed &
hypo pubescent in nature.
• Inflorescence is solitary or cluster of
2-5 flowers.
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8. INFLORESCENCE
• Inflorescence is solitary or clusters of 2 to 5
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9. FLOWER
• Flowers are actinomorphic, Hypogynous, Hermaphrodite with pistil
sorrounded by the stamens.
• White or pinkish in colour, depending on the cultivars.
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10. TYPES OF FLOWERS
• There are four types of flowers depending on the length of the style and size
of the ovary viz:-
1.Long styled with big sized ovary.
2.Medium styled with medium sized ovary.
3.Pseudo styled with rudimentary ovary.
4. True short styled with very rudimentary ovary.
• According to Kowalska (2008), long-styled flowers make up 60% of a brinjal
plant, followed by medium (10 – 15%) and short-styled flowers (22-30%).
• Fruit setting is higher on the flowers at the central portion of the plant with
long styled (49-100%) followed by a medium style (46-85%).
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11. Long styled with
large ovary
Medium styled
with medium
size ovary
Pseudo short
styled with
rudimentary
ovary
True short
styled with
rudimentary
ovary
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12. CALYX AND COROLLA
CALYX
• 5 gamosepalous, light green in colour
and persistent.
• It forms a cup like structure at the base.
COROLLA
• 5 gamopetalous.
• Purple or white in colour. Lobes are short.
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13. ANDROECIUM
• Stamens are 5 erect.
• Large anthers, small filaments are attached at the base of petals.
• Stamens surrounding the pistils and anther dehiscence is longitudinal.
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14. GYNOECIUM
• Capitate stigma is found either above or on the same level or below the
stamens.
• Ovary is bilocular with many ovules, hypogynous, bicarpellary, syncarpous
and with basal placentation.
• There are three positions of stigma are stigma are observed viz,
1. Found either above the stamens.
2. Same level as that of stamens.
3. Below the stamens.
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15. SELFING TECHNIQUES
• Bagging of young bud.
• Manual transfer of freshly collected pollen
on stigma of flowers of the same plant.
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16. HYBRIDIZATION METHODS
The hybrid brinjal is developed through
CONVENTIONAL METHODS
• Emasculation
• Pollen collection
• Pollination
NON CONVENTIONAL METHODS
• Male sterile system
• Transgenic breeding
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17. PERIOD FOR CROSSING
• Brinjal is often cross pollinated crop.
• Brinjal flower opens mainly in morning. Anthesis starts at 5.50 a.m. and
continues upto 7.35 a.m with peak at 6.05 a.m.
• The dehisences of anthers begin 30 minutes after anthesis. The stigma is
receptive from 2 days before anthesis and upto 8 days.
• Essentially a Self-Pollinated crop as stamens surrounding the pistil &stamens
dehisce at the same the stigma is receptive.
• Self pollination varies between 80-92%.
• Pollen viabiity is retained for 8-10 days at 20-30 degree Celsius and R.H. of
50-55%.
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18. CONTD…
But 2-22% Natural Cross pollination have been reported depending on
• Flower type (more in long & medium styled flowers).
• Position of the stigma in relation to stamen and Insect activity at flowering time.
• Planting density.
• Wind velocity & direction.
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19. CROSSING TECHNIQUES
Crossing techniques includes:
• Hand emasculation,
• Pollen collection,
• Artificial pollination or Pollen dusting.
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20. EMASCULATION
• Flower buds that pretend to be open the next day are selected.
• Using sharp-pointed forceps, remove the petals and cut the sepals in half for easy
emasculation.
• Then, open the bud and remove all the anthers carefully without damaging the
pistil.
• Emasculated buds are covered with a white butter/kite paper bag (choose a
white colour for emasculated buds and a red colour for pollinated buds to avoid
confusion).
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21. POLLEN COLLECTION
• Select the freshly opened flowers of the male parent at 7 am before the anther
dehiscence.
• One can bag the buds of the male parent on the previous day's evening (Rahman
et al., 2015).
• Put the collected flowers in the container and allow them to dehisce in the
sunshine for half an hour.
• Then, using the needle, vibrate the anthers by keeping it upside down.
• Plenty of pollen grains are collected in the container.
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22. POLLINATION
• The emasculated buds are now uncovered and the stigma is receptive to pollen.
• The stickiness is also observed on the stigma.
• By using the hair brush or with the finger, collect the pollen from the container
and apply it to the stigma.
• Then tag the flower without damaging it and bag it with red butter/kite paper.
• To ensure better pollination, one can repeat pollination on the same flower bud
the next day.
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23. FERTILIZATION AND FRUIT SETTING
Maximum if pollination is at the time of anthesis.
• Fertilization occurs 70-80% in long styled flowers.
• Pseudo short & true short styled flowers do not set any fruit.
• Highest fruit set found in flowers having long stigma.
• Repeated pollination with pollen from different plants shows
increased fruit set. Fruit is a berry.
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24. PRECAUTIONS
• Bagging is a must to protect the flower and fruit from the shoot and fruit borer
(Leucinodes orbonalis).
• Also use kite paper or butter paper bag that is light in weight to avoid excess
weight on the flower petiole.
• Hand pollination on flowers with long styles and presence at the central axis has a
higher chance of producing fruit than medium, short and pseudo-styled flowers.
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25. NON CONVENTIONAL METHODS
1.MALE STERILE SYSTEM
• Development of anther indehiscent male sterility system.
• Development of pollen non formation male sterility system.
• Development of SCAR marker linked to Rf gene.
2.TRANSGENIC BREEDING
• Development of Bt brinjal.
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26. MALE STERILITY SYSTEM
1.Anther Indehiscent male sterile system
• This system was developed utilizing the cytoplasm of S.violaceum, S.kurzii and
S.virginianum.
• Interspecific F1 hybrids between those wild species as female parent and
cultivated species as male parent showed cytoplasmic male sterility.
• This CMS is stable and no fertility restorer gene has been detected yet.
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27. 2.POLLEN NON FORMATION MALE STERILE SYSTEM
• This system were reported utilizing cytoplasms of S.aethiopicum, S.anguivi and
S.grandifolium.
• Interspecific F1 hybrids between those wild species as female parent and
cultivated species as male parent showed cytoplasmic male sterility.
• This type of CMS is unstable and fertility restorer genes were identified.
• Two independent dominant fertility restorer gene were identified, that are
capable of counteracting the male sterility trait and restoring pollen fertility.
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28. 3.DEVELOPMENT OF SCAR MARKER LINKED TO Rf GENE
• DNA markers linked to the Rf gene were screened from pollen non-formation-
type CMS using RAPD.
• A total of 420 primers, 65% primers yield a considerable amount of
RAPD fragments both MF and MS lines.
• The SCAR marker designated as SCAB101900 successfully identified and used for
marker assisted selection to distinguish MF from MS plant prior to pollen shed.
• This technique was used to screening of inbred lines for Rf/rf without developing
and evaluating test cross progeny.
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29. GENETICALLY MODIFIED BRINJAL
Bt Brinjal
• It is the first genetically modified food crop in India developed by inserting
a gene cry1Ac from soil bacterium called Bacillus thurinjiensis.
• It is resistant against brinjal fruit and shoot borer.
• The gene(cry1Ac) which is responsible for the production of Delta
endotoxin that affect the larval midgut.
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30. DIVERSITY IN BRINJAL
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31. • Reference:
 Joshi et al., (2022). Emasculation and pollination techniques in Brinjal
(Solanum melongena L.) for quality seed production. Just agriculture:
2(6), 2582-8223.
 Slideshare : Bajrangkusro (2019) - Breeding methods of brinjal.
 Slideshare : Varsha Gayatonde (2016) – Brinjal.
 Khan, M. M. R., & Isshiki, S. (2016). Cytoplasmic male sterility in
eggplant. The Horticulture Journal: 85(1), 1-7.
BYJU’S : Bt brinjal- Development, concerns and use in India.
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32. THANK YOU
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