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![Activity Sensing in the Wild: A Field Trial of UbiFit Garden
Sunny Consolvo1, 2
, David W. McDonald2
, Tammy Toscos1
, Mike Y. Chen1
, Jon Froehlich3
,
Beverly Harrison1
, Predrag Klasnja1, 2
, Anthony LaMarca1
, Louis LeGrand1
, Ryan Libby3
,
Ian Smith1
, & James A. Landay1, 3
1
Intel Research Seattle
Seattle, WA 98105 USA
[sunny.consolvo, beverly.harrison,
anthony.lamarca, louis.l.legrand]
@intel.com, ttoscos@indiana.edu,
mike@ludic-labs.com,
iansmith@acm.org
2
The Information School
DUB Group
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195 USA
[consolvo, dwmc, klasnja]
@u.washington.edu
3
Computer Science & Engineering
DUB Group
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195 USA
[landay, jfroehli, libby]
@cs.washington.edu
ABSTRACT
Recent advances in small inexpensive sensors, low-power
processing, and activity modeling have enabled applications
that use on-body sensing and machine learning to infer
people’s activities throughout everyday life. To address the
growing rate of sedentary lifestyles, we have developed a
system, UbiFit Garden, which uses these technologies and a
personal, mobile display to encourage physical activity. We
conducted a 3-week field trial in which 12 participants used
the system and report findings focusing on their experiences
with the sensing and activity inference. We discuss key
implications for systems that use on-body sensing and
activity inference to encourage physical activity.
Author Keywords
persuasive technology, sensing, activity inference, mobile
phone, ambient display, fitness, activity-based applications.
ACM Classification Keywords
H.5.2 User Interfaces, H.5.m Miscellaneous.
INTRODUCTION
Recent advances in small inexpensive sensors, low-power
processing, and activity modeling have enabled new classes
of technologies that use on-body sensing and machine
learning to automatically infer people’s activities
throughout the day. These emerging technologies have seen
success with participants in controlled and “living” lab
settings [11] and with researchers in situ [18]. The next step
is to conduct in situ studies with the target user population.
Such studies expose important issues, for example, how the
systems are used as part of everyday experiences, where the
technology is brittle, and user reactions to activity inference
and the presentation of those inferences.
One application domain for on-body sensing and activity
inference is addressing the growing rate of sedentary
lifestyles. Regular physical activity is critical to everyone’s
physical and psychological health, regardless of their being
normal weight, overweight, or obese [6,16]. Physical activity
reduces risk of premature mortality, coronary heart disease,
type II diabetes, colon cancer, and osteoporosis, and has also
been shown to improve symptoms associated with mental
health conditions such as depression and anxiety. Yet despite
the importance of physical activity, many adults in the U.S.
do not get enough exercise [1].
Technologies that apply on-body sensing and activity
inference to the fitness domain are faced with a challenge
regarding which physical activities should be detected. The
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends
that physical activity be regular and include
cardiorespiratory training (or “cardio”) where large muscle
groups are involved in dynamic activity such as running or
cycling; resistance training, that is weight training that builds
muscular strength and endurance; and flexibility training
where muscles are slowly elongated to improve or maintain
range of motion [22]. Technologies that attempt to encourage
physical activity should support the range of activities that
contribute to a physically active lifestyle, rather than focus on
a single activity such as walking.
Our goal in this work is to investigate users’ experiences with
a system that we have developed, UbiFit Garden, which uses
on-body sensing, activity inference, and a novel personal,
mobile display to encourage physical activity. While our
future work will focus on how the system affects awareness
and sustained behavior change, at this stage, we are exploring
how the system affects individuals’ everyday lives, how they
interpret and reflect on the data about their physical activities,
and how they interact with that data. We conducted a three-
week field trial (n=12) with participants who were
representative of UbiFit Garden’s target audience. In this
paper, we discuss the types of physical activities participants
performed, how those activities were recorded and
manipulated, and participants’ qualitative reactions to activity
inference and manual journaling. We also discuss
participants’ general reactions to the system.
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for
personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are
not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies
bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise,
or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior
specific permission and/or a fee.
CHI 2008, April 5–10, 2008, Florence, Italy.
Copyright 2008 ACM 978-1-60558-011-1/08/04…$5.00.
AcGvity
sensing
in
the
wild:
A
field
trial
of
UbiFit
Garden
Sunny
Consolvo
et
al
(CHI2008)
This
paper
• Describes
a
novel
(in
2008)
mobile
acGvity
tracking
system
• Presents
results
from
a
field
trial
of
the
system
• Discusses
the
use
of
acGvity
trackers
for
encouraging
physical
acGvity
InnovaGon](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/selftrackinganddigitalhealth-151103132740-lva1-app6891/75/Self-tracking-and-digital-health-20-2048.jpg){kind=tracking}
![Jogging with a Quadcopter
Florian ‘Floyd’ Mueller, Matthew Muirhead
Exertion Games Lab
RMIT University
Melbourne, Australia
{floyd, matt}@exertiongameslab.org
ABSTRACT
Jogging is a popular exertion activity. The abundance of
jogging apps suggests to us that joggers can appreciate the
opportunity for technology to support the jogging
experience. We want to take this investigation a step further
by exploring if, and how, robotic systems can support the
jogging experience. We designed and built a flying robotic
system, a quadcopter, as a jogging companion and studied
its use with 13 individual joggers. By analyzing their
experiences, we derived three design dimensions that
describe a design space for flying robotic jogging
companions: Perceived Control, Focus and Bodily
Interaction. Additionally, we articulate a series of design
tactics, described by these dimensions, to guide the design
of future systems. With this work we hope to inspire and
guide designers interested in creating robotic systems to
support exertion experiences.
Author Keywords
Jogging; running; movement-based play; whole-body
interaction; sports; quadcopter; robot; exertion
ACM Classification Keywords
H.5.2. [Information Interfaces and Presentation]: User
Interfaces - Miscellaneous.
INTRODUCTION
Understanding the role of interactive technology to support
physical exertion is a thriving field in HCI. By exertion
interactions we mean interactions with technology that
require intense physical effort from the user [20].
Supporting exertion is important, as exertion activity can
facilitate social, mental and physical health benefits.
One popular exertion activity is jogging, i.e. running at a
leisurely pace. The abundance of jogging apps, sports
watches and wearable sensors (for example embedded in
Figure 1. What is it like to jog with a quadcopter?
shirts and socks [3]) suggests to us that joggers appreciate
the opportunity for technology to support their jogging
experience. This trend has been recognized and investigated
by research [39] while special interest groups (SIGs) at CHI
have also been formed to encourage further developments
in this area [23, 24].
We believe that the current range of systems to support
jogging is only the beginning of a trend. With sensor
advancements, improvement in battery performance and
miniaturization, more opportunities will emerge for
designers to support people’s exertion experiences. Along
with technology advancements, there have also been
advances in our understanding of the role of bodily aspects
from a system’s design perspective, most often under the
name of embodiment [10, 36]. We take this investigation a
step further and wonder if exertion activities like jogging
that are so embodiment-focused might benefit from designs
with a similar embodiment focus. We see robots as having
the potential for such an embodiment focus, and therefore
begin by exploring if, and how, robotic systems can support
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or
classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for
profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the
first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must
be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on
servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request
permissions from permissions@acm.org.
CHI 2015, April 18 - 23 2015, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Copyright is held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM.
ACM 978-1-4503-3145-6/15/04…$15.00
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702472
Jogging
with
a
quadcopter
Florian
'Floyd'
Mueller
et
al
(CHI2015)
This
paper:
• Explores
if
and
how
roboGc
systems
can
support
the
jogging
experience
• Presents
a
roboGc
quadcopter
based
system
for
joggers
• Uses
of
robots
include
keeping
pace,
sefng
routes,
making
a
distracGon,
and
making
jogging
playful
InnovaGon](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/selftrackinganddigitalhealth-151103132740-lva1-app6891/75/Self-tracking-and-digital-health-21-2048.jpg){kind=tracking}
![TastyBeats:
Designing Palatable Representations of Physical Activity
Rohit Ashok Khot1
, Jeewon Lee1
, Deepti Aggarwal2
, Larissa Hjorth3
, Florian ‘Floyd’ Mueller1
1
Exertion Games Lab
RMIT University, Australia
{ rohit, jeewon, floyd }@
exertiongameslab.org
2
Microsoft Centre for Social NUI,
University of Melbourne, Australia
daggarwal@student.unimelb.edu.au
3
RMIT University,
Australia
larissa.hjorth@rmit.edu.au
Figure 1: TastyBeats is a fountain-based interactive system that creates a fluidic spectacle of
mixing sport drinks based on heart rate data of physical activity.
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we introduce palatable representations that
besides improving the understanding of physical activity
through abstract visualization also provide an appetizing
drink to celebrate the experience of being physically active.
By designing such palatable representations, our aim is to
offer novel opportunities for reflection on one’s physical
activities. We present TastyBeats, a fountain-based
interactive system that creates a fluidic spectacle of mixing
sport drinks based on heart rate data of physical activity,
which the user can later consume to replenish the loss of
body fluids due to the physical activity. We articulate our
experiences in designing the system as well as learning
gained through field deployments of the system in
participants’ homes for a period of two weeks. We found
that our system increased participants’ awareness of
physical activity and facilitated a shared social experience,
while the prepared drink was treated as a hedonic reward
that motivated participants to exercise more. Ultimately,
with this work, we aim to inspire and guide design thinking
on palatable representations, which we believe opens up
new interaction possibilities to support physical activity
experience.
Author Keywords
Palatable representation; fluidic interfaces; physical
activity; quantified self; personal informatics; Human-Food
Interaction (HFI).
ACM Classification Keywords
H.5.m. Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI):
Miscellaneous.
INTRODUCTION
Activity trackers like pedometers and heart rate monitors
are becoming increasingly popular to support physical
activity experiences [41]. These devices collect personally
relevant data such as bodily responses to physical activity
and provide opportunities to reflect on the collected data
through self-monitoring [22]. For example, pedometers
count the number of steps taken in a day, while heart rate
monitors inform about exercise intensity. Research suggests
that regular use of these devices can increase user
motivation for physical activity [35, 43].
One key aspect of tracking physical activity is visualization,
which improves understanding of the data [22, 35].
“Seeing” makes knowledge credible [4] and “greater
visibility of information puts an added responsibility to act
on” as pointed out by Viseu and Suchman [45]. For
example, by visualizing physical activity data, users can
gain a better understanding of their physical activity levels
and can make this gained knowledge actionable towards
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for
personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are
not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies
bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for
components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored.
Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to
post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission
and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.
CHI 2015, April 18 - 23 2015, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Copyright is held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to
ACM.
ACM 978-1-4503-3145-6/15/04...$15.00.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702197
TastyBeats:
Designing
palatable
representaGons
of
physical
acGvity
Rohit
Ashok
Khot
et
al
(CHI
2015)
This
paper
• Introduces
'palatable'
representaGons
of
data
as
an
alternaGve
to
visualisaGon
• Presents
a
fountain
based
system
that
creates
a
'fluidic
spectacle'
of
mixing
sports
drinks
based
on
heart
rate
data
• Presents
a
field
study
of
the
system
in
three
households
InnovaGon](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/selftrackinganddigitalhealth-151103132740-lva1-app6891/75/Self-tracking-and-digital-health-22-2048.jpg){kind=tracking}
![Design Requirements for Technologies that
Encourage Physical Activity
Sunny Consolvo1, 2
, Katherine Everitt3
, Ian Smith1
, & James A. Landay1, 3
1
Intel Research Seattle
1100 NE 45th
Street, 6th
Floor
Seattle, WA 98105 USA
[sunny.consolvo,ian.e.smith,
james.a.landay]@intel.com
2
University of Washington
The Information School
Box 352840
Seattle, WA 98195-2840 USA
consolvo@u.washington.edu
3
University of Washington
Computer Science & Engineering
Box 352350
Seattle, WA 98195-2350 USA
[everitt,landay]@cs.washington.edu
ABSTRACT
Overweight and obesity are a global epidemic, with over
one billion overweight adults worldwide (300+ million of
whom are obese). Obesity is linked to several serious health
problems and medical conditions. Medical experts agree
that physical activity is critical to maintaining fitness,
reducing weight, and improving health, yet many people
have difficulty increasing and maintaining physical activity
in everyday life. Clinical studies have shown that health
benefits can occur from simply increasing the number of
steps one takes each day and that social support can
motivate people to stay active. In this paper, we describe
Houston, a prototype mobile phone application for
encouraging activity by sharing step count with friends. We
also present four design requirements for technologies that
encourage physical activity that we derived from a three-
week long in situ pilot study that was conducted with
women who wanted to increase their physical activity.
Author Keywords
design requirements, fitness, physical activity, pedometer,
mobile phone, obesity, overweight, social support.
ACM Classification Keywords
H.5.2 [User Interfaces]: User-centered design; H.5.3 [Group
and Organization Interfaces]: Evaluation/methodology,
Asynchronous interaction.
INTRODUCTION
To help address the global epidemic of overweight and
obesity, we are investigating how technology could help
encourage people to sustain an increased level of physical
activity, which medical experts agree is critical to
maintaining fitness, reducing weight, and improving health.
We are specifically interested in encouraging opportunistic
physical activities. These are where a person incorporates
activities into her normal, everyday life to increase her
overall level of physical activity (e.g., walking instead of
driving to work, taking the stairs, or parking further away
from her destination). We are also interested in encouraging
structured exercise, where a person elevates her heart rate
for an extended period (e.g., going for a run or swim).
In our first investigation, we focus on encouraging people
to add opportunistic physical activities to their lives,
without discouraging structured exercise. Studies have
shown that people can achieve health benefits by merely
increasing the number of steps they take each day and that
support from friends and family has consistently been
related to an increase in physical activity [3, 4, 17, 19].
However, with today’s hectic lifestyles, many people have
difficulty fitting exercise into their lives and spending
quality time with their friends. A mobile device such as a
mobile phone can provide relevant information at the right
time and place, and may help encourage opportunistic
activities [6]. Based on these findings, we investigate if
technology could encourage physical activity by providing
personal awareness of activity level and mediating physical
activity-related social interaction among friends.
We use daily step count as a measure of physical activity
and a mobile phone-based fitness journal we developed to
track and share progress toward a daily step count goal
within a small group of friends. We realize that
investigating the effect of the technology on sustained
behavior change will require a longitudinal study and thus
have taken a user-centered design approach starting with a
three-week long in situ pilot study. We evaluated an early-
stage prototype of the mobile phone application with three
groups of women who wanted to increase their levels of
physical activity, were interested in preventing weight gain,
and in many cases, had a goal of losing some weight. The
results of the pilot study are being used to inform the design
of a new application we are building to enable a
longitudinal study to examine effects on behavior.
In this paper, we focus our discussion on the four key
design requirements for technologies that encourage
physical activity that we derived from our analysis of the
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for
personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are
not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies
bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise,
or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior
specific permission and/or a fee.
CHI 2006, April 22–27, 2006, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
Copyright 2006 ACM 1-59593-178-3/06/0004...$5.00.
CHI 2006 Proceedings • Designing for Tangible Interactions April 22-27, 2006 • Montréal, Québec, Canada
457
Design
requirements
for
technologies
that
encourage
physical
acGvity
Sunny
Consolvo
et
al
(CHI2006)
This
paper
• Presents
a
system
for
entering
pedometer
data
onto
mobile
phones
• Presents
a
field
trial
of
the
system
with
a
social
group
• Discuses
issues
in
presenGng
and
sharing
acGvity
data
using
mobile
phones
InteracGon
design](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/selftrackinganddigitalhealth-151103132740-lva1-app6891/75/Self-tracking-and-digital-health-23-2048.jpg){kind=tracking}
![Balancing Accuracy and Fun: Designing Camera Based
Mobile Games for Implicit Heart Rate Monitoring
Teng Han2
, Xiang Xiao1
, Lanfei Shi2
, John Canny3
, Jingtao Wang1
1
Department of Computer Science,
2
Intelligent Systems Program,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
{teh24@, xiangxiao@cs., las231@, jingtaow@cs.}pitt.edu
3
Computer Science Division,
University of California at Berkeley,
387 Soda Hall, Berkeley, CA, USA
jfc@cs.berkeley.edu
ABSTRACT
Heart rate monitoring is widely used in clinical care, fitness
training, and stress management. However, tracking
individuals' heart rates faces two major challenges, namely
equipment availability and user motivation. In this paper,
we present a novel technique, LivePulse Games (LPG), to
measure users’ heart rates in real time by having them play
games on unmodified mobile phones. With LPG, the heart
rate is calculated by detecting changes in transparency of
users’ fingertips via the built-in camera of a mobile device.
More importantly, LPG integrate users’ camera lens
covering actions as an essential control mechanism in game
play, and detect heart rates implicitly from intermittent lens
covering actions. We explore the design space and trade-
offs of LPG through three rounds of iterative design. In a
12-subject user study, we found that LPG are fun to play
and can measure heart rates accurately. We also report the
insights for balancing measurement speed, accuracy, and
entertainment value in LPG.
Author Keywords
Heart rate, mobile phone, multi-modal interface, game
design, serious game, ECG, quantified self.
ACM Classification Keywords
H5.2. Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI):
User Interfaces.
General Terms
Design, Experimentation, Human Factors.
INTRODUCTION
Heart rate is one important vital sign in health care [6, 29].
For healthy people, resting heart rate (RHR) is also an
essential physiological marker of physical fitness [7, 30,
38], and expected life span [13]. Heart rate has been used in
fitness training [19, 20] and competitive sports for
managing work-out intensity and balancing physical
exertion. Both continual readings of heart rates [5, 15, 37,
33] and heart rate variability, a.k.a. HRV [27, 29, 32, 33],
can predict a user’s physiological state, including cognitive
workload and mental stress levels, in contexts such as
computer user interfaces [29, 33], traffic control [29],
longitudinal monitoring of emotion and food intake [5], and
intelligent tutoring [15]. Therefore, the efficient
measurement of heart rate can be of great significance
across scenarios involving physical health, mental activities
or a combination of both.
Unfortunately, most heart rate measurement methods are
either time-consuming1
, or require special measurement
equipment [25] that may not be available to a wide
audience. For example, manual pulse counting with fingers
may be tedious, and inaccurate. More precise methods
include the Electrocardiograph (ECG) [22, 25] and pulse
oximeters [25, 35]. These dedicated heart rate monitoring
devices share at least three disadvantages. First, the costs of
these devices could prevent wide adoption in everyday life.
Second, it is not convenient to carry and use the devices “on
the go”. Last but not least, existing methods provide little
immediate benefits or intrinsic motivation to users and thus
may be tedious to track heart rate in a longitudinal setting.
Figure 1. Real-time heart rate measurement via LivePulse
Games (left: City Defender, right: Gold Miner).
To overcome the limitations of existing techniques, we
have developed LivePulse Games (LPG, figure 1) to
measure users’ heart rates in real time by having them play
serious games on unmodified mobile phones. LPG calculate
heart rates by detecting the transparency change of
fingertips via the built-in camera (i.e. commodity camera
1
In both the preparation phase and the actual measurement stage.
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for
personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are
not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies
bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise,
or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior
specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from
Permissions@acm.org.
CHI 2015, April 18 - 23 2015, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Copyright 2015 ACM 978-1-4503-3145-6/15/04…$15.00
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702502
Health Sensors & Monitoring CHI 2015, Crossings, Seoul, Korea
847
Balancing
accuracy
and
fun:
Designing
Camera
Based
Mobile
Games
for
Implicit
Heart
Rate
Monitoring
Teng
Han
et
al
(CHI
2015)
This
paper
• Presents
"live
pulse
games"
for
smartphones
which
measure
pulse
during
play
• The
smartphone
camera
is
used
as
controller
and
sensor
for
pulse.
• This
allows
for
longitudinal
collecGon
of
heart
rate
data
InteracGon
design](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/selftrackinganddigitalhealth-151103132740-lva1-app6891/75/Self-tracking-and-digital-health-24-2048.jpg){kind=tracking}
![Pass the Ball: Enforced Turn-Taking in Activity Tracking
John Rooksby, Mattias Rost, Alistair Morrison, Matthew Chalmers
School of Computing Science,
University of Glasgow, UK.
{firstname.lastname}@glasgow.ac.uk
ABSTRACT
We have developed a mobile application called Pass The
Ball that enables users to track, reflect on, and discuss
physical activity with others. We followed an iterative
design process, trialling a first version of the app with 20
people and a second version with 31. The trials were
conducted in the wild, on users’ own devices. The second
version of the app enforced a turn-taking system that meant
only one member of a group of users could track their
activity at any one time. This constrained tracking at the
individual level, but more successfully led users to
communicate and interact with each other. We discuss the
second trial with reference to two concepts: social-
relatedness and individual-competence. We discuss six key
lessons from the trial, and identify two high-level design
implications: attend to “practices” of tracking; and look
within and beyond “collaboration” and “competition” in the
design of activity trackers.
Author Keywords:
Activity Tracking; Mobile Health; Game.
ACM Classification Keywords
H.5.m. Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI):
Miscellaneous.
INTRODUCTION
The potential for smartphone-based activity trackers to
support and encourage health related behaviour change has
been widely recognised (see [14, 16, 18] for recent
overviews). We have noticed that activity trackers are
commonly designed as individual trackers that then have
social features added to them. Typically, social features
enable users to post an achievement such as a recent run or
step-count to a social network site such as Facebook. In this
paper we explore a social-first approach, reporting on an
app we have developed and evaluated that takes interacting
with others as prerequisite to tracking an activity. The app,
Pass The Ball, is a team game in which players pass a
virtual ball to each other. Only one user can have the ball at
any one time, and only this user’s activity can be tracked by
the app (the app awards activity points based on a simple
motion tracking algorithm). Teams compete against each
other to score the most points. This creates a coordination
problem, one that requires users to think about and discuss
not just their own activity but also that of others.
For this work we adopted a “research through design”
approach (see [13, 36]). We have created a mobile
application and have studied its use in the wild on people’s
own mobile phones. We have gone through this process
iteratively (as is best practice in design [36]), producing and
trialling the app for two weeks, then refining it and trialling
it again for another two weeks. Gaver [13] argues that
research through design is not about creating artefacts that
embody, confirm or falsify theory, but artefacts that can be
“annotated” by theory. In this paper we use two concepts
from behaviour change theory as annotation: individual
competence and social relatedness. Our work does not
embody, confirm or falsify any particular theory, but treats
these concepts as a way of discussing the relationship,
similarities and differences of Pass The Ball to other
activity trackers. Gaver views design not as a science, but
as a process in which “we may build on one another’s
results, but … also usefully subvert them” (p.946). Our app
is subversive in that it prioritises social-relatedness over
individual-competence, where the converse is the norm.
BACKGROUND
Pedometers have been widely available for a long time
(they were introduced, in their modern form as step
counters, by Yamasa in the 1960s). Recently, smartphone
applications (apps) and networked hardware devices have
begun to offer new possibilities for tracking steps and
myriad other activities, sparking renewed interest in the
relationship between tracking and health related behaviour
change. Pedometers have been shown to have a positive
effect on health related behaviour [34], and it seems a
reasonable expectation that apps and networked hardware
devices can have similar if not greater benefits. Studies
such as [3, 4] are pointing to and cautiously confirming
such benefits. However, with the range of new possibilities
comes a large, complex design space; it is only beginning to
become clear what the effects and relevancies of different
designs are to behaviour change. In this paper we discuss
our exploration of this design space.
Over the last few years, researchers and developers have
been creating apps and devices that augment tracking with
social and game features. Apps such as SpyFeet [30] allow
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for
personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are
not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies
bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for
components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored.
Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to
post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission
and/or a fee. Request permissions from Permissions@acm.org.
CHI 2015, April 18 - 23 2015, Seoul, Republic of Korea Copyright is held
by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM.
ACM 978-1-4503-3145-6/15/04...$15.00
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702577
Experience Design for Games CHI 2015, Crossings, Seoul, Korea
2417
InteracGon
design
Pass
the
ball:
Enforced
turn
taking
in
acGvity
tracking
John
Rooksby
et
al
(CHI2015)
This
paper:
• Presents
a
novel
pedometer
based
game
where
team
members
take
it
in
turn
to
count
their
steps
• Discusses
user
trials
of
two
versions
of
the
game
• Discusses
the
experiences
and
pracGcaliGes
of
cooperaGve
tracking](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/selftrackinganddigitalhealth-151103132740-lva1-app6891/75/Self-tracking-and-digital-health-25-2048.jpg){kind=tracking}
![Rethinking the Mobile Food Journal:
Exploring Opportunities for Lightweight Photo-Based Capture
Felicia Cordeiro1
, Elizabeth Bales1,2
, Erin Cherry3
, James Fogarty1
1
Computer Science & Engineering
2
Human Centered Design & Engineering
DUB Group, University of Washington
{felicia0, lizbales, jfogarty}@cs.washington.edu
ABSTRACT
Food choices are among the most frequent and important
health decisions in everyday life, but remain notoriously
difficult to capture. This work examines opportunities for
lightweight photo-based capture in mobile food journals.
We first report on a survey of 257 people, examining how
they define healthy eating, their experiences and challenges
with existing food journaling methods, and their ability to
interpret nutritional information that can be captured in a
food journal. We then report on interviews and a field study
with 27 participants using a lightweight, photo-based food
journal for between 4 to 8 weeks. We discuss mismatches
between motivations and current designs, challenges of
current approaches to food journaling, and opportunities for
photos as an alternative to the pervasive but often inappropriate
emphasis on quantitative tracking in mobile food journals.
Author Keywords
Personal Informatics; Self-Tracking; Food Journals; Photos.
ACM Classification Keywords
H.5.m. Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI).
INTRODUCTION
Food choices are among the most frequent and important
health decisions in everyday life, yet it remains notoriously
difficult to understand our food choices. People eat in many
different contexts and have widely varying motivations and
constraints on food. Being mindful of the quality and quantity
of food choices is a crucial component of a healthy life
[35,36], and food journals can be effective for monitoring
food intake [8,15]. The implications of food also go beyond
health, as food is central to our daily experiences and our
relationship with food varies according to personal contexts
and goals [14]. But food journals impose high burdens that
detract from their potential benefit [11,12]. Effective food
journaling is thus a grand challenge for personal informatics.
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal
or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or
distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice
and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work
owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is
permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute
to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.
Request permissions from Permissions@acm.org.
CHI 2015, April 18 - 23 2015, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Copyright 2015 ACM 978-1-4503-3145-6/15/04$15.00
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702154
3
Computer Science
University of Rochester
erinc@cs.rochester.edu
Figure 1. An entry in our lightweight photo-based
food journal. No calorie or nutrition information is
shown, as the journal instead logs meal enjoyment,
location context, and social context.
Automated sensing has proven powerful in some domains
of human activity, but remains out of reach for food despite
recent advances [1,3,18,27,29,32,38]. It is also unclear
whether automation is desirable, as it may undermine
in-the-moment awareness created by food journaling [36].
Some existing methods involve taking photos of food as an
intermediate step toward collecting underlying nutritional
information [18,27,38]. We step further back, asking what
people want to capture about food and what value photos
themselves might provide in a lightweight food journal.
Our work examines lightweight photo-based capture and
reflection, reconsidering the common assumption that a
quantitative approach is required. We first present a survey
examining how people define healthy eating, experiences
and challenges with existing food journals, and how people
interpret the healthiness of food presented as either photos
or nutrition labels. We then present interviews and field
deployments of a lightweight, photo-based mobile food
journal. A total of 27 people with varying food goals from
two distinct trials use our application to journal for between
4 to 8 weeks. We explore reactions to a design focused on
food photos in lieu of nutritional information and examine
the value of food photos with regard to their goals. Finally,
we discuss our results in the context of rethinking challenges
and opportunities in the design of mobile food journals.
InteracGon
design
Rethinking
the
mobile
food
journal:
Exploring
opportuniGes
for
lightweight
photo-‐based
capture.
Felicia
Cordeiro
et
al
(CHI2015)
This
paper
• Presents
a
survey
of
experiences
and
challenges
in
food
journaling
• Presents
a
field
trial
of
a
photo
based
system
for
journaling
• Discusses
the
pros
and
cons
of
photo
based
and
log
based
approaches.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/selftrackinganddigitalhealth-151103132740-lva1-app6891/75/Self-tracking-and-digital-health-26-2048.jpg){kind=tracking}
![Personal Tracking as Lived Informatics
John Rooksby, Mattias Rost, Alistair Morrison, Matthew Chalmers
School of Computing Science,
University of Glasgow, UK.
{john.rooksby, mattias.rost, alistair.morrison, matthew.chalmers}@glasgow.ac.uk
ABSTRACT
This paper characterises the use of activity trackers as
‘lived informatics’. This characterisation is contrasted with
other discussions of personal informatics and the quantified
self. The paper reports an interview study with activity
tracker users. The study found: people do not logically
organise, but interweave various activity trackers,
sometimes with ostensibly the same functionality; that
tracking is often social and collaborative rather than
personal; that there are different styles of tracking,
including goal driven tracking and documentary tracking;
and that tracking information is often used and interpreted
with reference to daily or short term goals and decision
making. We suggest there will be difficulties in personal
informatics if we ignore the way that personal tracking is
enmeshed with everyday life and people’s outlook on their
future.
Author Keywords
Activity Tracking; Data; Qualitative methods
ACM Classification Keywords
H.5.m. Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI):
Miscellaneous.
INTRODUCTION
Over the past few years there has been a proliferation of
mobile apps and consumer devices for tracking personal
information, particularly those related to health and
wellbeing (for example diet, weight, sleep, walking and
exercise). Many apps can be downloaded for free or at low
cost. Some physical devices (such as pedometers) cost
trivial amounts (see [19]). Yet there is also a market for
premium devices (see [11] for a discussion of the FitBit).
Mobile phone manufacturers including Apple and Motorola
have also begun to make specific provisions for activity
tracking by, for example, incorporating always-on
accelerometers into their latest high-end mobile devices.
The advent of smart watches, smart glasses and other forms
of wearable computing in the consumer domain is also
likely to bring further innovation and proliferation in this
area. Personal tracking is, however, not new. People have
long been able to track and manage activities using diaries
and/or personal computers. Tracking can in fact be traced
back to at least Roman times (where trackers were used not
as personal devices but for measuring the mobility of
soldiers). However, with the popularity of smartphones and
digital devices with built in accelerometers and location
services, the area of personal tracking appears to be one of
great investment and growth.
Previous research in this area has predominantly focused on
individual, researcher-supplied technologies. From a health
research perspective, a tracker is either an instrument with
which to measure activity, or an intervention to be applied
across a cohort of people. Standard devices are used, and
often treated as invisible lenses on activity (e.g. [19, 21]). In
health research, consumer trackers are usually used,
whereas evaluation in HCI is usually of a novel prototype
(e.g. [13, 10]). In HCI the devices themselves are not
treated invisibly but, as with health research, evaluation is
predominantly of an individual technology and oriented to
intervention. There is some research looking at integration
of technologies, notably Bentley et al.’s [2] work on health
mashups for behaviour change. Yet even here the
researchers selected what the study participants should use.
The agency of the people using such technologies is too
often denied; Maitland et al.’s [12] study of weight loss and
Mamykina et al.’s [14] study of diabetes management are
rare exceptions. They point out that people choose, use,
interweave and abandon various technologies in their own,
lived efforts to improve their health. They found people
were not changing their behaviour because of a technology,
but were using technology because they wanted to change.
What people decide to track using consumer products, what
trackers they decide to use, and how they use them over
days, weeks, months and potentially lifetimes remains
understudied. Studying individual, researcher supplied
technology is somewhat at odds with the literature around
personal informatics, which suggests that people can and
should track various aspects of their lives. It is also
somewhat at odds with what we already know about
smartphone use. Barkhuus et al. [1] have pointed out that
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for
personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are
not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies
bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for
components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be
honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or
republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior
specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from
Permissions@acm.org.
CHI 2014, April 26 - May 01 2014, Toronto, ON, Canada. Copyright is
held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM.
ACM 978-1-4503-2473-1/14/04 $15.00
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557039
ACM 978-1-4503-2473-1/14/04 $15.00.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557039
Understanding
pracGces
Personal
tracking
as
lived
informaGcs
John
Rooksby
et
al
(CHI2014)
This
paper
• Presents
a
study
of
users
of
personal
trackers
(apps
and
wearables)
• Draws
anenGon
to
different
styles
and
purposes
of
tracking
• Draws
anenGon
to
the
ways
in
which
people
use
mulGple
trackers
and
switch
over
Gme](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/selftrackinganddigitalhealth-151103132740-lva1-app6891/75/Self-tracking-and-digital-health-27-2048.jpg){kind=tracking}
![Snot, Sweat, Pain, Mud, and Snow -
Performance and Experience in the Use of Sports Watches
1st Author Name
Affiliation
Address
e-mail address
Optional phone number
2nd Author Name
Affiliation
Address
e-mail address
Optional phone number
3rd
Author Name
Affiliation
Address
e-mail address
Optional phone number
ABSTRACT
We have conducted interviews with ten elite and
recreational athletes to understand their experiences and
engagement with endurance sport and personal and
wearable sports technology. In the interviews, athletes
emphasized the experiential aspects of doing sports and the
notion of feeling was repeatedly used to talk about their
activities. The technology played both an instrumental role
in measuring performance and feeding bio-data back to
them, and an experiential role in supporting and confirming
the sport experience. To guide further interaction design
research in the sports domain, we suggest two interrelated
ways of looking at sports performances and experiences,
firstly through the notion of a measured sense of
performance, and secondly as a lived-sense of performance.
Author Keywords
Sports, experience, heart rate monitors, feeling.
ACM Classification Keywords
H.5.m. Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI):
Miscellaneous.
INTRODUCTION
Measuring results as accurately as possible is the primary
way of assessing performance in sports, and consequently
an important driving force in the development of sports
technology. Here, we attempt to expand what the notion of
performance means in sports, and the implications this has
for interaction design research.
Endurance sports such as running, cycling, triathlon, and
cross-country skiing is currently growing remarkably. This
is seen in increasing participation in races and organized
training groups, and the development of new forms of mass
races such as ultra-marathons, swim-run races over large
distances, and trail running. Hand in hand with this, a
proliferation of mobile technologies dedicated to sports and
exercise has emerged, such as watches, sensors, and apps.
This technical and commercial development has brought
increased attention of HCI to the domain of sports and
novel ways of using technology in sports activities,
examples include social sharing of heart-rate during cycling
[33], interactive shirts for sharing running data [32], and
novel feedback mechanisms for golfers [27], skiers [20],
and runners [26]. So far, a significant part of the research in
interactive sports technologies has been concerned with
socio-motivational technologies [2, 22, 23], new forms of
play [12, 15], gamification [5], bodily interaction [34], and
explorations of technical challenges for wearable sports
technologies [3, 4, 20, 37]. However, when it comes to
supporting, enhancing or augmenting the sporting activities
through deep engagement with the details of their
execution, it turns out that less work has been reported.
Counter-examples include [11, 18] which led to an
innovative training device for advanced psychomotor skills
in handball, Stienstra et al.’s. [33] work on sonification of
speed skating motion; and Spelmezan’s [32] vibrational
feedback for snowboarding instruction.
By drawing on a set of “in-depth interviews” with elite and
recreational athletes, we map out key characteristics of
athletes’ experiences and engagement in endurance sports,
and technologies that support this in various ways such as
sports watches and heart-rate monitors. For a large group of
engaged athletes, there is a close connection between the
experience of the sport and how it is performed, and sports
is valued for a lot more than pure measurable performance.
Moreover, it is not only goals and results that motivate
athletes, but a rich flora of additional factors such as the
reward from meeting various challenges, the ability to
manage exertion and fatigue, and the sheer fun and
enjoyment of running, skiing, and cycling. Reoccurring in
our material was the notion of feeling, and the various roles
it played in building instrumental and experiential aspects
of the athletes’ performances. As put by one of our
participants:
“.. and then you run ten kilometers and it feels like… well,
did I run or am I going to run? I don’t feel the difference in
my legs. That feeling is priceless in a way.” Karl
Paste the appropriate copyright/license statement here. ACM now
supports three different publication options:
ACM copyright: ACM holds the copyright on the work. This is the
historical approach.
License: The author(s) retain copyright, but ACM receives an
exclusive publication license.
Open Access: The author(s) wish to pay for the work to be open
access. The additional fee must be paid to ACM.
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included here.
Understanding
pracGces
Snot,
Sweat,
Pain,
Mud
and
Snow
–
Performance
and
Experience
in
the
Use
of
Sports
Watches
Jakob
Tholander
et
al
(CHI2015)
This
paper
• Presents
an
interview
study
with
endurance
athletes
• Draws
anenGon
to
feelings
and
the
roles
they
play
in
sport
• Points
out
that
trackers
quanGfy
things
that
can
be
felt
and
therefore
help
understand
feeling
and
represent
feeling](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/selftrackinganddigitalhealth-151103132740-lva1-app6891/75/Self-tracking-and-digital-health-28-2048.jpg){kind=tracking}
![Concealing or Revealing Mobile Medical Devices?
Designing for Onstage and Offstage Presentation
Aisling Ann O’Kane
UCL Interaction Centre
University College London
London, United Kingdom
a.okane@cs.ucl.ac.uk
Yvonne Rogers
UCL Interaction Centre
University College London
London, United Kingdom
y.rogers@ucl.ac.uk
Ann Blandford
UCL Interaction Centre
University College London
London, United Kingdom
a.blandford@ucl.ac.uk
ABSTRACT
Adults with Type 1 Diabetes have choices regarding the
technology they use to self-manage their chronic condition.
They can use glucose meters, insulin pumps, smartphone
apps, and other technologies to support their everyday care.
However, little is known about how their social lives might
influence what they adopt or how they use technologies. A
multi-method study was conducted to examine contextual
factors that influence their technology use. While individual
differences play a large role in everyday use, social factors
were also found to influence use. For example, people can
hide their devices in uncertain social situations or show
them off to achieve a purpose. We frame these social
behaviours using Goffman’s theatre metaphor of onstage
and offstage behaviour, and discuss how this kind of
analysis can inform the design of future mobile medical
devices for self-management of chronic conditions.
INTRODUCTION
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a serious chronic condition that
can involve the use of various mobile medical devices to
support everyday self-care, and people’s adoption and use
of diabetes technologies can differ significantly as devices
become individually appropriated [36]. The range of T1D
technologies includes glucose meters, continuous glucose
meters, insulin pumps, and mobile phone applications. As
T1D devices are mobile and need to be used in various
contexts, it is important to understand how user experience
might influence how devices are used in practice.
T1D is an auto-immune chronic condition that is often
associated with childhood onset [27], but people of all ages
can be diagnosed with it. It involves the pancreas producing
insufficient quantities of insulin, a hormone required for the
regulation of blood glucose (BG), but the condition can be
managed [21]. For T1D, careful self-management practices
are encouraged by medical practitioners: low BG levels
(hypoglycemia, or ‘hypos’) can lead to immediate health
concerns, including feeling physically ill or even falling
unconscious, while excess levels of BG (hyperglycemia or
‘hypers’) can eventually culminate in complications, such
as eye, foot, kidney, and heart disease. Personal
management practices include calculating medication doses
to inject based on factors such as personal situation (e.g.
digested sugars and carbohydrates, exercise, sickness, and
stress), temperature/weather, their current BG level, and
past experience. Balancing BG levels with ingested glucose
and injected insulin can control the condition, significantly
reducing the impact on a person’s life.
Most diabetes care involves some form of self-
management. This means people with diabetes are “more
than passive recipients of medical expertise” [10]. Lutfey
and Wishner [22] suggest that the term ‘compliance’ should
not be used in efforts to improve self-management
practices. Instead, they propose using ‘adherence’, which
suggests appropriate autonomy in defining and following
self-management plans for diabetes. However, people’s
plans are not necessarily the same as the actions they take:
actions are contingent on the unfolding context [39], which
is relational, dynamic, occasioned, and arising from the on-
going activity [9]. This is of particular relevance when
looking at the self-management plans of people with T1D,
where self-management occurs on a “daily basis within the
context of the other goals, priorities, health issues, family
demands, and other personal concerns that make up their
lives” [10]. Self-management practices vary [37] but there
is little research on how mobile T1D technologies are
chosen to be used for everyday self-management and how
everyday social life might influence practice.
To address this gap, we conducted three user studies that
examined how T1D devices are adopted, carried, and used.
We used contextual interviews, a diary study, and
observation of a T1D group meet-up. In the data analysis
reported here, we used Goffman’s theatre metaphor of how
people present themselves to others. This conceptual
framing provides insight into the nuanced ways adults with
TID conceal or reveal the use of mobile self-management
devices in social situations, which could benefit the design
of future mobile self-management devices for chronic
conditions.
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for
personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies
are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and
that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.
Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM
must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy
otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists,
requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions
from Permissions@acm.org.
CHI 2015, April 18 - 23, 2015, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Copyright is held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to
ACM.
ACM 978-1-4503-3145-6/15/04…$15.00
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702453
Understanding
pracGces
Concealing
or
Revealing
Mobile
Medical
Devices?
Designing
for
Onstage
and
Offstage
PresentaGon.
Aisling
O'Kane
et
al
(CHI
2015)
This
paper
• Explores
the
occasions
in
which
adults
with
type
1
diabetes
conceal
or
reveal
their
technologies.
• Discusses
how
users
seek
to
customise
technologies
to
bener
suit
social
situaGons](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/selftrackinganddigitalhealth-151103132740-lva1-app6891/75/Self-tracking-and-digital-health-29-2048.jpg){kind=tracking}
![Problematising Upstream Technology through Speculative
Design: The Case of Quantified Cats and Dogs
Shaun Lawson, Ben Kirman, Conor Linehan, Tom Feltwell, Lisa Hopkins
Lincoln Social Computing Research Centre
University of Lincoln, UK
{slawson, bkirman, clinehan, tfeltwell,
lhopkins} @ lincoln.ac.uk
ABSTRACT
There is growing interest in technology that quantifies
aspects of our lives. This paper draws on critical practice
and speculative design to explore, question and
problematise the ultimate consequences of such technology
using the quantification of companion animals (pets) as a
case study. We apply the concept of ‘moving upstream’ to
study such technology and use a qualitative research
approach in which both pet owners, and animal behavioural
experts, were presented with, and asked to discuss,
speculative designs for pet quantification applications, the
design of which were extrapolated from contemporary
trends. Our findings indicate a strong desire among pet
owners for technology that has little scientific justification,
whilst our experts caution that the use of technology to
augment human-animal communication has the potential to
disimprove animal welfare, undermine human-animal
bonds, and create human-human conflicts. Our discussion
informs wider debates regarding quantification technology.
Author Keywords
Personal informatics; critical design; design fiction; animal-
computer interaction; the Quantified Dog.
ACM Classification Keywords
H.5.m. Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI):
Miscellaneous.
INTRODUCTION
HCI, as a discipline, is increasingly concerned with the
wider social and cultural implications of design practice [5,
6]. Dunne and Raby [14] argue that design as critique,
through practices such as speculative design, can be
valuable in the problematisation of technologies. They
suggest that by “moving upstream and exploring ideas
before they become products…designers can look into the
possible consequences of technological applications before
they happen” [14]. This paper uses the perspectives of
critical and speculative design in order to explore an area of
near-future/upstream technology that is of substantial
interest to both commercial developers and researchers –
the “quantification of everything” via the deployment of
technology that quantifies multiple aspects of our lives.
Consumers now have access to a plethora of interactive
web and mobile apps, often coupled with sensors, which
can facilitate the casual collection, aggregation,
visualization and sharing of data about the self. As observed
in [48], technology has been available to measure e.g.
“sleep, exercise, sex food, mood, location, alertness,
productivity and even spiritual wellbeing” for quite some
time. Engagement with such self-tracking and monitoring is
part of an inter-related set of practices variously labelled as
personal informatics and the quantified-self. These labels
emphasize that it is the self that is the object under scrutiny,
however it is also apparent that consumers will soon have
access to technology that can also track, measure, log and
interpret the behaviour of not only the self but of the people
and things that are important to them and that surround
them in their everyday lives; this could, for instance,
include their partners and children [35, 43], their elderly
relatives [7], homes [12] and pets [16].
The deployment of quantifying technology has widely-
claimed, and far-reaching, positive outcomes and benefits
both for individuals and society [48, 25]. Indeed, the HCI
and ubicomp communities continue to play a leading role in
determining the direction of research in this area e.g. as is
evidenced through a continuous rolling schedule of
workshops such as [24, 31]. Through these workshops, and
a growing body of published work, it is evident that there is
sustained research interest, generally, in the technical, user-
centred and privacy issues raised by the proliferation of
personal tracking technology. However, there is limited
existing research by the HCI, or indeed any, research
community, that takes a more critical perspective on the
design of tracking and quantifying technologies, and that,
for instance, challenges the positivist assumptions about its
longer term implications.
In this paper we present a case study that takes a critical
approach towards the understanding of the implications of
the increasing prevalence, and unquestioning acceptance, of
Paste the appropriate copyright/license statement here. ACM now
supports three different publication options:
ACM copyright: ACM holds the copyright on the work. This is the
historical approach.
License: The author(s) retain copyright, but ACM receives an
exclusive publication license.
Open Access: The author(s) wish to pay for the work to be open
access. The additional fee must be paid to ACM.
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assuming it is single-spaced in TimesNewRoman 8 point font. Please do
not change or modify the size of this text box.
Every submission will be assigned their own unique DOI string to be
included here.
CriGcal
perspecGves
ProblemaGsing
upstream
technology
through
speculaGve
design:
The
case
of
quanGfied
cats
and
dogs
Shaun
Lawson
et
al
(CHI2015)
This
paper
• Argues
that
we
too
readily
accept
ideas
around
the
quanGfied
self
and
'quanGfied
everything'
• They
use
a
design
ficGon
based
approach
to
explore
problems
with
"upstream
technology"
for
quanGfying
cats
and
dogs.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/selftrackinganddigitalhealth-151103132740-lva1-app6891/75/Self-tracking-and-digital-health-31-2048.jpg){kind=tracking}
![CriGcal
perspecGves
How
to
evaluate
technologies
for
health
behaviour
change
in
HCI
research
Predrag
Klasnja
et
al
(CHI2011)
This
paper
• Argues
that
the
role
of
HCI
cannot
be
to
demonstrate
behaviour
change,
which
requires
large,
long
term
studies
(RCTs)
• Argues
that
evaluaGon
of
new
technology
should
be
field
trials
of
designs
linked
to
behavioural
change
strategies
How to Evaluate Technologies for
Health Behavior Change in HCI Research
Predrag Klasnja1
, Sunny Consolvo3
, & Wanda Pratt1,2
1
Information School & DUB group
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195, USA
klasnja@uw.edu
2
Biomedical & Health Informatics
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195, USA
wpratt@uw.edu
3
Intel Labs Seattle
Seattle, WA 98105, USA
sunny.consolvo@intel.com
ABSTRACT
New technologies for encouraging physical activity, healthy
diet, and other types of health behavior change now
frequently appear in the HCI literature. Yet, how such
technologies should be evaluated within the context of HCI
research remains unclear. In this paper, we argue that the
obvious answer to this question—that evaluations should
assess whether a technology brought about the intended
change in behavior—is too limited. We propose that
demonstrating behavior change is often infeasible as well as
unnecessary for a meaningful contribution to HCI research,
especially when in the early stages of design or when
evaluating novel technologies. As an alternative, we
suggest that HCI contributions should focus on efficacy
evaluations that are tailored to the specific behavior-change
intervention strategies (e.g., self-monitoring, conditioning)
embodied in the system and studies that help gain a deep
understanding of people’s experiences with the technology.
Author Keywords
Evaluation methods, behavior change, health informatics,
user studies.
ACM Classification Keywords
H5.2 Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI):
User interfaces (Evaluation/Methodology). J.3 Life and
Medical Sciences: Medical information systems.
General Terms
Experimentation, measurement.
INTRODUCTION
In the last several years, there has been an explosion of HCI
research on technologies for supporting health behavior
change. HCI researchers have developed systems for
encouraging physical activity [2,7,8,24], healthy diet
[12,17,23], glycemic control in diabetes [26,39], and self-
regulation of emotions [31]. Work in this area is rapidly
becoming a staple at many of the field’s preeminent
publishing venues.
This work has the potential to make a meaningful impact on
society. The prevalence of chronic diseases such as
diabetes, obesity, and coronary heart disease continue to
rise and are now responsible for over 70% of U.S.
healthcare expenditures [20]. Some of the most important
risk factors for these conditions are behavioral, including
smoking, physical inactivity, excessive food intake, and
diets heavy in trans fats. A successful change in these
behaviors is a fundamental aspect of both prevention and
effective management of chronic conditions, as well as an
important contributor to health and wellbeing more broadly.
Due to their low cost, high penetration, and integration in
people’s everyday lives, technologies such as mobile
phones, web applications, and social networking tools hold
great promise for supporting individuals as they strive to
adopt and sustain health-promoting behaviors. HCI research
can significantly contribute to the design of innovative and
effective tools that help people in these efforts.
However, as HCI researchers increasingly engage in the
design of systems for health behavior change, an important
question arises: how should interventions for health
behavior change be evaluated within the context of HCI
research? The question is twofold. First, what types of
evaluations are appropriate and useful for systems that HCI
researchers in this area are developing? And second, how
should the research output of this work—primarily in the
form of publications—be evaluated? These questions are
key, we believe, to moving this area of HCI forward, and
their careful consideration should aid both researchers and
reviewers working in this area.
In this paper, we argue that the obvious answer to these
questions—namely, that the goal of an evaluation of a
technology for health behavior change should be to show
that the technology brought about the intended change in
behavior—is too limited. We argue that behavior change in
the traditional clinical sense is not the right metric for
evaluating early stage technologies that are developed in the
context of HCI research. However, a narrower notion of
efficacy, one that tailors outcome measures to the particular
intervention strategies a technology employs, can enable
HCI researchers to test whether their systems are doing
what they are intended to do even at early stages of
development. Just as importantly, qualitative studies that
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specific permission and/or a fee.
CHI 2011, May 7–12, 2011, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Copyright 2011 ACM 978-1-4503-0267-8/11/05...$10.00.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/selftrackinganddigitalhealth-151103132740-lva1-app6891/75/Self-tracking-and-digital-health-32-2048.jpg){kind=tracking}
Uploaded byJohn Rooksby
Self tracking and digital health
This lecture discusses self-tracking and digital health. It begins by providing examples of self-tracking, including tracking physical activity, weight, diet, mental wellbeing, and health conditions. It then discusses the brief history of self-tracking and its relationship to mobile health and health behavior change. The lecture notes that while self-tracking technology has advanced, the core concepts are not new. It concludes by discussing the role of human-computer interaction research in studying self-tracking systems and applications.
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Self tracking and digital health
- 1. Self Tracking and Digital Health John Rooksby john.rooksby@glasgow.ac.uk
- 2. In this lecture • Self tracking – examples • A brief history of self tracking • Self tracking and – Mobile health – Health behaviour change • HCI research on self tracking
- 3. Tracking Physical AcGvity Tracking light acGvity • Pedometers Tracking exercise • Run trackers • Cycling trackers • Swimming trackers Tracking (non) sedentary Gme • Standing Gme
- 4. Tracking Weight and Diet Food tracking • Calorie counGng • NutriGon apps Weight tracking
- 5. Tracking Mental Wellbeing Tracking mood, stress and anxiety Symptom tracking to understand and manage disorders • Post traumaGc stress disorder • Bi-‐polar disorder
- 6. Tracking Health CondiGons Managing chronic condiGons such as Diabetes, Asthma, and Chronic pain MedicaGon tracking • Compliance • Keeping records
- 7. Much, much more • Sleep • FerGlity • Periods • Bad habits – e.g. smoking cessaGon, snacking • Achievements – e.g. books read, places visited • Much, much more
- 8. Self tracking technology Self tracking can be done with a range of technologies • Mobile apps • Web apps • Wearables • Smart devices New technology is not essenGal, it is usually just more convenient than mechanical technology and pen + paper.
- 9. Self tracking is not new 1960s The "manpo-‐kei" or "manpo-‐meter" The first: • To count steps rather than distance • To be marketed on health grounds • Origin of 10,000 steps Today, step counGng is very common
- 10. Self tracking is not new Scales • Doctors scales first produced in 1865. • Public "penny scales" in 1885. – By 1937 the US Department of commerce reported 130,000,000 people using public scales. • Household scale in mid 20th C. Today weight is a common health measure.
- 11. Self tracking is not new So what is new? • Ubiquity of smartphones and devices • New forms of sensor (e.g. locaGon tracking), mulGple sensors • Increasing computaGonal power (e.g. enabling acGvity recogniGon) • Detailed visual and hapGc feedback • ConnecGvity – IntegraGon of data between applicaGons – Sharing of data with peers – Sharing data with health providers
- 12. Self tracking and digital health Self tracking Digital health
- 13. Digital health Self tracking is related to several areas of digital health, including: • Mobile health -‐ Using mobile devices to collect, analyse and communicate informaGon • Health Behaviour change -‐ Encouraging people to make posiGve changes in order to reduce their risks of developing preventable diseases
- 14. Mobile Health Olla and Shimskey's Taxonomy of mHealth applicaGons for smartphones
- 15. Mobile Health Olla and Shimskey's Taxonomy of mHealth applicaGons for smartphones More to the area than tracking • DiagnoGcs • EducaGon and reference • Efficiency • Environmental monitoring
- 16. Health behaviour change Many people can become more healthy and reduce the risk of developing many illnesses and dying early, by changing their behaviours: • Standing more, walking more, taking more exercise • Quifng smoking • Healthy eaGng Self tracking is of importance in health-‐behaviour change. • To change a behaviour it is important to measure it
- 17. Health behaviour change However • Not all self tracking is for the purpose of changing behaviour. • Behaviour change is a long term process, because it requires maintenance to be effecGve. – Aher one year of absGnence 47% of smokers will relapse, aher 5 years it is 7%. – Trackers are ohen used for shorter periods, just a few weeks or months before moving to something else. – Trackers can act as 'extrinsic' moGvators, but change is easier to maintain when people become 'intrinsically' moGvated.
- 18. HCI Self tracking and digital health are large, interdisciplinary areas So what is the role of HCI?
- 19. HCI Self tracking and digital health are large, interdisciplinary areas So what is the role of HCI? HCI papers ohen focus on: 1. InnovaGng new systems and applicaGons 2. Improving/exploring interface and interacGon design 3. Understanding real-‐world user pracGces 4. Taking criGcal perspecGves
- 20. Activity Sensing inthe Wild: A Field Trial of UbiFit Garden Sunny Consolvo1, 2 , David W. McDonald2 , Tammy Toscos1 , Mike Y. Chen1 , Jon Froehlich3 , Beverly Harrison1 , Predrag Klasnja1, 2 , Anthony LaMarca1 , Louis LeGrand1 , Ryan Libby3 , Ian Smith1 , & James A. Landay1, 3 1 Intel Research Seattle Seattle, WA 98105 USA [sunny.consolvo, beverly.harrison, anthony.lamarca, louis.l.legrand] @intel.com, ttoscos@indiana.edu, mike@ludic-labs.com, iansmith@acm.org 2 The Information School DUB Group University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 USA [consolvo, dwmc, klasnja] @u.washington.edu 3 Computer Science & Engineering DUB Group University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 USA [landay, jfroehli, libby] @cs.washington.edu ABSTRACT Recent advances in small inexpensive sensors, low-power processing, and activity modeling have enabled applications that use on-body sensing and machine learning to infer people’s activities throughout everyday life. To address the growing rate of sedentary lifestyles, we have developed a system, UbiFit Garden, which uses these technologies and a personal, mobile display to encourage physical activity. We conducted a 3-week field trial in which 12 participants used the system and report findings focusing on their experiences with the sensing and activity inference. We discuss key implications for systems that use on-body sensing and activity inference to encourage physical activity. Author Keywords persuasive technology, sensing, activity inference, mobile phone, ambient display, fitness, activity-based applications. ACM Classification Keywords H.5.2 User Interfaces, H.5.m Miscellaneous. INTRODUCTION Recent advances in small inexpensive sensors, low-power processing, and activity modeling have enabled new classes of technologies that use on-body sensing and machine learning to automatically infer people’s activities throughout the day. These emerging technologies have seen success with participants in controlled and “living” lab settings [11] and with researchers in situ [18]. The next step is to conduct in situ studies with the target user population. Such studies expose important issues, for example, how the systems are used as part of everyday experiences, where the technology is brittle, and user reactions to activity inference and the presentation of those inferences. One application domain for on-body sensing and activity inference is addressing the growing rate of sedentary lifestyles. Regular physical activity is critical to everyone’s physical and psychological health, regardless of their being normal weight, overweight, or obese [6,16]. Physical activity reduces risk of premature mortality, coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, colon cancer, and osteoporosis, and has also been shown to improve symptoms associated with mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. Yet despite the importance of physical activity, many adults in the U.S. do not get enough exercise [1]. Technologies that apply on-body sensing and activity inference to the fitness domain are faced with a challenge regarding which physical activities should be detected. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends that physical activity be regular and include cardiorespiratory training (or “cardio”) where large muscle groups are involved in dynamic activity such as running or cycling; resistance training, that is weight training that builds muscular strength and endurance; and flexibility training where muscles are slowly elongated to improve or maintain range of motion [22]. Technologies that attempt to encourage physical activity should support the range of activities that contribute to a physically active lifestyle, rather than focus on a single activity such as walking. Our goal in this work is to investigate users’ experiences with a system that we have developed, UbiFit Garden, which uses on-body sensing, activity inference, and a novel personal, mobile display to encourage physical activity. While our future work will focus on how the system affects awareness and sustained behavior change, at this stage, we are exploring how the system affects individuals’ everyday lives, how they interpret and reflect on the data about their physical activities, and how they interact with that data. We conducted a three- week field trial (n=12) with participants who were representative of UbiFit Garden’s target audience. In this paper, we discuss the types of physical activities participants performed, how those activities were recorded and manipulated, and participants’ qualitative reactions to activity inference and manual journaling. We also discuss participants’ general reactions to the system. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. CHI 2008, April 5–10, 2008, Florence, Italy. Copyright 2008 ACM 978-1-60558-011-1/08/04…$5.00. AcGvity sensing in the wild: A field trial of UbiFit Garden Sunny Consolvo et al (CHI2008) This paper • Describes a novel (in 2008) mobile acGvity tracking system • Presents results from a field trial of the system • Discusses the use of acGvity trackers for encouraging physical acGvity InnovaGon
- 21. Jogging with aQuadcopter Florian ‘Floyd’ Mueller, Matthew Muirhead Exertion Games Lab RMIT University Melbourne, Australia {floyd, matt}@exertiongameslab.org ABSTRACT Jogging is a popular exertion activity. The abundance of jogging apps suggests to us that joggers can appreciate the opportunity for technology to support the jogging experience. We want to take this investigation a step further by exploring if, and how, robotic systems can support the jogging experience. We designed and built a flying robotic system, a quadcopter, as a jogging companion and studied its use with 13 individual joggers. By analyzing their experiences, we derived three design dimensions that describe a design space for flying robotic jogging companions: Perceived Control, Focus and Bodily Interaction. Additionally, we articulate a series of design tactics, described by these dimensions, to guide the design of future systems. With this work we hope to inspire and guide designers interested in creating robotic systems to support exertion experiences. Author Keywords Jogging; running; movement-based play; whole-body interaction; sports; quadcopter; robot; exertion ACM Classification Keywords H.5.2. [Information Interfaces and Presentation]: User Interfaces - Miscellaneous. INTRODUCTION Understanding the role of interactive technology to support physical exertion is a thriving field in HCI. By exertion interactions we mean interactions with technology that require intense physical effort from the user [20]. Supporting exertion is important, as exertion activity can facilitate social, mental and physical health benefits. One popular exertion activity is jogging, i.e. running at a leisurely pace. The abundance of jogging apps, sports watches and wearable sensors (for example embedded in Figure 1. What is it like to jog with a quadcopter? shirts and socks [3]) suggests to us that joggers appreciate the opportunity for technology to support their jogging experience. This trend has been recognized and investigated by research [39] while special interest groups (SIGs) at CHI have also been formed to encourage further developments in this area [23, 24]. We believe that the current range of systems to support jogging is only the beginning of a trend. With sensor advancements, improvement in battery performance and miniaturization, more opportunities will emerge for designers to support people’s exertion experiences. Along with technology advancements, there have also been advances in our understanding of the role of bodily aspects from a system’s design perspective, most often under the name of embodiment [10, 36]. We take this investigation a step further and wonder if exertion activities like jogging that are so embodiment-focused might benefit from designs with a similar embodiment focus. We see robots as having the potential for such an embodiment focus, and therefore begin by exploring if, and how, robotic systems can support Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org. CHI 2015, April 18 - 23 2015, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Copyright is held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM. ACM 978-1-4503-3145-6/15/04…$15.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702472 Jogging with a quadcopter Florian 'Floyd' Mueller et al (CHI2015) This paper: • Explores if and how roboGc systems can support the jogging experience • Presents a roboGc quadcopter based system for joggers • Uses of robots include keeping pace, sefng routes, making a distracGon, and making jogging playful InnovaGon
- 22. TastyBeats: Designing Palatable Representationsof Physical Activity Rohit Ashok Khot1 , Jeewon Lee1 , Deepti Aggarwal2 , Larissa Hjorth3 , Florian ‘Floyd’ Mueller1 1 Exertion Games Lab RMIT University, Australia { rohit, jeewon, floyd }@ exertiongameslab.org 2 Microsoft Centre for Social NUI, University of Melbourne, Australia daggarwal@student.unimelb.edu.au 3 RMIT University, Australia larissa.hjorth@rmit.edu.au Figure 1: TastyBeats is a fountain-based interactive system that creates a fluidic spectacle of mixing sport drinks based on heart rate data of physical activity. ABSTRACT In this paper, we introduce palatable representations that besides improving the understanding of physical activity through abstract visualization also provide an appetizing drink to celebrate the experience of being physically active. By designing such palatable representations, our aim is to offer novel opportunities for reflection on one’s physical activities. We present TastyBeats, a fountain-based interactive system that creates a fluidic spectacle of mixing sport drinks based on heart rate data of physical activity, which the user can later consume to replenish the loss of body fluids due to the physical activity. We articulate our experiences in designing the system as well as learning gained through field deployments of the system in participants’ homes for a period of two weeks. We found that our system increased participants’ awareness of physical activity and facilitated a shared social experience, while the prepared drink was treated as a hedonic reward that motivated participants to exercise more. Ultimately, with this work, we aim to inspire and guide design thinking on palatable representations, which we believe opens up new interaction possibilities to support physical activity experience. Author Keywords Palatable representation; fluidic interfaces; physical activity; quantified self; personal informatics; Human-Food Interaction (HFI). ACM Classification Keywords H.5.m. Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI): Miscellaneous. INTRODUCTION Activity trackers like pedometers and heart rate monitors are becoming increasingly popular to support physical activity experiences [41]. These devices collect personally relevant data such as bodily responses to physical activity and provide opportunities to reflect on the collected data through self-monitoring [22]. For example, pedometers count the number of steps taken in a day, while heart rate monitors inform about exercise intensity. Research suggests that regular use of these devices can increase user motivation for physical activity [35, 43]. One key aspect of tracking physical activity is visualization, which improves understanding of the data [22, 35]. “Seeing” makes knowledge credible [4] and “greater visibility of information puts an added responsibility to act on” as pointed out by Viseu and Suchman [45]. For example, by visualizing physical activity data, users can gain a better understanding of their physical activity levels and can make this gained knowledge actionable towards Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org. CHI 2015, April 18 - 23 2015, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Copyright is held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM. ACM 978-1-4503-3145-6/15/04...$15.00. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702197 TastyBeats: Designing palatable representaGons of physical acGvity Rohit Ashok Khot et al (CHI 2015) This paper • Introduces 'palatable' representaGons of data as an alternaGve to visualisaGon • Presents a fountain based system that creates a 'fluidic spectacle' of mixing sports drinks based on heart rate data • Presents a field study of the system in three households InnovaGon
- 23. Design Requirements forTechnologies that Encourage Physical Activity Sunny Consolvo1, 2 , Katherine Everitt3 , Ian Smith1 , & James A. Landay1, 3 1 Intel Research Seattle 1100 NE 45th Street, 6th Floor Seattle, WA 98105 USA [sunny.consolvo,ian.e.smith, james.a.landay]@intel.com 2 University of Washington The Information School Box 352840 Seattle, WA 98195-2840 USA consolvo@u.washington.edu 3 University of Washington Computer Science & Engineering Box 352350 Seattle, WA 98195-2350 USA [everitt,landay]@cs.washington.edu ABSTRACT Overweight and obesity are a global epidemic, with over one billion overweight adults worldwide (300+ million of whom are obese). Obesity is linked to several serious health problems and medical conditions. Medical experts agree that physical activity is critical to maintaining fitness, reducing weight, and improving health, yet many people have difficulty increasing and maintaining physical activity in everyday life. Clinical studies have shown that health benefits can occur from simply increasing the number of steps one takes each day and that social support can motivate people to stay active. In this paper, we describe Houston, a prototype mobile phone application for encouraging activity by sharing step count with friends. We also present four design requirements for technologies that encourage physical activity that we derived from a three- week long in situ pilot study that was conducted with women who wanted to increase their physical activity. Author Keywords design requirements, fitness, physical activity, pedometer, mobile phone, obesity, overweight, social support. ACM Classification Keywords H.5.2 [User Interfaces]: User-centered design; H.5.3 [Group and Organization Interfaces]: Evaluation/methodology, Asynchronous interaction. INTRODUCTION To help address the global epidemic of overweight and obesity, we are investigating how technology could help encourage people to sustain an increased level of physical activity, which medical experts agree is critical to maintaining fitness, reducing weight, and improving health. We are specifically interested in encouraging opportunistic physical activities. These are where a person incorporates activities into her normal, everyday life to increase her overall level of physical activity (e.g., walking instead of driving to work, taking the stairs, or parking further away from her destination). We are also interested in encouraging structured exercise, where a person elevates her heart rate for an extended period (e.g., going for a run or swim). In our first investigation, we focus on encouraging people to add opportunistic physical activities to their lives, without discouraging structured exercise. Studies have shown that people can achieve health benefits by merely increasing the number of steps they take each day and that support from friends and family has consistently been related to an increase in physical activity [3, 4, 17, 19]. However, with today’s hectic lifestyles, many people have difficulty fitting exercise into their lives and spending quality time with their friends. A mobile device such as a mobile phone can provide relevant information at the right time and place, and may help encourage opportunistic activities [6]. Based on these findings, we investigate if technology could encourage physical activity by providing personal awareness of activity level and mediating physical activity-related social interaction among friends. We use daily step count as a measure of physical activity and a mobile phone-based fitness journal we developed to track and share progress toward a daily step count goal within a small group of friends. We realize that investigating the effect of the technology on sustained behavior change will require a longitudinal study and thus have taken a user-centered design approach starting with a three-week long in situ pilot study. We evaluated an early- stage prototype of the mobile phone application with three groups of women who wanted to increase their levels of physical activity, were interested in preventing weight gain, and in many cases, had a goal of losing some weight. The results of the pilot study are being used to inform the design of a new application we are building to enable a longitudinal study to examine effects on behavior. In this paper, we focus our discussion on the four key design requirements for technologies that encourage physical activity that we derived from our analysis of the Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. CHI 2006, April 22–27, 2006, Montréal, Québec, Canada. Copyright 2006 ACM 1-59593-178-3/06/0004...$5.00. CHI 2006 Proceedings • Designing for Tangible Interactions April 22-27, 2006 • Montréal, Québec, Canada 457 Design requirements for technologies that encourage physical acGvity Sunny Consolvo et al (CHI2006) This paper • Presents a system for entering pedometer data onto mobile phones • Presents a field trial of the system with a social group • Discuses issues in presenGng and sharing acGvity data using mobile phones InteracGon design
- 24. Balancing Accuracy andFun: Designing Camera Based Mobile Games for Implicit Heart Rate Monitoring Teng Han2 , Xiang Xiao1 , Lanfei Shi2 , John Canny3 , Jingtao Wang1 1 Department of Computer Science, 2 Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA {teh24@, xiangxiao@cs., las231@, jingtaow@cs.}pitt.edu 3 Computer Science Division, University of California at Berkeley, 387 Soda Hall, Berkeley, CA, USA jfc@cs.berkeley.edu ABSTRACT Heart rate monitoring is widely used in clinical care, fitness training, and stress management. However, tracking individuals' heart rates faces two major challenges, namely equipment availability and user motivation. In this paper, we present a novel technique, LivePulse Games (LPG), to measure users’ heart rates in real time by having them play games on unmodified mobile phones. With LPG, the heart rate is calculated by detecting changes in transparency of users’ fingertips via the built-in camera of a mobile device. More importantly, LPG integrate users’ camera lens covering actions as an essential control mechanism in game play, and detect heart rates implicitly from intermittent lens covering actions. We explore the design space and trade- offs of LPG through three rounds of iterative design. In a 12-subject user study, we found that LPG are fun to play and can measure heart rates accurately. We also report the insights for balancing measurement speed, accuracy, and entertainment value in LPG. Author Keywords Heart rate, mobile phone, multi-modal interface, game design, serious game, ECG, quantified self. ACM Classification Keywords H5.2. Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI): User Interfaces. General Terms Design, Experimentation, Human Factors. INTRODUCTION Heart rate is one important vital sign in health care [6, 29]. For healthy people, resting heart rate (RHR) is also an essential physiological marker of physical fitness [7, 30, 38], and expected life span [13]. Heart rate has been used in fitness training [19, 20] and competitive sports for managing work-out intensity and balancing physical exertion. Both continual readings of heart rates [5, 15, 37, 33] and heart rate variability, a.k.a. HRV [27, 29, 32, 33], can predict a user’s physiological state, including cognitive workload and mental stress levels, in contexts such as computer user interfaces [29, 33], traffic control [29], longitudinal monitoring of emotion and food intake [5], and intelligent tutoring [15]. Therefore, the efficient measurement of heart rate can be of great significance across scenarios involving physical health, mental activities or a combination of both. Unfortunately, most heart rate measurement methods are either time-consuming1 , or require special measurement equipment [25] that may not be available to a wide audience. For example, manual pulse counting with fingers may be tedious, and inaccurate. More precise methods include the Electrocardiograph (ECG) [22, 25] and pulse oximeters [25, 35]. These dedicated heart rate monitoring devices share at least three disadvantages. First, the costs of these devices could prevent wide adoption in everyday life. Second, it is not convenient to carry and use the devices “on the go”. Last but not least, existing methods provide little immediate benefits or intrinsic motivation to users and thus may be tedious to track heart rate in a longitudinal setting. Figure 1. Real-time heart rate measurement via LivePulse Games (left: City Defender, right: Gold Miner). To overcome the limitations of existing techniques, we have developed LivePulse Games (LPG, figure 1) to measure users’ heart rates in real time by having them play serious games on unmodified mobile phones. LPG calculate heart rates by detecting the transparency change of fingertips via the built-in camera (i.e. commodity camera 1 In both the preparation phase and the actual measurement stage. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from Permissions@acm.org. CHI 2015, April 18 - 23 2015, Seoul, Republic of Korea Copyright 2015 ACM 978-1-4503-3145-6/15/04…$15.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702502 Health Sensors & Monitoring CHI 2015, Crossings, Seoul, Korea 847 Balancing accuracy and fun: Designing Camera Based Mobile Games for Implicit Heart Rate Monitoring Teng Han et al (CHI 2015) This paper • Presents "live pulse games" for smartphones which measure pulse during play • The smartphone camera is used as controller and sensor for pulse. • This allows for longitudinal collecGon of heart rate data InteracGon design
- 25. Pass the Ball:Enforced Turn-Taking in Activity Tracking John Rooksby, Mattias Rost, Alistair Morrison, Matthew Chalmers School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, UK. {firstname.lastname}@glasgow.ac.uk ABSTRACT We have developed a mobile application called Pass The Ball that enables users to track, reflect on, and discuss physical activity with others. We followed an iterative design process, trialling a first version of the app with 20 people and a second version with 31. The trials were conducted in the wild, on users’ own devices. The second version of the app enforced a turn-taking system that meant only one member of a group of users could track their activity at any one time. This constrained tracking at the individual level, but more successfully led users to communicate and interact with each other. We discuss the second trial with reference to two concepts: social- relatedness and individual-competence. We discuss six key lessons from the trial, and identify two high-level design implications: attend to “practices” of tracking; and look within and beyond “collaboration” and “competition” in the design of activity trackers. Author Keywords: Activity Tracking; Mobile Health; Game. ACM Classification Keywords H.5.m. Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI): Miscellaneous. INTRODUCTION The potential for smartphone-based activity trackers to support and encourage health related behaviour change has been widely recognised (see [14, 16, 18] for recent overviews). We have noticed that activity trackers are commonly designed as individual trackers that then have social features added to them. Typically, social features enable users to post an achievement such as a recent run or step-count to a social network site such as Facebook. In this paper we explore a social-first approach, reporting on an app we have developed and evaluated that takes interacting with others as prerequisite to tracking an activity. The app, Pass The Ball, is a team game in which players pass a virtual ball to each other. Only one user can have the ball at any one time, and only this user’s activity can be tracked by the app (the app awards activity points based on a simple motion tracking algorithm). Teams compete against each other to score the most points. This creates a coordination problem, one that requires users to think about and discuss not just their own activity but also that of others. For this work we adopted a “research through design” approach (see [13, 36]). We have created a mobile application and have studied its use in the wild on people’s own mobile phones. We have gone through this process iteratively (as is best practice in design [36]), producing and trialling the app for two weeks, then refining it and trialling it again for another two weeks. Gaver [13] argues that research through design is not about creating artefacts that embody, confirm or falsify theory, but artefacts that can be “annotated” by theory. In this paper we use two concepts from behaviour change theory as annotation: individual competence and social relatedness. Our work does not embody, confirm or falsify any particular theory, but treats these concepts as a way of discussing the relationship, similarities and differences of Pass The Ball to other activity trackers. Gaver views design not as a science, but as a process in which “we may build on one another’s results, but … also usefully subvert them” (p.946). Our app is subversive in that it prioritises social-relatedness over individual-competence, where the converse is the norm. BACKGROUND Pedometers have been widely available for a long time (they were introduced, in their modern form as step counters, by Yamasa in the 1960s). Recently, smartphone applications (apps) and networked hardware devices have begun to offer new possibilities for tracking steps and myriad other activities, sparking renewed interest in the relationship between tracking and health related behaviour change. Pedometers have been shown to have a positive effect on health related behaviour [34], and it seems a reasonable expectation that apps and networked hardware devices can have similar if not greater benefits. Studies such as [3, 4] are pointing to and cautiously confirming such benefits. However, with the range of new possibilities comes a large, complex design space; it is only beginning to become clear what the effects and relevancies of different designs are to behaviour change. In this paper we discuss our exploration of this design space. Over the last few years, researchers and developers have been creating apps and devices that augment tracking with social and game features. Apps such as SpyFeet [30] allow Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from Permissions@acm.org. CHI 2015, April 18 - 23 2015, Seoul, Republic of Korea Copyright is held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM. ACM 978-1-4503-3145-6/15/04...$15.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702577 Experience Design for Games CHI 2015, Crossings, Seoul, Korea 2417 InteracGon design Pass the ball: Enforced turn taking in acGvity tracking John Rooksby et al (CHI2015) This paper: • Presents a novel pedometer based game where team members take it in turn to count their steps • Discusses user trials of two versions of the game • Discusses the experiences and pracGcaliGes of cooperaGve tracking
- 26. Rethinking the MobileFood Journal: Exploring Opportunities for Lightweight Photo-Based Capture Felicia Cordeiro1 , Elizabeth Bales1,2 , Erin Cherry3 , James Fogarty1 1 Computer Science & Engineering 2 Human Centered Design & Engineering DUB Group, University of Washington {felicia0, lizbales, jfogarty}@cs.washington.edu ABSTRACT Food choices are among the most frequent and important health decisions in everyday life, but remain notoriously difficult to capture. This work examines opportunities for lightweight photo-based capture in mobile food journals. We first report on a survey of 257 people, examining how they define healthy eating, their experiences and challenges with existing food journaling methods, and their ability to interpret nutritional information that can be captured in a food journal. We then report on interviews and a field study with 27 participants using a lightweight, photo-based food journal for between 4 to 8 weeks. We discuss mismatches between motivations and current designs, challenges of current approaches to food journaling, and opportunities for photos as an alternative to the pervasive but often inappropriate emphasis on quantitative tracking in mobile food journals. Author Keywords Personal Informatics; Self-Tracking; Food Journals; Photos. ACM Classification Keywords H.5.m. Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI). INTRODUCTION Food choices are among the most frequent and important health decisions in everyday life, yet it remains notoriously difficult to understand our food choices. People eat in many different contexts and have widely varying motivations and constraints on food. Being mindful of the quality and quantity of food choices is a crucial component of a healthy life [35,36], and food journals can be effective for monitoring food intake [8,15]. The implications of food also go beyond health, as food is central to our daily experiences and our relationship with food varies according to personal contexts and goals [14]. But food journals impose high burdens that detract from their potential benefit [11,12]. Effective food journaling is thus a grand challenge for personal informatics. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from Permissions@acm.org. CHI 2015, April 18 - 23 2015, Seoul, Republic of Korea Copyright 2015 ACM 978-1-4503-3145-6/15/04$15.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702154 3 Computer Science University of Rochester erinc@cs.rochester.edu Figure 1. An entry in our lightweight photo-based food journal. No calorie or nutrition information is shown, as the journal instead logs meal enjoyment, location context, and social context. Automated sensing has proven powerful in some domains of human activity, but remains out of reach for food despite recent advances [1,3,18,27,29,32,38]. It is also unclear whether automation is desirable, as it may undermine in-the-moment awareness created by food journaling [36]. Some existing methods involve taking photos of food as an intermediate step toward collecting underlying nutritional information [18,27,38]. We step further back, asking what people want to capture about food and what value photos themselves might provide in a lightweight food journal. Our work examines lightweight photo-based capture and reflection, reconsidering the common assumption that a quantitative approach is required. We first present a survey examining how people define healthy eating, experiences and challenges with existing food journals, and how people interpret the healthiness of food presented as either photos or nutrition labels. We then present interviews and field deployments of a lightweight, photo-based mobile food journal. A total of 27 people with varying food goals from two distinct trials use our application to journal for between 4 to 8 weeks. We explore reactions to a design focused on food photos in lieu of nutritional information and examine the value of food photos with regard to their goals. Finally, we discuss our results in the context of rethinking challenges and opportunities in the design of mobile food journals. InteracGon design Rethinking the mobile food journal: Exploring opportuniGes for lightweight photo-‐based capture. Felicia Cordeiro et al (CHI2015) This paper • Presents a survey of experiences and challenges in food journaling • Presents a field trial of a photo based system for journaling • Discusses the pros and cons of photo based and log based approaches.
- 27. Personal Tracking asLived Informatics John Rooksby, Mattias Rost, Alistair Morrison, Matthew Chalmers School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, UK. {john.rooksby, mattias.rost, alistair.morrison, matthew.chalmers}@glasgow.ac.uk ABSTRACT This paper characterises the use of activity trackers as ‘lived informatics’. This characterisation is contrasted with other discussions of personal informatics and the quantified self. The paper reports an interview study with activity tracker users. The study found: people do not logically organise, but interweave various activity trackers, sometimes with ostensibly the same functionality; that tracking is often social and collaborative rather than personal; that there are different styles of tracking, including goal driven tracking and documentary tracking; and that tracking information is often used and interpreted with reference to daily or short term goals and decision making. We suggest there will be difficulties in personal informatics if we ignore the way that personal tracking is enmeshed with everyday life and people’s outlook on their future. Author Keywords Activity Tracking; Data; Qualitative methods ACM Classification Keywords H.5.m. Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI): Miscellaneous. INTRODUCTION Over the past few years there has been a proliferation of mobile apps and consumer devices for tracking personal information, particularly those related to health and wellbeing (for example diet, weight, sleep, walking and exercise). Many apps can be downloaded for free or at low cost. Some physical devices (such as pedometers) cost trivial amounts (see [19]). Yet there is also a market for premium devices (see [11] for a discussion of the FitBit). Mobile phone manufacturers including Apple and Motorola have also begun to make specific provisions for activity tracking by, for example, incorporating always-on accelerometers into their latest high-end mobile devices. The advent of smart watches, smart glasses and other forms of wearable computing in the consumer domain is also likely to bring further innovation and proliferation in this area. Personal tracking is, however, not new. People have long been able to track and manage activities using diaries and/or personal computers. Tracking can in fact be traced back to at least Roman times (where trackers were used not as personal devices but for measuring the mobility of soldiers). However, with the popularity of smartphones and digital devices with built in accelerometers and location services, the area of personal tracking appears to be one of great investment and growth. Previous research in this area has predominantly focused on individual, researcher-supplied technologies. From a health research perspective, a tracker is either an instrument with which to measure activity, or an intervention to be applied across a cohort of people. Standard devices are used, and often treated as invisible lenses on activity (e.g. [19, 21]). In health research, consumer trackers are usually used, whereas evaluation in HCI is usually of a novel prototype (e.g. [13, 10]). In HCI the devices themselves are not treated invisibly but, as with health research, evaluation is predominantly of an individual technology and oriented to intervention. There is some research looking at integration of technologies, notably Bentley et al.’s [2] work on health mashups for behaviour change. Yet even here the researchers selected what the study participants should use. The agency of the people using such technologies is too often denied; Maitland et al.’s [12] study of weight loss and Mamykina et al.’s [14] study of diabetes management are rare exceptions. They point out that people choose, use, interweave and abandon various technologies in their own, lived efforts to improve their health. They found people were not changing their behaviour because of a technology, but were using technology because they wanted to change. What people decide to track using consumer products, what trackers they decide to use, and how they use them over days, weeks, months and potentially lifetimes remains understudied. Studying individual, researcher supplied technology is somewhat at odds with the literature around personal informatics, which suggests that people can and should track various aspects of their lives. It is also somewhat at odds with what we already know about smartphone use. Barkhuus et al. [1] have pointed out that Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from Permissions@acm.org. CHI 2014, April 26 - May 01 2014, Toronto, ON, Canada. Copyright is held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM. ACM 978-1-4503-2473-1/14/04 $15.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557039 ACM 978-1-4503-2473-1/14/04 $15.00. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557039 Understanding pracGces Personal tracking as lived informaGcs John Rooksby et al (CHI2014) This paper • Presents a study of users of personal trackers (apps and wearables) • Draws anenGon to different styles and purposes of tracking • Draws anenGon to the ways in which people use mulGple trackers and switch over Gme
- 28. Snot, Sweat, Pain,Mud, and Snow - Performance and Experience in the Use of Sports Watches 1st Author Name Affiliation Address e-mail address Optional phone number 2nd Author Name Affiliation Address e-mail address Optional phone number 3rd Author Name Affiliation Address e-mail address Optional phone number ABSTRACT We have conducted interviews with ten elite and recreational athletes to understand their experiences and engagement with endurance sport and personal and wearable sports technology. In the interviews, athletes emphasized the experiential aspects of doing sports and the notion of feeling was repeatedly used to talk about their activities. The technology played both an instrumental role in measuring performance and feeding bio-data back to them, and an experiential role in supporting and confirming the sport experience. To guide further interaction design research in the sports domain, we suggest two interrelated ways of looking at sports performances and experiences, firstly through the notion of a measured sense of performance, and secondly as a lived-sense of performance. Author Keywords Sports, experience, heart rate monitors, feeling. ACM Classification Keywords H.5.m. Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI): Miscellaneous. INTRODUCTION Measuring results as accurately as possible is the primary way of assessing performance in sports, and consequently an important driving force in the development of sports technology. Here, we attempt to expand what the notion of performance means in sports, and the implications this has for interaction design research. Endurance sports such as running, cycling, triathlon, and cross-country skiing is currently growing remarkably. This is seen in increasing participation in races and organized training groups, and the development of new forms of mass races such as ultra-marathons, swim-run races over large distances, and trail running. Hand in hand with this, a proliferation of mobile technologies dedicated to sports and exercise has emerged, such as watches, sensors, and apps. This technical and commercial development has brought increased attention of HCI to the domain of sports and novel ways of using technology in sports activities, examples include social sharing of heart-rate during cycling [33], interactive shirts for sharing running data [32], and novel feedback mechanisms for golfers [27], skiers [20], and runners [26]. So far, a significant part of the research in interactive sports technologies has been concerned with socio-motivational technologies [2, 22, 23], new forms of play [12, 15], gamification [5], bodily interaction [34], and explorations of technical challenges for wearable sports technologies [3, 4, 20, 37]. However, when it comes to supporting, enhancing or augmenting the sporting activities through deep engagement with the details of their execution, it turns out that less work has been reported. Counter-examples include [11, 18] which led to an innovative training device for advanced psychomotor skills in handball, Stienstra et al.’s. [33] work on sonification of speed skating motion; and Spelmezan’s [32] vibrational feedback for snowboarding instruction. By drawing on a set of “in-depth interviews” with elite and recreational athletes, we map out key characteristics of athletes’ experiences and engagement in endurance sports, and technologies that support this in various ways such as sports watches and heart-rate monitors. For a large group of engaged athletes, there is a close connection between the experience of the sport and how it is performed, and sports is valued for a lot more than pure measurable performance. Moreover, it is not only goals and results that motivate athletes, but a rich flora of additional factors such as the reward from meeting various challenges, the ability to manage exertion and fatigue, and the sheer fun and enjoyment of running, skiing, and cycling. Reoccurring in our material was the notion of feeling, and the various roles it played in building instrumental and experiential aspects of the athletes’ performances. As put by one of our participants: “.. and then you run ten kilometers and it feels like… well, did I run or am I going to run? I don’t feel the difference in my legs. That feeling is priceless in a way.” Karl Paste the appropriate copyright/license statement here. ACM now supports three different publication options: ACM copyright: ACM holds the copyright on the work. This is the historical approach. License: The author(s) retain copyright, but ACM receives an exclusive publication license. Open Access: The author(s) wish to pay for the work to be open access. The additional fee must be paid to ACM. This text field is large enough to hold the appropriate release statement assuming it is single-spaced in TimesNewRoman 8 point font. Please do not change or modify the size of this text box. Every submission will be assigned their own unique DOI string to be included here. Understanding pracGces Snot, Sweat, Pain, Mud and Snow – Performance and Experience in the Use of Sports Watches Jakob Tholander et al (CHI2015) This paper • Presents an interview study with endurance athletes • Draws anenGon to feelings and the roles they play in sport • Points out that trackers quanGfy things that can be felt and therefore help understand feeling and represent feeling
- 29. Concealing or RevealingMobile Medical Devices? Designing for Onstage and Offstage Presentation Aisling Ann O’Kane UCL Interaction Centre University College London London, United Kingdom a.okane@cs.ucl.ac.uk Yvonne Rogers UCL Interaction Centre University College London London, United Kingdom y.rogers@ucl.ac.uk Ann Blandford UCL Interaction Centre University College London London, United Kingdom a.blandford@ucl.ac.uk ABSTRACT Adults with Type 1 Diabetes have choices regarding the technology they use to self-manage their chronic condition. They can use glucose meters, insulin pumps, smartphone apps, and other technologies to support their everyday care. However, little is known about how their social lives might influence what they adopt or how they use technologies. A multi-method study was conducted to examine contextual factors that influence their technology use. While individual differences play a large role in everyday use, social factors were also found to influence use. For example, people can hide their devices in uncertain social situations or show them off to achieve a purpose. We frame these social behaviours using Goffman’s theatre metaphor of onstage and offstage behaviour, and discuss how this kind of analysis can inform the design of future mobile medical devices for self-management of chronic conditions. INTRODUCTION Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a serious chronic condition that can involve the use of various mobile medical devices to support everyday self-care, and people’s adoption and use of diabetes technologies can differ significantly as devices become individually appropriated [36]. The range of T1D technologies includes glucose meters, continuous glucose meters, insulin pumps, and mobile phone applications. As T1D devices are mobile and need to be used in various contexts, it is important to understand how user experience might influence how devices are used in practice. T1D is an auto-immune chronic condition that is often associated with childhood onset [27], but people of all ages can be diagnosed with it. It involves the pancreas producing insufficient quantities of insulin, a hormone required for the regulation of blood glucose (BG), but the condition can be managed [21]. For T1D, careful self-management practices are encouraged by medical practitioners: low BG levels (hypoglycemia, or ‘hypos’) can lead to immediate health concerns, including feeling physically ill or even falling unconscious, while excess levels of BG (hyperglycemia or ‘hypers’) can eventually culminate in complications, such as eye, foot, kidney, and heart disease. Personal management practices include calculating medication doses to inject based on factors such as personal situation (e.g. digested sugars and carbohydrates, exercise, sickness, and stress), temperature/weather, their current BG level, and past experience. Balancing BG levels with ingested glucose and injected insulin can control the condition, significantly reducing the impact on a person’s life. Most diabetes care involves some form of self- management. This means people with diabetes are “more than passive recipients of medical expertise” [10]. Lutfey and Wishner [22] suggest that the term ‘compliance’ should not be used in efforts to improve self-management practices. Instead, they propose using ‘adherence’, which suggests appropriate autonomy in defining and following self-management plans for diabetes. However, people’s plans are not necessarily the same as the actions they take: actions are contingent on the unfolding context [39], which is relational, dynamic, occasioned, and arising from the on- going activity [9]. This is of particular relevance when looking at the self-management plans of people with T1D, where self-management occurs on a “daily basis within the context of the other goals, priorities, health issues, family demands, and other personal concerns that make up their lives” [10]. Self-management practices vary [37] but there is little research on how mobile T1D technologies are chosen to be used for everyday self-management and how everyday social life might influence practice. To address this gap, we conducted three user studies that examined how T1D devices are adopted, carried, and used. We used contextual interviews, a diary study, and observation of a T1D group meet-up. In the data analysis reported here, we used Goffman’s theatre metaphor of how people present themselves to others. This conceptual framing provides insight into the nuanced ways adults with TID conceal or reveal the use of mobile self-management devices in social situations, which could benefit the design of future mobile self-management devices for chronic conditions. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from Permissions@acm.org. CHI 2015, April 18 - 23, 2015, Seoul, Republic of Korea Copyright is held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM. ACM 978-1-4503-3145-6/15/04…$15.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702453 Understanding pracGces Concealing or Revealing Mobile Medical Devices? Designing for Onstage and Offstage PresentaGon. Aisling O'Kane et al (CHI 2015) This paper • Explores the occasions in which adults with type 1 diabetes conceal or reveal their technologies. • Discusses how users seek to customise technologies to bener suit social situaGons
- 30. A Stage-Based Modelof Personal Informatics Systems Ian Li1 , Anind Dey1 , and Jodi Forlizzi1,2 1 Human Computer Interaction Institute, 2 School of Design Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 ianli@cmu.edu, {anind, forlizzi}@cs.cmu.edu ABSTRACT People strive to obtain self-knowledge. A class of systems called personal informatics is appearing that help people collect and reflect on personal information. However, there is no comprehensive list of problems that users experience using these systems, and no guidance for making these systems more effective. To address this, we conducted surveys and interviews with people who collect and reflect on personal information. We derived a stage-based model of personal informatics systems composed of five stages (preparation, collection, integration, reflection, and action) and identified barriers in each of the stages. These stages have four essential properties: barriers cascade to later stages; they are iterative; they are user-driven and/or system-driven; and they are uni-faceted or multi-faceted. From these properties, we recommend that personal informatics systems should 1) be designed in a holistic manner across the stages; 2) allow iteration between stages; 3) apply an appropriate balance of automated technology and user control within each stage to facilitate the user experience; and 4) explore support for associating multiple facets of people’s lives to enrich the value of systems. Author Keywords Personal informatics, collection, reflection, model, barriers ACM Classification Keywords H5.m. Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI): Miscellaneous. General Terms Design, Human Factors INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION The importance of knowing oneself has been known since ancient times. Ancient Greeks who pilgrimaged to the Temple of Apollo at Delphi to find answers were greeted with the inscription “Gnothi seauton” or “Know thyself”. To this day, people still strive to obtain self-knowledge. One way to obtain self-knowledge is to collect information about oneself—one’s behaviors, habits, and thoughts—and reflect on them. Computers can facilitate this activity because of advances in sensor technologies, ubiquity of access to information brought by the Internet, and improvements in visualizations. A class of systems called personal informatics is appearing that help people collect and reflect on personal information (e.g., Mint, http://mint.com, for finance and Nike+, http://nikeplus.com, for physical activity). Personal informatics represents an interesting area of study in human-computer interaction. First, these systems help people better understand their behavior. While many technologies inform people about the world, personal informatics systems inform people about themselves. Second, people participate in both the collection of behavioral information as well as the exploration and understanding of the information. This poses demands on users that need to be explored. Finally, we do not know all the problems that people may experience with personal informatics systems. We know that people want to get information about themselves to reflect on, and that systems that support this activity need to be effective and simple to use. Identifying problems that people experience in collecting and making sense of personal information while using such systems is critical for designing and developing effective personal informatics. To date, there is no comprehensive list of problems that users experience using these systems. Toward this end, we conducted surveys and interviews with people who collect and reflect on personal information. From this, we derived a model of personal informatics systems organized by stages, which emphasizes the interdependence of the different parts of personal informatics systems. We provide three main contributions in this paper: 1) we identify problems across personal informatics tools, 2) we introduce and discuss a model that improves the diagnosis, assessment, and prediction of problems in personal informatics systems, and 3) we make recommendations about how to improve existing systems and build new and effective personal informatics systems. In the next section, we provide a working definition of personal informatics and review related literature. We present the method and findings from our survey, and use them to introduce a stage-based model of personal informatics systems. We describe the barriers encountered in each stage and highlight opportunities for intervention within each stage. We also compare and analyze existing systems to demonstrate the use of the model for diagnosing Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. CHI 2010, April 10–15, 2010, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Copyright 2010 ACM 978-1-60558-929-9/10/04....$10.00. CriGcal perspecGves A stage based model of personal informaGcs systems Ian Li et al (CHI2010) This paper • Introduces and defines the field of "Personal InformaGcs" • IdenGfies common problems across personal informaGcs systems • Introduces a model of personal informaGcs for systems designers
- 31. Problematising Upstream Technologythrough Speculative Design: The Case of Quantified Cats and Dogs Shaun Lawson, Ben Kirman, Conor Linehan, Tom Feltwell, Lisa Hopkins Lincoln Social Computing Research Centre University of Lincoln, UK {slawson, bkirman, clinehan, tfeltwell, lhopkins} @ lincoln.ac.uk ABSTRACT There is growing interest in technology that quantifies aspects of our lives. This paper draws on critical practice and speculative design to explore, question and problematise the ultimate consequences of such technology using the quantification of companion animals (pets) as a case study. We apply the concept of ‘moving upstream’ to study such technology and use a qualitative research approach in which both pet owners, and animal behavioural experts, were presented with, and asked to discuss, speculative designs for pet quantification applications, the design of which were extrapolated from contemporary trends. Our findings indicate a strong desire among pet owners for technology that has little scientific justification, whilst our experts caution that the use of technology to augment human-animal communication has the potential to disimprove animal welfare, undermine human-animal bonds, and create human-human conflicts. Our discussion informs wider debates regarding quantification technology. Author Keywords Personal informatics; critical design; design fiction; animal- computer interaction; the Quantified Dog. ACM Classification Keywords H.5.m. Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI): Miscellaneous. INTRODUCTION HCI, as a discipline, is increasingly concerned with the wider social and cultural implications of design practice [5, 6]. Dunne and Raby [14] argue that design as critique, through practices such as speculative design, can be valuable in the problematisation of technologies. They suggest that by “moving upstream and exploring ideas before they become products…designers can look into the possible consequences of technological applications before they happen” [14]. This paper uses the perspectives of critical and speculative design in order to explore an area of near-future/upstream technology that is of substantial interest to both commercial developers and researchers – the “quantification of everything” via the deployment of technology that quantifies multiple aspects of our lives. Consumers now have access to a plethora of interactive web and mobile apps, often coupled with sensors, which can facilitate the casual collection, aggregation, visualization and sharing of data about the self. As observed in [48], technology has been available to measure e.g. “sleep, exercise, sex food, mood, location, alertness, productivity and even spiritual wellbeing” for quite some time. Engagement with such self-tracking and monitoring is part of an inter-related set of practices variously labelled as personal informatics and the quantified-self. These labels emphasize that it is the self that is the object under scrutiny, however it is also apparent that consumers will soon have access to technology that can also track, measure, log and interpret the behaviour of not only the self but of the people and things that are important to them and that surround them in their everyday lives; this could, for instance, include their partners and children [35, 43], their elderly relatives [7], homes [12] and pets [16]. The deployment of quantifying technology has widely- claimed, and far-reaching, positive outcomes and benefits both for individuals and society [48, 25]. Indeed, the HCI and ubicomp communities continue to play a leading role in determining the direction of research in this area e.g. as is evidenced through a continuous rolling schedule of workshops such as [24, 31]. Through these workshops, and a growing body of published work, it is evident that there is sustained research interest, generally, in the technical, user- centred and privacy issues raised by the proliferation of personal tracking technology. However, there is limited existing research by the HCI, or indeed any, research community, that takes a more critical perspective on the design of tracking and quantifying technologies, and that, for instance, challenges the positivist assumptions about its longer term implications. In this paper we present a case study that takes a critical approach towards the understanding of the implications of the increasing prevalence, and unquestioning acceptance, of Paste the appropriate copyright/license statement here. ACM now supports three different publication options: ACM copyright: ACM holds the copyright on the work. This is the historical approach. License: The author(s) retain copyright, but ACM receives an exclusive publication license. Open Access: The author(s) wish to pay for the work to be open access. The additional fee must be paid to ACM. This text field is large enough to hold the appropriate release statement assuming it is single-spaced in TimesNewRoman 8 point font. Please do not change or modify the size of this text box. Every submission will be assigned their own unique DOI string to be included here. CriGcal perspecGves ProblemaGsing upstream technology through speculaGve design: The case of quanGfied cats and dogs Shaun Lawson et al (CHI2015) This paper • Argues that we too readily accept ideas around the quanGfied self and 'quanGfied everything' • They use a design ficGon based approach to explore problems with "upstream technology" for quanGfying cats and dogs.
- 32. CriGcal perspecGves How to evaluate technologies for health behaviour change in HCI research Predrag Klasnja et al (CHI2011) This paper • Argues that the role of HCI cannot be to demonstrate behaviour change, which requires large, long term studies (RCTs) • Argues that evaluaGon of new technology should be field trials of designs linked to behavioural change strategies How to Evaluate Technologies for Health Behavior Change in HCI Research Predrag Klasnja1 , Sunny Consolvo3 , & Wanda Pratt1,2 1 Information School & DUB group University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195, USA klasnja@uw.edu 2 Biomedical & Health Informatics University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195, USA wpratt@uw.edu 3 Intel Labs Seattle Seattle, WA 98105, USA sunny.consolvo@intel.com ABSTRACT New technologies for encouraging physical activity, healthy diet, and other types of health behavior change now frequently appear in the HCI literature. Yet, how such technologies should be evaluated within the context of HCI research remains unclear. In this paper, we argue that the obvious answer to this question—that evaluations should assess whether a technology brought about the intended change in behavior—is too limited. We propose that demonstrating behavior change is often infeasible as well as unnecessary for a meaningful contribution to HCI research, especially when in the early stages of design or when evaluating novel technologies. As an alternative, we suggest that HCI contributions should focus on efficacy evaluations that are tailored to the specific behavior-change intervention strategies (e.g., self-monitoring, conditioning) embodied in the system and studies that help gain a deep understanding of people’s experiences with the technology. Author Keywords Evaluation methods, behavior change, health informatics, user studies. ACM Classification Keywords H5.2 Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI): User interfaces (Evaluation/Methodology). J.3 Life and Medical Sciences: Medical information systems. General Terms Experimentation, measurement. INTRODUCTION In the last several years, there has been an explosion of HCI research on technologies for supporting health behavior change. HCI researchers have developed systems for encouraging physical activity [2,7,8,24], healthy diet [12,17,23], glycemic control in diabetes [26,39], and self- regulation of emotions [31]. Work in this area is rapidly becoming a staple at many of the field’s preeminent publishing venues. This work has the potential to make a meaningful impact on society. The prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and coronary heart disease continue to rise and are now responsible for over 70% of U.S. healthcare expenditures [20]. Some of the most important risk factors for these conditions are behavioral, including smoking, physical inactivity, excessive food intake, and diets heavy in trans fats. A successful change in these behaviors is a fundamental aspect of both prevention and effective management of chronic conditions, as well as an important contributor to health and wellbeing more broadly. Due to their low cost, high penetration, and integration in people’s everyday lives, technologies such as mobile phones, web applications, and social networking tools hold great promise for supporting individuals as they strive to adopt and sustain health-promoting behaviors. HCI research can significantly contribute to the design of innovative and effective tools that help people in these efforts. However, as HCI researchers increasingly engage in the design of systems for health behavior change, an important question arises: how should interventions for health behavior change be evaluated within the context of HCI research? The question is twofold. First, what types of evaluations are appropriate and useful for systems that HCI researchers in this area are developing? And second, how should the research output of this work—primarily in the form of publications—be evaluated? These questions are key, we believe, to moving this area of HCI forward, and their careful consideration should aid both researchers and reviewers working in this area. In this paper, we argue that the obvious answer to these questions—namely, that the goal of an evaluation of a technology for health behavior change should be to show that the technology brought about the intended change in behavior—is too limited. We argue that behavior change in the traditional clinical sense is not the right metric for evaluating early stage technologies that are developed in the context of HCI research. However, a narrower notion of efficacy, one that tailors outcome measures to the particular intervention strategies a technology employs, can enable HCI researchers to test whether their systems are doing what they are intended to do even at early stages of development. Just as importantly, qualitative studies that Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. CHI 2011, May 7–12, 2011, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Copyright 2011 ACM 978-1-4503-0267-8/11/05...$10.00.
- 33. Summary • In this lecture I have – Given examples of self tracking technology and applicaGons – Given a brief history of tracking, poinGng out that it is not a new area • Discussed the relaGonship of tracking with – Mobile health – Health behaviour change • Illustrated the role of HCI with a selecGon of papers from CHI (the main annual HCI conference)
- 34. References 1. Consolvo, S., Everin, K., Smith, I., Landay, J. (2006) Design requirements for technologies that encourage physical acGvity. Proceedings of ACM CHI 2006, 457-‐466. 2. Consolvo, S., McDonald, D., Toscos, T., et al (2008) AcGvity sensing in the wild: A field trial of UbiFit Garden. Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008, 1797-‐1806. 3. Cordeiro, F., Bales, E., Cherry, E., Fogarty, J. (2015) Rethinking the mobile food journal: Exploring opportuniGes for lightweight photo based capture. Proceedings of ACM CHI 2015, 3207-‐3216. 4. Crawford, K., Lingel, J., & Karppi, T. (2015) Our metrics, our selves: A hundred years of self-‐ tracking from the weight scale to the wrist wearable device. European Journal of Cultural Studies 2015, 18(4-‐5), 479-‐496. 5. Han, T., Xiao, X., Shi, L., Canny, J., Wang, J. (2015) Balancing accuracy and fun: designing camera based mobile games for implicit heart rate monitoring. Proceedings of ACM CHI 2015, 847-‐856. 6. Khot, R.A., Lee, J., Aggarwal, D., Hjorth, L., Mueller, F. (2015) TastyBeats: Designing palatable representaGons of physical acGvity. Proceedings of ACM CHI 2015, 2933-‐2942.
- 35. References 7. Klasnja, P., Consolvo, S., & Pran, W. (2011) How to evaluate technologies for health behaviour chnage in HCI research. Proceedings of ACM CHI 2011, 3063-‐3072. 8. Klasnja, P., Pran, W. (2011) Healthcare in the pocket: Mapping the space of mobile-‐phone intervenGons. Journal of Biomedical InformaGcs 45 (2012) 184-‐198. 9. Lawson, S., Kirman, B., Linehan, C., Feltwell, T., Hopkins, L. (2015) ProblemaGsing upstream technology through speculaGve design: The case of quanGfied cats and dogs. Proceedings of CHI 2015. 2663-‐2672. 10. Li, I., Dey, A., & Forlizzi, J. (2010) A stage-‐based model of personal informaGcs systems. Proceedings of ACM CHI 2010, 557-‐566. 11. Mueller, F., Muirhead, M., (2015) Jogging with a quadcopter. Proceedings of ACM CHI 2015. 2023-‐2032. 12. O'Kane, A., Rogers, Y., Blandford, A. (2015) Concealing or revealing mobile devices? Designing for onstage and offstage presentaGon. Proceedings of ACM CHI 2015, 1689-‐1698.
- 36. References 13. Olla, P., & Shimskey, C. (2014) mHealth taxonomy: a literature survey of mobile health applicaGons. Health Technol. (2014) 4:299-‐308 14. Rooksby, J., Rost, M., Morrison, A., & Chalmers, M. (2014) Pass the ball: Enforced turn taking in acGvity tracking. Proceedings of ACM CHI 2015, 2417-‐2426. 15. Rooksby, J., Rost, M., Morrison, A., & Chalmers, M. (2014) Personal tracking as lived informaGcs. Proceedings of ACM CHI 2014, 1163-‐1172. 16. Simm, W., Ferrario, M.A., Gradinar, A., Whinle, J. (2014) Prototyping Clasp: ImplicaGons for designing digital technology for and with adults with auGsm. Proceedings of ACM DIS2014, 345-‐354. 17. Tholander, J., Nylander, S. (2015) Snot, Sweat, Pain, Mud, and Snow: Performance and experience in the use of sportswatches. Proceedings of ACM CHI 2015. 2913-‐2922.
- 37. Images Apple watch – apple.com MyFitnessPal app – myfitnesspal.com Withings scales – withings.com Moodnotes app – Ustwo.com Diabetes devices -‐ hnp://news.utoronto.ca/meet-‐bant-‐diabetes-‐iphone-‐app Argus app – azumio.com Digital stress – from Simm et al 2014. Manpo-‐Meter – hnp://www.yamasa-‐tokei.co.jp/ Penny scales – from Crawford et al 2015. Mobile health taxonomy – from Olla & Shimskey 2014.