This document provides an overview of seed germination in pulses. It discusses the key requirements for germination including water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, temperature, and light. It describes the two main types of seed germination - epigeal and hypogeal. The document also outlines the main physiological and biochemical changes that occur during seed germination, including imbibition, respiration, enzyme activation, storage compound breakdown, and seedling emergence. Finally, it summarizes several studies that evaluated changes in enzyme activity and biochemical components in specific pulse crops like mung bean, cowpea, and chickpea during germination.
Seed dormancy allows seeds to remain dormant during unfavorable conditions until conditions become suitable for germination. There are two main types of dormancy - primary and secondary. Primary dormancy occurs due to internal factors like hormones, while secondary dormancy is caused by external factors like temperature. Dormancy can be overcome through methods like scarification, stratification, hormone treatment, and photoperiod manipulation. Seed dormancy provides important biological benefits like survival during drought or frost and dispersal to new areas.
Stress due to temperature physiological and biochemical responses of fruit pl...sukhjinder mann
The document discusses temperature stress in fruit plants from both high and low temperature extremes. It provides context on what stress is and defines temperature stress. It then discusses the climatic temperature requirements of various fruit crops and the physiological and biochemical responses plants have to high and low temperature stress, including effects on photosynthesis, hormones, membrane properties, antioxidant activity, and more. It also discusses mechanisms plants use to cope with temperature stress extremes, such as cold acclimation and freezing tolerance processes. Lastly, it provides some management strategies farmers can use to help mitigate temperature stress impacts.
This document discusses seed germination. It begins by describing seed maturation and dormancy, where seeds undergo dehydration and metabolic changes to enter a dormant state. It then discusses the structures that maintain dormancy like the seed coat and chemical inhibitors. Germination occurs when dormancy is broken through changes in the seed's physical state and environment. The key stages of germination are imbibition, respiration, and mobilization of food reserves through enzymatic breakdown to provide nutrients and energy for embryonic growth. Germination ends with the rupture of the seed coat and emergence of the seedling.
Auxins are plant hormones that play an important role in growth and development processes in plants like stem elongation, apical dominance, root initiation, and fruit development. The two main types are natural auxins like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and synthetic auxins like indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Auxins are used in horticulture and agriculture to promote rooting, induce parthenocarpy, increase fruit set, inhibit sprouting, and control flowering. They are also used commercially for propagation, increasing crop yields, selective weed control, and other horticultural
Being sessile, plants are constantly exposed to changes in temperature and other abiotic stress factors. The temperature stress experienced by plants can be classified into three types: those occurring at (a) temperature below freezing (b) low temperature above freezing and (c) high temperature. The plants must adapt to them in other ways. The biological substances that are deeply related to these stresses, such as heat shock proteins, glycine betaine as a compatible solute, membrane lipids etc.and also detoxifiers of active oxygen species, contribute to temperature stress tolerance in plants. Rapid advances in Molecular Genetic approaches have enabled genes to be cloned, both from prokaryotes and directly from plants themselves, that are thought to provide the key to the mechanism of temperature adaptation (Iba et al., 2002).
The accumulation of heat shock proteins under the control of heat stress transcription factors is assumed to play a central role in the heat stress response and in acquired thermotolerance in plants (Kotak et al., 2007). The pattern of protein synthesis during cold acclimation is very dissimilar to the heat shock proteins in many ways. Different low temperature stress proteins, such as Anti-freeze proteins or thermal hysteresis proteins (THPs) and cold shock domain proteins etc. are accumulated in plant cell and are frequently correlated with enhanced cold tolerance ( Guy, 1999).
The heat stress-induced dehydrin proteins (DHNs) expression and their relationship with the water relations of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) leaves were studied to investigate the adaptation to heat stress in plants (Wahid and Close, 2007). In order to get an in vitro evidence of Hsc70 functioning as a molecular chaperone during cold stress, a cold-inducible spinach cytosolic Hsc70 was subcloned into a protein expression vector and the recombinant protein was expressed in bacterial cells. Results suggest that the molecular chaperone Hsc70 may have a functional role in plants during low temperature stress (Zhang and Guy, 2006). To analyze the least and most strongly interacting stress with Hsps and Hsfs, a transcriptional profiling of Arabidopsis Hsps and Hsfs has been done (Swindell et al., 2007).
As plants receive complex of stress factors together, therefore in future research, emphasis should be placed on such cases where tolerance is attempted to different stress factors simultaneously by employing sophisticated techniques.
External factors like water, temperature, aeration, light, salinity, and pathogens can influence seed germination and seedling growth. Seeds need sufficient water and oxygen to germinate. The optimum temperature varies by species. Salinity and pathogens can prevent germination. Some seeds also have internal dormancy factors like an impermeable seed coat or lack of hormones and enzymes that need to be released through treatments like gibberellic acid or stratification before the seed can germinate.
The document discusses the chemical composition of seeds. It states that seeds typically have high lipid content concentrated in storage tissues, providing energy. Lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. Seeds also contain proteins, carbohydrates like starch, and small amounts of water and soluble sugars. The chemical composition supports the growth of the embryo during germination.
plant show different symptoms on the deficiency of different essential nutrients. which symptom show which nutrient deficiency in detail elaborated in the presentation
Seed dormancy allows seeds to remain dormant during unfavorable conditions until conditions become suitable for germination. There are two main types of dormancy - primary and secondary. Primary dormancy occurs due to internal factors like hormones, while secondary dormancy is caused by external factors like temperature. Dormancy can be overcome through methods like scarification, stratification, hormone treatment, and photoperiod manipulation. Seed dormancy provides important biological benefits like survival during drought or frost and dispersal to new areas.
Stress due to temperature physiological and biochemical responses of fruit pl...sukhjinder mann
The document discusses temperature stress in fruit plants from both high and low temperature extremes. It provides context on what stress is and defines temperature stress. It then discusses the climatic temperature requirements of various fruit crops and the physiological and biochemical responses plants have to high and low temperature stress, including effects on photosynthesis, hormones, membrane properties, antioxidant activity, and more. It also discusses mechanisms plants use to cope with temperature stress extremes, such as cold acclimation and freezing tolerance processes. Lastly, it provides some management strategies farmers can use to help mitigate temperature stress impacts.
This document discusses seed germination. It begins by describing seed maturation and dormancy, where seeds undergo dehydration and metabolic changes to enter a dormant state. It then discusses the structures that maintain dormancy like the seed coat and chemical inhibitors. Germination occurs when dormancy is broken through changes in the seed's physical state and environment. The key stages of germination are imbibition, respiration, and mobilization of food reserves through enzymatic breakdown to provide nutrients and energy for embryonic growth. Germination ends with the rupture of the seed coat and emergence of the seedling.
Auxins are plant hormones that play an important role in growth and development processes in plants like stem elongation, apical dominance, root initiation, and fruit development. The two main types are natural auxins like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and synthetic auxins like indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Auxins are used in horticulture and agriculture to promote rooting, induce parthenocarpy, increase fruit set, inhibit sprouting, and control flowering. They are also used commercially for propagation, increasing crop yields, selective weed control, and other horticultural
Being sessile, plants are constantly exposed to changes in temperature and other abiotic stress factors. The temperature stress experienced by plants can be classified into three types: those occurring at (a) temperature below freezing (b) low temperature above freezing and (c) high temperature. The plants must adapt to them in other ways. The biological substances that are deeply related to these stresses, such as heat shock proteins, glycine betaine as a compatible solute, membrane lipids etc.and also detoxifiers of active oxygen species, contribute to temperature stress tolerance in plants. Rapid advances in Molecular Genetic approaches have enabled genes to be cloned, both from prokaryotes and directly from plants themselves, that are thought to provide the key to the mechanism of temperature adaptation (Iba et al., 2002).
The accumulation of heat shock proteins under the control of heat stress transcription factors is assumed to play a central role in the heat stress response and in acquired thermotolerance in plants (Kotak et al., 2007). The pattern of protein synthesis during cold acclimation is very dissimilar to the heat shock proteins in many ways. Different low temperature stress proteins, such as Anti-freeze proteins or thermal hysteresis proteins (THPs) and cold shock domain proteins etc. are accumulated in plant cell and are frequently correlated with enhanced cold tolerance ( Guy, 1999).
The heat stress-induced dehydrin proteins (DHNs) expression and their relationship with the water relations of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) leaves were studied to investigate the adaptation to heat stress in plants (Wahid and Close, 2007). In order to get an in vitro evidence of Hsc70 functioning as a molecular chaperone during cold stress, a cold-inducible spinach cytosolic Hsc70 was subcloned into a protein expression vector and the recombinant protein was expressed in bacterial cells. Results suggest that the molecular chaperone Hsc70 may have a functional role in plants during low temperature stress (Zhang and Guy, 2006). To analyze the least and most strongly interacting stress with Hsps and Hsfs, a transcriptional profiling of Arabidopsis Hsps and Hsfs has been done (Swindell et al., 2007).
As plants receive complex of stress factors together, therefore in future research, emphasis should be placed on such cases where tolerance is attempted to different stress factors simultaneously by employing sophisticated techniques.
External factors like water, temperature, aeration, light, salinity, and pathogens can influence seed germination and seedling growth. Seeds need sufficient water and oxygen to germinate. The optimum temperature varies by species. Salinity and pathogens can prevent germination. Some seeds also have internal dormancy factors like an impermeable seed coat or lack of hormones and enzymes that need to be released through treatments like gibberellic acid or stratification before the seed can germinate.
The document discusses the chemical composition of seeds. It states that seeds typically have high lipid content concentrated in storage tissues, providing energy. Lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. Seeds also contain proteins, carbohydrates like starch, and small amounts of water and soluble sugars. The chemical composition supports the growth of the embryo during germination.
plant show different symptoms on the deficiency of different essential nutrients. which symptom show which nutrient deficiency in detail elaborated in the presentation
Cold stress can damage plants through low temperatures that affect their tissues and physiological processes. Plants have developed tolerance and avoidance mechanisms to cope with cold stress, such as synthesizing cryoprotectant molecules like sugars and proteins. When plants undergo cold acclimation, it involves upregulating genes for proteins like dehydrins and cold-regulated proteins that help stabilize membranes and cells. Enzymatic and metabolic processes also adjust to cold stress through responses like inducing sugar biosynthesis, upregulating proline synthesis, and suppressing lipid metabolism. Sensors in plants can detect low temperatures to signal cold stress responses at the molecular level.
Minimize seed deterioration during it’s storage of orthodox or recalcitrant s...AKHILRDONGA
PG major SEMINAR on minimize seed deterioration during its storage of orthodox or recalcitrant seed ppt file delivered by Pratik Bhankhar (M.Sc. Seed Science and Technology) at C. P. College of Agriculture, S. D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar.
it contains How to minimize the seed deterioration during its storage.
This document discusses essential plant nutrients and how they are classified. It outlines that 17 elements are considered essential for plant growth according to specific criteria. These elements can be classified based on their concentration in plants as either macronutrients, which are needed in larger quantities, or micronutrients, which are needed in smaller amounts. They can also be classified into four groups based on their biochemical behavior and physiological functions in plants. The four groups include elements that are major constituents of organic materials, involved in biochemical reactions, present in free ionic states or adsorbed to organic anions, or predominantly present as chelates.
Environmental factors affecting seed development and maturationkartoori sai santhosh
The document discusses various climatic and environmental factors that affect seed development and quality in crops. It states that moderate temperatures are required for flowering and pollination to produce good seeds, while high temperatures can cause poor pollen development and seed set. Excessive rainfall, humidity, or winds can damage seeds and cause losses. Nutrition, soil moisture, and plant hormones also influence seed maturation and quality. Proper management practices like weed control are necessary to optimize seed production.
This document summarizes a presentation on micrografting in citrus species. Micrografting, also called shoot tip grafting, is an in vitro grafting technique that involves grafting a shoot tip onto an aseptically grown rootstock. It allows for producing virus-free citrus plants by exploiting the fact that meristems are relatively pathogen-free. The presentation outlines the need, principle, procedure, advantages, limitations and affecting factors of micrografting. It also provides examples of micrografting success rates from various studies on different fruit crops such as pistachio, mulberry, olive and citrus.
This presentation describes about the dormancy, types of dormancy (seed dormancy and bud dormancy) as well as methods to overcome the bud and seed dormancy in detail.
Mechanism of heat stress response in plantsDivyani1511
The document discusses the mechanism of heat stress response in plants. It begins with an introduction describing how rising global temperatures due to climate change pose a threat to crop productivity. It then discusses various effects of heat stress on plant morphology, anatomy, physiology and molecular processes. The molecular response involves heat shock proteins which act as molecular chaperones to protect proteins. Signaling pathways like Hsf-Hsp are also involved. Biotechnological approaches for developing heat tolerance in crops include marker-assisted selection and genetic engineering of heat shock factors. Examples of some high temperature tolerant crop varieties developed in India are also provided.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
Seed is the most important asset in the agriculture. seeds have to be stored for the next season. so it is important to study the seed storage physiology and gnetics
This document describes the floral biology and different parts of flowers and inflorescences. It defines the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium, and describes their structures and types. It then explains different types of inflorescences including racemose inflorescences like racemes, corymbs, and umbels, and cymose inflorescences. It also covers mixed, compound, and special inflorescences like heads, spadices, catkins and others. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the different floral and inflorescence structures.
1. The document discusses various effects of heat stress on plants, including reduced growth, photosynthesis, reproductive development, and yield.
2. It explains how high temperatures can damage chloroplasts and thylakoid membranes, inhibiting photosynthesis. Reduction of proteins, enzymes, and pigments involved in carbon fixation and carbohydrate synthesis are also discussed.
3. The document covers different adaptation mechanisms plants use to tolerate heat stress, such as avoidance through transpirational cooling and stomatal closure, and tolerance through antioxidant activity, heat shock proteins, osmoprotectants, and regulation of stress response genes.
Plants require water for growth and survival. Water acts as a solvent for nutrients and minerals absorbed by plant roots from the soil and transports them throughout the plant. It also plays a crucial role in photosynthesis, transpiration, and other physiological processes within a plant.
1) Between 25-50% of grain is lost post-harvest in developing countries, with 10.7% lost during storage alone.
2) Proper seed storage requires maintaining cool, dry conditions to reduce seed metabolic activity and prolong viability. Orthodox seeds like rice can be dried and stored long-term at 5% moisture, while recalcitrant seeds like mango cannot be dried.
3) Key factors for successful storage are seed type, quality, moisture content below 13% for rice, and controlled environment below 30°C and 60% relative humidity to prevent pest and microbe growth.
Osmotic adjustment is a mechanism where plants accumulate osmolytes like organic solutes, enzymes, sugars, and inorganic ions in response to osmotic stress from drought or salinity. This decreases the osmotic potential and allows plants to absorb water despite dry or saline conditions. Key enzymes involved include betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, and ornithine-d-aminotransferase. Common osmolytes accumulated are glycine betaine, proline, glycerol, sucrose, and ions like potassium. Osmotic adjustment maintains turgor pressure and the ability to absorb water under stress.
The document discusses abiotic stress responses in plants, with a focus on drought stress. It defines abiotic stress and describes different types of drought stress and plant responses. It discusses the genetic basis of drought tolerance and key pathways involved. The document summarizes stress tolerance mechanisms in plants, including detoxification, chaperoning, late embryogenesis abundant proteins, osmoprotection, and water and ion movement. Case studies on transgenic crops with improved drought tolerance are also mentioned.
Ripening is a process in fruits that makes them acceptable for consumption by converting starch to sugar, changing color, and developing full flavor and aroma. Ripening is triggered by the plant hormone ethylene in climacteric fruits like bananas and tomatoes, causing a spike in respiration. In commercial operations, controlled ethylene exposure is used to induce ripening. Treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene binds ethylene receptors and inhibits ripening, allowing longer storage of climacteric fruits.
- Grafting is a commonly used asexual propagation technique that has been used for over 2000 years. It involves joining part of one plant (the scion) to another plant (the rootstock) to form a graft union.
- Benefits of grafting include increased yield, extended harvest periods, enhanced disease resistance from the rootstock, and adaptation to stressful soils. Successful grafting depends on factors like genetic compatibility and physiological interactions between the scion and rootstock.
- Studies show grafting can improve flowering, yield, and quality in various flower crops like jasmine. Grafting onto certain rootstocks also enhances drought tolerance in chrysanthemum. Grafting techniques continue to be improved
PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF SEED GERMINATION.pptxpavanknaik
Seed germination begins with water uptake by the dry seed and ends with the emergence of the embryonic axis, usually the radicle, from the seed coat. During germination, seeds undergo physiological and biochemical changes. Water uptake leads to respiration and the mobilization of stored food reserves to provide energy and materials for embryonic development. Stored carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and inorganic nutrients are broken down into simpler molecules that are used to fuel growth or transported to the growing embryo. Once the radicle has elongated enough to emerge from the seed coat layers, germination is complete.
Seed germination begins with water uptake and involves three key physiological processes:
1) Respiration increases rapidly to provide energy for biochemical changes through the mobilization of sucrose reserves.
2) Mobilization of stored proteins, lipids, and starches provides building blocks and energy for embryonic development.
3) Water uptake occurs in three phases - an initial rapid uptake, followed by a lag phase, then a second phase of rapid uptake as the radicle emerges and oxygen becomes more available. These processes support the growth of the embryonic axis from the seed.
Cold stress can damage plants through low temperatures that affect their tissues and physiological processes. Plants have developed tolerance and avoidance mechanisms to cope with cold stress, such as synthesizing cryoprotectant molecules like sugars and proteins. When plants undergo cold acclimation, it involves upregulating genes for proteins like dehydrins and cold-regulated proteins that help stabilize membranes and cells. Enzymatic and metabolic processes also adjust to cold stress through responses like inducing sugar biosynthesis, upregulating proline synthesis, and suppressing lipid metabolism. Sensors in plants can detect low temperatures to signal cold stress responses at the molecular level.
Minimize seed deterioration during it’s storage of orthodox or recalcitrant s...AKHILRDONGA
PG major SEMINAR on minimize seed deterioration during its storage of orthodox or recalcitrant seed ppt file delivered by Pratik Bhankhar (M.Sc. Seed Science and Technology) at C. P. College of Agriculture, S. D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar.
it contains How to minimize the seed deterioration during its storage.
This document discusses essential plant nutrients and how they are classified. It outlines that 17 elements are considered essential for plant growth according to specific criteria. These elements can be classified based on their concentration in plants as either macronutrients, which are needed in larger quantities, or micronutrients, which are needed in smaller amounts. They can also be classified into four groups based on their biochemical behavior and physiological functions in plants. The four groups include elements that are major constituents of organic materials, involved in biochemical reactions, present in free ionic states or adsorbed to organic anions, or predominantly present as chelates.
Environmental factors affecting seed development and maturationkartoori sai santhosh
The document discusses various climatic and environmental factors that affect seed development and quality in crops. It states that moderate temperatures are required for flowering and pollination to produce good seeds, while high temperatures can cause poor pollen development and seed set. Excessive rainfall, humidity, or winds can damage seeds and cause losses. Nutrition, soil moisture, and plant hormones also influence seed maturation and quality. Proper management practices like weed control are necessary to optimize seed production.
This document summarizes a presentation on micrografting in citrus species. Micrografting, also called shoot tip grafting, is an in vitro grafting technique that involves grafting a shoot tip onto an aseptically grown rootstock. It allows for producing virus-free citrus plants by exploiting the fact that meristems are relatively pathogen-free. The presentation outlines the need, principle, procedure, advantages, limitations and affecting factors of micrografting. It also provides examples of micrografting success rates from various studies on different fruit crops such as pistachio, mulberry, olive and citrus.
This presentation describes about the dormancy, types of dormancy (seed dormancy and bud dormancy) as well as methods to overcome the bud and seed dormancy in detail.
Mechanism of heat stress response in plantsDivyani1511
The document discusses the mechanism of heat stress response in plants. It begins with an introduction describing how rising global temperatures due to climate change pose a threat to crop productivity. It then discusses various effects of heat stress on plant morphology, anatomy, physiology and molecular processes. The molecular response involves heat shock proteins which act as molecular chaperones to protect proteins. Signaling pathways like Hsf-Hsp are also involved. Biotechnological approaches for developing heat tolerance in crops include marker-assisted selection and genetic engineering of heat shock factors. Examples of some high temperature tolerant crop varieties developed in India are also provided.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner
Integrated nutrient management (INM) involves efficient and judicious use of all the major components of plant nutrient sources for sustaining soil fertility, health and productivity
Integrated approach for plant nutrition is being advocated because single nutrient approach often reduces fertilizer use efficiency and consequently creates problem fertilizers can help in enhancing and maintaining stability in production with least degradation in chemical and physical properties of the soil.
A healthy soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem that performs many vital functions.
A healthy soil produces a healthy feed for consumption. Improved soil health often is indicated by improvement on physical, chemical and microbiological environment.
Introduction of high yielding varieties, irrigation and use of high analysis fertilizer without proper soil tests, accelerated the mining of native soil nutrient resources.
Under intensive cultivation without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility and consequent productivity of crops
Vegetables are rich source of energy and nutrition.
Seed is the most important asset in the agriculture. seeds have to be stored for the next season. so it is important to study the seed storage physiology and gnetics
This document describes the floral biology and different parts of flowers and inflorescences. It defines the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium, and describes their structures and types. It then explains different types of inflorescences including racemose inflorescences like racemes, corymbs, and umbels, and cymose inflorescences. It also covers mixed, compound, and special inflorescences like heads, spadices, catkins and others. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the different floral and inflorescence structures.
1. The document discusses various effects of heat stress on plants, including reduced growth, photosynthesis, reproductive development, and yield.
2. It explains how high temperatures can damage chloroplasts and thylakoid membranes, inhibiting photosynthesis. Reduction of proteins, enzymes, and pigments involved in carbon fixation and carbohydrate synthesis are also discussed.
3. The document covers different adaptation mechanisms plants use to tolerate heat stress, such as avoidance through transpirational cooling and stomatal closure, and tolerance through antioxidant activity, heat shock proteins, osmoprotectants, and regulation of stress response genes.
Plants require water for growth and survival. Water acts as a solvent for nutrients and minerals absorbed by plant roots from the soil and transports them throughout the plant. It also plays a crucial role in photosynthesis, transpiration, and other physiological processes within a plant.
1) Between 25-50% of grain is lost post-harvest in developing countries, with 10.7% lost during storage alone.
2) Proper seed storage requires maintaining cool, dry conditions to reduce seed metabolic activity and prolong viability. Orthodox seeds like rice can be dried and stored long-term at 5% moisture, while recalcitrant seeds like mango cannot be dried.
3) Key factors for successful storage are seed type, quality, moisture content below 13% for rice, and controlled environment below 30°C and 60% relative humidity to prevent pest and microbe growth.
Osmotic adjustment is a mechanism where plants accumulate osmolytes like organic solutes, enzymes, sugars, and inorganic ions in response to osmotic stress from drought or salinity. This decreases the osmotic potential and allows plants to absorb water despite dry or saline conditions. Key enzymes involved include betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, and ornithine-d-aminotransferase. Common osmolytes accumulated are glycine betaine, proline, glycerol, sucrose, and ions like potassium. Osmotic adjustment maintains turgor pressure and the ability to absorb water under stress.
The document discusses abiotic stress responses in plants, with a focus on drought stress. It defines abiotic stress and describes different types of drought stress and plant responses. It discusses the genetic basis of drought tolerance and key pathways involved. The document summarizes stress tolerance mechanisms in plants, including detoxification, chaperoning, late embryogenesis abundant proteins, osmoprotection, and water and ion movement. Case studies on transgenic crops with improved drought tolerance are also mentioned.
Ripening is a process in fruits that makes them acceptable for consumption by converting starch to sugar, changing color, and developing full flavor and aroma. Ripening is triggered by the plant hormone ethylene in climacteric fruits like bananas and tomatoes, causing a spike in respiration. In commercial operations, controlled ethylene exposure is used to induce ripening. Treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene binds ethylene receptors and inhibits ripening, allowing longer storage of climacteric fruits.
- Grafting is a commonly used asexual propagation technique that has been used for over 2000 years. It involves joining part of one plant (the scion) to another plant (the rootstock) to form a graft union.
- Benefits of grafting include increased yield, extended harvest periods, enhanced disease resistance from the rootstock, and adaptation to stressful soils. Successful grafting depends on factors like genetic compatibility and physiological interactions between the scion and rootstock.
- Studies show grafting can improve flowering, yield, and quality in various flower crops like jasmine. Grafting onto certain rootstocks also enhances drought tolerance in chrysanthemum. Grafting techniques continue to be improved
PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF SEED GERMINATION.pptxpavanknaik
Seed germination begins with water uptake by the dry seed and ends with the emergence of the embryonic axis, usually the radicle, from the seed coat. During germination, seeds undergo physiological and biochemical changes. Water uptake leads to respiration and the mobilization of stored food reserves to provide energy and materials for embryonic development. Stored carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and inorganic nutrients are broken down into simpler molecules that are used to fuel growth or transported to the growing embryo. Once the radicle has elongated enough to emerge from the seed coat layers, germination is complete.
Seed germination begins with water uptake and involves three key physiological processes:
1) Respiration increases rapidly to provide energy for biochemical changes through the mobilization of sucrose reserves.
2) Mobilization of stored proteins, lipids, and starches provides building blocks and energy for embryonic development.
3) Water uptake occurs in three phases - an initial rapid uptake, followed by a lag phase, then a second phase of rapid uptake as the radicle emerges and oxygen becomes more available. These processes support the growth of the embryonic axis from the seed.
The document discusses seed germination and dormancy. It describes the process of seed germination, which begins with water uptake and involves a series of cellular and metabolic events that activate respiration and transport nutrients from storage tissues to the growing embryo. Completion of germination can be blocked by dormancy, which is released by interactions between plant growth hormones. Knowledge of a crop's mode of reproduction is important for developing effective breeding and selection methods suited to its natural reproductive processes.
The document summarizes the process of seed germination. It explains that seeds contain an embryo with miniature organs and stored food. For germination to occur, the seed coat must absorb water which activates enzymes to break down stored food into sugars for energy. This allows cell division and the emergence of the radicle root. Factors like water, light, oxygen, and temperature influence the rate and success of germination.
The document summarizes the process of seed germination. It explains that seeds contain an embryo with miniature organs protected by a seed coat. Germination begins when the seed absorbs water, activating enzymes that break down stored starches into sugars used for growth. The seed coat then ruptures as the radicle and plumule emerge. Germination requires sufficient water, oxygen, light, and temperature to fuel cell division and the growth of the embryonic roots and leaves into a seedling. Various factors like dormancy, vernalization, and phenolic compounds regulate the timing of germination.
Seeds undergo a process of germination when conditions are suitable for growth. Germination begins with water absorption, followed by the breakdown of stored food reserves and mobilization of nutrients to support embryo growth. Key conditions required for successful seed germination include adequate moisture, oxygen, appropriate temperature, and protection from pathogens. Maintaining proper environmental factors during germination is important for seedling development.
This document discusses seed germination, including the definition, requirements, types, phases, and physiological processes. It can be summarized as follows:
1) Seed germination is defined as the process beginning with water uptake by the dry seed and ending with the emergence of the embryonic axis, usually the radicle, from surrounding tissue.
2) Requirements for seed germination include water, gases, temperature, and light. There are two types of seed germination: epigeal and hypogeal.
3) Seed germination involves three phases - imbibition, a lag phase, and mobilization of food reserves. During these phases, stored resources like starch and proteins are broken down and utilized.
Seeds require specific environmental conditions to germinate successfully, including appropriate levels of light, moisture, temperature, and oxygen. Germination occurs in three stages - imbibition, lag phase, and emergence phase. Seed dormancy refers to viable seeds that are unable to germinate due to external conditions or internal factors. Methods to overcome dormancy include scarification, soaking, and stratification. French beans exhibit epigeal germination while broad beans exhibit hypogeal germination. Seed viability refers to the ability to germinate, and storage affects both viability and germination potential over time depending on storage conditions and species.
This document covers seed germination, dormancy, and storage. It discusses the environmental requirements for germination, including moisture, temperature, light, and oxygen. It describes the three stages of germination - imbibition, lag phase, and emergence phase. It defines epigeal germination, exemplified by French beans, and hypogeal germination, exemplified by broad beans. Methods to break seed dormancy include scarification, soaking, and stratification. Long term seed storage aims to control respiration rates to maintain seed viability over time.
Seed germination, growth factor and seed dormancy presented by Ankit Boss Go...AnkitBossGoldenHeart
This document summarizes a presentation on plant biochemistry focusing on seed dormancy. It defines seed dormancy as when seeds are prevented from germinating under normal conditions. It discusses the different types of seed dormancy including seed-coat induced, embryo-induced, and secondary dormancy. The causes of seed dormancy include hard seed coats, underdeveloped or dormant embryos, and the presence of germination inhibitors. Methods for breaking dormancy include scarification, stratification, and the use of alternating temperatures, light, and growth regulators. Seed dormancy provides advantages like helping plants survive cold temperatures and ensuring survival in tropical regions. Factors that affect germination include water, temperature, atmospheric conditions, soil properties, and seed
1) Seeds undergo respiration to germinate and grow into seedlings. Respiration is the process by which seeds break down stored sugars to release energy.
2) There are two types of respiration - aerobic respiration which requires oxygen and anaerobic respiration which does not. During germination, seeds rely on anaerobic respiration initially until the seedling is established.
3) Many factors can influence the rate of respiration in seeds and plants, including temperature, oxygen levels, light, water content, and amount of respirable materials like sugars stored in the seed. Managing these factors is important for successful seed germination and storage.
This document provides an overview of plant embryology and seed dormancy. It begins with definitions of embryology and the structures studied, including the flower, stamen, anther, and ovule. It describes processes like microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, double fertilization, and the development of the dicot and monocot embryos. It also discusses seed dormancy types, causes, methods of breaking dormancy both natural and artificial, and the importance of seed dormancy.
This document discusses the physiology of microorganisms, including their growth, metabolism, and cultivation. It explains that bacteria multiply through binary fission, which allows populations to double within a set generation time. Growth occurs in distinct phases on a curve and is influenced by temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and other environmental factors. Metabolism involves both catabolism, through processes like respiration and fermentation, and anabolism to build cell structures. Microbes can be cultivated using culture media tailored to their physical and nutritional requirements.
Nutritional requirement of the living cellsMicrobiology
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2.Pattern Of Seed Germination
3.Physiology Of Seed Germination
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2. PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
OF SEED GERMINATION IN PULSES
Presented By,
KALE TANHAJI SHIVAJI
Ph.D Scholar
Department of Vegetable Science,
Dr. P. D. K. V., Akola
3. Germination of Seeds
Germination is defined as the emergence of the radical
through the seed coat.
Germination to be the resumption of active growth by the
embryo resulting in the rupture of the seed coat and
emergence of a young plant.
4. Types of Seed Germination
Based on the fate of the cotyledons or storage organs:- Seed
germination is two types,
A. Epigeal germination
B. Hypogeal germination
(A)EPIGEAL GERMINATION :- During germination the cotyledons are raised
above the ground where they continue to provide nutritive support to the
growing point.
Example:- Bean, Mung bean, Urd bean
5. (B) HYPOGEAL GERMINATION:- During germination the cotyledons
remain beneath the soil while the plumule pushes upward and emerge
above the ground.
Example:- Pea , Chickpea, Tur.
7. Water:-
water is a basic requirement for germination.
It is essential for enzyme activation, breakdown,
translocation, and use of reserve storage material.
Field capacity moisture is about optimum for germination
in soil.
The initial stages of germination may even proceed with
moisture available from a high-humidity environment,
although such conditions are not adequate for complete
germination. This is often demonstrated by a phenomenon
known as precocious germination or sprouting when seeds
actually germinate in the head or pod following rains or
high-humidity conditions.
WATER
8. High moisture levels may inhibit germination. For
example, when moisture content was increased from
20% to 40% , dwarf bean germination was reported to
decrease significantly (Ensor 1967).
Critical moisture content concept
Tur – 35%
Pea – 45%
Bean – 25%
Chickpea – 40%
Cont…
9. O2 & CO2
Air is composed of about 20% oxygen, 0.03% carbon
dioxide and 80% nitrogen gas.
Carbon dioxide concentrations higher than 0.03% retard
germination, while nitrogen gas has no influence.
Respiration increase sharply during seed germination.
Since respiration is essentially an oxidative process, an
adequate supply of oxygen must be available.
If the oxygen concentration is reduced substantantially
below that of air, germination most of the seeds is
retarded.
10. TEMPERATURE
The effect on germination can be expressed in terms of
cardinal temperature, that is minimum, optimum, and
maximum temperatures at which germination occur.
The minimum temperature is sometimes difficult to define
since germination may actually be proceeding but at such a
slow rate that determination of germination is often made
before actual germination is completed.
The optimum temperature may be defined as the
temperature giving the greatest percentage of germination
within the shortest time.
11. Cont…
The maximum temperature is governed by the
temperature at which denaturation of proteins essential
for germination occurs.
As a general rule, temperate-region seeds require lower
temperature than do tropical-region seeds
Wild species have lower temperature requirements than
do domesticated plants.
High-quality seeds are able to germinate under wider
temperature ranges than low-quality seeds.
The optimum temperature for most of seeds is between
15 and 300 C.
12. LIGHT
• The influence of light on germination of seeds has long
been recognized.
• The mechanism of light control in seed germination is
similar to that controlling floral induction, stem elongation,
pigment formation in certain fruits and leaves, radicle
development of certain seedling, and unfolding of the
epicotyl of bean seedling.
• Three types of light effect the germination-
1. Light intensity ( Lux or candlepower)
2. Light quality ( color or wavelength)
3. Day length
13. Physiological and biochemical changes
during seed germination
A. Imbibition
B. Respiration
C. Enzyme Activation
D. Initiation of embryo growth
E. Rapture of the seed coat
F. Emergence of the seedling
14.
15. IMBIBITION
• The early stages of imbibition or water uptake into a
dry seed represent a crucial period for seed
germination.
• It is the first key event that moves the seed from a
dry, quiescent, dormant organism to the resumption
of embryo growth.
the extent to which water imbibition occurs is
dependent on three factors-
1. Composition of the seed
2. Seed coat permeability
3. Water availability
16. CHIEF EVENTS OCCURE DURING
IMBIBITION
1. Absorption of water
2. Absorption of other substance
3. Release of gases
4. Increase in volume of seed due to swelling
5. Leakage of solute
17. B. Respiration:-
Respiration involves the oxidative
breakdown of certain organic seed constituents mainly
sugars, starch, fatty acids and lipids. Rapid increase in
respiration rate of embryo occurs. Sucrose is probably the
respiratory substrate at this stage which is provided by
endosperm.
18. C. Enzyme activation
A triphasic pattern of water uptake has been
demonstrated during the germination of most of
seeds.
Enzyme activation begins during phase I and II of
imbibitions.
During phase II, the seed undergoes many
processes essential for germination. Increased
respiration and leakage of nutrients from the imbibed
seed lead to loss of dry weight.
Finally, in phase III root elongation is observed. The
root becomes functional during this phase and is
responsible for the increased water uptake noted in
phase III.
20. Water uptake
By imbibitions = a physical process in seeds
with a permeable seed coat
Occurs whether seed is alive, dead, dormant
or non-dormant.
First 1 - 15 hrs = rapid uptake
Followed by 15 - 50 hours of slow uptake
Seeds generally do not wet uniformly
Volume of seed increases
Phase-I
21. Phase-II
The process of enzyme activation during phase II of
water imbibitions serves to break down stored tissue, aid in
the transfer of nutrients from storage areas in the
cotyledons or endosperm to the growing points, and
chemical reactions that use breakdown products for the
synthesis of new materials.
22. Phase-III
Radicle emergence
Result of cell enlargement
Food reserves continue to be used.
Enzymes degrade certain cell walls to permit exit of the
radicle.
GA promotes enzymatic cell wall hydrolysis and radicle
emergence.
ABA inhibits enzymatic cell wall hydrolysis.
23. Trigger Chemical Reaction
During the enzyme activation phase include the
synthesis of storage product enzyme such as alfa-
amylase, ribonuclease and phosphatase.
These events are mediated by the hormone
gibberellic acid. However, during this lag phase
many endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and
ribosomal RNA essential components of the enzyme
synthesize.
Such enzyme as ATPase, phytase, protease, lipase,
and peroxidase all increase during enzyme
activation.
24. Breakdown of storage tissues
Generally, enzymes that break down
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and phosphorous
containing compounds are the first to be
activated during phase II of water uptake by
seeds.
Since the embryonic axis requires energy for
growth, storage compound must be hydrolyzed
to soluble forms, translocated from cotyledon to
the embryo, and transformed to energy
molecules that can be immediately utilized by the
embryonic axis.
25. Breakdown of storage tissues
In dicots pulses, the hormonal regulation of
storage product degradation is not as clear as
in monocots.
This may be due to the absence of an
aleurone-like tissue that synthesizes hydrolytic
enzymes.
In some instance, gibberellins are known to
trigger hydrolytic enzyme synthesis, but the
degree of activation is never as great as that
noted in cereals.
26. Breakdown of storage tissues
Some investigation believe that dicot seed germination is mediated
by the growing embryonic axis.
As the axis continues to grow, it concentration of compounds in the
cotyledons, which in turn stimulates the hydrolysis of other storage
reserves for use by the embryonic axis.
Should this stimulation prove to be too great, and hydrolyzed
storage products begin to accumulate, a feedback mechanism may
be operative that retards further storage reserve hydrolysis.
27. Carbohydrate Metabolism
Amylopectin and amylase are hydrolyzed by alfa
- and β-amylase enzymes.
These enzyme split either starch structure
yielding the diasaccharide maltose, which is then
split into two monosaccharide glucose units.
Some glucose units are converted into the highly
mobile diasaccharide sucrose for translocation to
other sites, after which it is reconverted to
glucose or used directly in synthesis.
29. Carbohydrate Metabolism
Glucose may be further broken down by respiration.
The first step is known as glycolysis,which yields two
pyruvic acid molecules. These than are completely
broken down into co2 and water by a series of
reactions known as the tricarboxylic acid (Kreb)
cycle.
The reactions of glycolysis occur in the cytoplasm,
while those of the kreb cycle occur in the
mitochondria. Both processes yield energy as ATP.
30. Lipid Metabolism
Plants store large amount of neutral lipids or fats as
reserve food in their seeds. During germination, the
fats are hydrolyzed into fatty acids and glycerol by
lipase enzyme. Fatty acids are further converted into
acetyl – CoA by the process, β - oxidation. The acetyl
CoA is further converted into sucrose via glyoxylate
cycle and is transported to the growing embryonic
axis.
acides
fatty
Glycerol
des
Triglyceri lipase
31. Protein Metabolism
Relatively little is known about the exact nature of
reserve protein breakdown during seed germination.
However, proteinases, the proteolytic enzymes
(Enopeptidases,carboxypeptidases,aminopeptidases)
(Bond and Bowles 1983) are involved in cleaving the
peptide bonds of the protein and releasing the amino
acids.
Proteinases have been observed in many seeds and
increase rapidly during germination.(Ryan 1973)
proteolytic enzyme differ in their specificity in attacking
certain peptide linkages.
In soybeans, protein bodies are hydrolyzed by internal
digestion (Wilson 1987)
32. Protein Metabolism processes
After free amino acids are released from their
complexes, they may be further broken down by any of
three processes:-
1. Deamination to give ammonia and a carbon skeleton
that subsequently enter various metabolic processes.
2. Transamination enzyme to yield ketoacids which enter
the Krebs cycle for further breakdown to CO2, H2O
and energy (ATP).
Direct utilization for synthesis of new proteins in other
parts of the germinating seed. Regardless of the
pathway followed, the breakdown products are
eventually available for use by the developing seed.
34. Phosphorus-containing Compound
About 80% of the phosphorus in seed is stored as
calcium, magnesium, or manganese salts of inositol
hexaphosphate, or phytin. The other 20% is in
organic compounds such as nucleotides, nucleic
acid, phospholipids, phosphorylated sugars,
phosphoproteins and a trace of inorganic phosphate.
During seed germination, phytin is broken down,
releasing inorganic phosphorus for synthesis of othe
phosphorus-containing compounds. its breakdown is
catalyzed by phytase, a phosphatase enzyme.
35. D.Initiation of Embryo Growth
In Vigna sinensis (cowpea), the major storage tissues,
the cotyledons, undergo a decreased in dry weight as the
hypocotyl and subsequently the epicotyl, show increases.
Soluble carbohydrates, soluble nitrogen, and nucleic acid
phosphorus levels decrease in the cotyledons and are
found in the emerging embryonic organs of the
hypocotyls, roots, epicotyl, and plumule.
http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.
36. Emergence of the Radicle
The actual emergence of the radicle, which signals that
the germination process is complete, can be
accomplished through either cell elongation or cell
division.
37. Physiological and Biochemical Changes in
major pulses during Germination
Evaluation of changes in phytase, α-amylase and protease
activities of some legume seeds during germination.
Ghavidel and Davoodi (2011)
Evaluated Changes in Phytase, α-Amylase and Protease Activities of Some
Legume Seeds during Germination in Mung bean (Phascolus aureus), cowpea
(Vigna catjang), lentil (Lens culinaris) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Untreated,
soaked and germinated (for 24, 48 and 72 h) legume seeds were analyzed for
phytase, α-amylase and protease activities. Enzymes activities increased
significantly on pre-germination soaking. Enzymatic activities of all legumes
improved significantly and reached maximum during the course of germination up
to 72 h. However, maximum protease activity in mung bean was at 48 h
germination and declined thereafter. Germination as a biotechnological technique
improved enzymatic activities in all legume seeds.
38.
39. Changes of the enzymes activity during Germination of different
mungbean varieties.
Rahman (2007)
Studied changes of the Enzymes Activity During Germination of Different
Mungbean Varieties. The changes in the contents of enzymes activity of
the seed of three varieties of mungbean were analysed at different hour of
germination. Resulted Amylase and invertase activity were tremendously
increased 200-220 % and 165-175 % respectively at 24 hour of
germination and decreased gradually from 48-96 hour of germination.
Protease activity was remarkably increased at 24 hour then further
increased upto 48 hour (131-161%) and then decreased from 72-96 hour
of germination. BARIMung-3 variety showed the best result i.e the highest
amount of enzymes activity among the three varieties of mungbean at 24
hour of germinaton
40.
41. Biochemical changes in cotyledons of germinating mung bean
seeds from summer and rainy seasons.
Vijaylaxmi (2013)
Studied Biochemical changes during germination in mung bean [Vigna
radiata (L.) Wilczek] seedlings during summer and rainy seasons.
Activities of amylase and protease, concentrations of soluble sugars,
soluble proteins, total nitrogen and free amino acids were studied at an
interval of 12 h till 120 h. The results on the analysis of biochemical
components showed that biochemical behavior of germinating
seedlings varied in seed lots collected during summer and rainy
seasons. Seeds collected from summer season had lower levels of
germination percentage along with lower levels of activities for a-
amylase, protease, soluble sugars, free amino acids and soluble proteins
as compared to that from rainy season seeds.
42.
43.
44. Maneemegalai and Nandakumar (2011)
Germination causes alterations in the chemical composition of Vigna
radiata, Vigna mungo and Pennisetum typhoides. Carbohydrate content
and energy value was decreased and protein and ascorbic acid content
was increased during the process when compared to dry seeds.
Germination did not alter the fat and ash content.
Biochemical Studies on the Germinated Seeds of Vigna radiata (L.) R.
Wilczek, Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper and Pennisetum typhoides (Burm f.)
Stapf and C.E Hubb.
45. Effect of Soaking Condition and Temperature on
Imbibition Rate of Maize and Chickpea Seeds.
Rahman et.al 2011
Imbibition for chickpea seed increased with increasing
temperature and the rate of water absorption was always higher
in anaerobic condition than the aerobic condition. The present
study concludes that optimum duration of soaking for chickpea
seeds at 31, 25 and 15°C of soaking temperature could be 6, 9
and 18 h, respectively .
46. CONCLUSION
Various abiotic factors affects the
germination Moisture, Temperature, Air,
Light etc.
Degradation reserve food material occurs
carbohydrate, lipids, proteins, phytin etc.
Activation of enzymes amylase, lipase,
peroxidase, protease etc.
Emregence of seedling
47. References
.
Beryln, G.P. 1972. Seed germination and morphogenesis. In: Seed Biology, ed. T.T. Kozlowski
pp. 223-228. New York: Academic Press.
Bond, H.M. and D.J. Bowles. 1983. Characterization of soybean endopeptidase activity using
exogenous and endogenous substrates. Plant physiology 72:345-350.
Ghavidel,. R A. and M.G Davoodi. 2011. Evaluation of changes in phytase, α-amylase and
protease activities of some legume seeds during germination. International Conference
on Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics IPCBEE vol.5
Ensor, H.L. 1967. The influence of water content of sand on the germination of dwarf beans
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.). proceeding of the International Seed Testing Association 32(1):13-30.
Klein, S. 1955. Aspects of nitrogen metabolism in germinating lettuce seed with special
emphasis on three amino acid (in Hebrew). Ph.D. dissertation, Hebrew University, Jerusalem
Maneemegalai, S.,and S.Nandakumar, 2011.Biochemical Studies on
the Germinated Seeds of Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek, Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper
and Pennisetum typhoides (Burm f.) Stapf and C.E Hubb. International Journal of Agricultural
Research, 6: 601-606
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McDonald, M.B. 1994. Seed germination and seedling establishment. In:
Physiology and Determination of Crop Yield, eds. K.J. Boote and
T.R. Sinclair. Madison, Wisc., Crop science society of America.
McDonald, M.B., C.W. Vertucci, and E.E. Roos. 1988. Seed coat
regulation of soybean seed imbibition. Crop Science 28:987-992.
McDonald, M.B., C.W. Vertucci, and E.E. Roos. 1988b.soybean seed
imbibitions: water absorption by seed parts. Crop Science 28:993-
997.
Rahman, M.M., L. d Banu, M. M Rahman and U. F Shahjadee. 2007.
Changes of the enzymes activity during Germination of different
mungbean varieties. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 42(2), 213-216,
Rahman,M.M,. K. U Ahammad and M. M Alam, 2011. Effect of Soaking
Condition and Temperature on Imbibition Rate of Maize and Chickpea
Seeds. Research Journal of Seed Science, 4: 117-124
.
Ryan, C.A. 1973. Proteolytic enzyme and their inhibitors. Annual Review of
Plant Physiology 24:173-196.
Vijaylaxmi 2013. Biochemical changes in cotyledons of germinating mung
bean seeds from summer and rainy seasons. Ind J Plant Physiol. 18(4):377–
380