Part clause conjugations, "second tenses," often in the service of focalizing constructions. Egyptian-Coptic, Somali, Hausa, other Chadic languages, Fulfulde
This document discusses English verb tenses, aspects, and moods. It provides examples to illustrate concepts like finite and non-finite verb phrases, auxiliary vs main verbs, progressive and perfect aspects, and root vs epistemic meanings of modal verbs. Questions are included for students to analyze verb forms in example sentences, compare sentences using different verb constructions, discuss ambiguity, and translate a sentence into English. The document aims to teach students to properly identify and explain verb-related grammar points in English.
Here are the key parts of a dictionary entry structure:
1. The Word - The headword or main entry term.
2. Pronunciation - How to pronounce the word, often shown between slashes.
3. Part of Speech - The grammatical category of the word, such as noun, verb, adjective.
4. Entry Number - If a word has multiple definitions, they are numbered.
5. Definition - The meaning or meanings of the word. Multiple definitions are separated and numbered.
A prefix is a group of letters added to the beginning of a root word to change its meaning. Common prefixes include "un", "mis", "sub", and "pre". Prefixes are usually not stressed when added to words. There are some exceptions where stress shifts to the prefix, such as with compounds where the first element is an adjective or number. Stress can also vary between speakers for some words. While prefixes affect word meaning, there are no steadfast rules for how they impact word stress.
A prefix is a group of letters added to the beginning of a root word that changes the word's meaning. Root words can have prefixes and suffixes added to form new words. Prefixes like "un" mean "not", while prefixes like "pre" mean "before in time". There are no strict rules for prefix usage but understanding a prefix's meaning can help determine the correct word. Stress is usually placed on the root word when adding prefixes, not on the prefix itself.
A phrasal verb is a verb combined with a preposition, adverb, or both to form a semantic unit. Phrasal verbs are common in English and often have meanings different from the individual words. There are two main types - particle verbs containing adverbs and prepositional verbs containing prepositions. The position of objects with phrasal verbs depends on whether it is a particle or prepositional verb and whether the object is a pronoun or noun phrase. Phrasal verbs are an important part of spoken English.
Syntactic Piece: Idea, Purpose and Application to Sentiment Analysis長岡技術科学大学 自然言語処理研究室
1. The document proposes syntactic pieces as a new processing unit for Japanese natural language processing to address issues with bag-of-words and n-grams. Syntactic pieces represent a minimum syntactic structure of a modifier-modificand pair.
2. The document discusses two methods to address problems with syntactic pieces: 1) Generalizing "same class expressions" that have similar meanings and 2) Treating functional words like "koto" as preceding content words to avoid meaningless pairs.
3. The document applies syntactic pieces to sentiment analysis by matching pieces to a dictionary to determine sentiment orientation scores for sentences. A seed dictionary is expanded using a large corpus classified by the seed dictionary to automatically generate more training data.
This document discusses English verb tenses, aspects, and moods. It provides examples to illustrate concepts like finite and non-finite verb phrases, auxiliary vs main verbs, progressive and perfect aspects, and root vs epistemic meanings of modal verbs. Questions are included for students to analyze verb forms in example sentences, compare sentences using different verb constructions, discuss ambiguity, and translate a sentence into English. The document aims to teach students to properly identify and explain verb-related grammar points in English.
Here are the key parts of a dictionary entry structure:
1. The Word - The headword or main entry term.
2. Pronunciation - How to pronounce the word, often shown between slashes.
3. Part of Speech - The grammatical category of the word, such as noun, verb, adjective.
4. Entry Number - If a word has multiple definitions, they are numbered.
5. Definition - The meaning or meanings of the word. Multiple definitions are separated and numbered.
A prefix is a group of letters added to the beginning of a root word to change its meaning. Common prefixes include "un", "mis", "sub", and "pre". Prefixes are usually not stressed when added to words. There are some exceptions where stress shifts to the prefix, such as with compounds where the first element is an adjective or number. Stress can also vary between speakers for some words. While prefixes affect word meaning, there are no steadfast rules for how they impact word stress.
A prefix is a group of letters added to the beginning of a root word that changes the word's meaning. Root words can have prefixes and suffixes added to form new words. Prefixes like "un" mean "not", while prefixes like "pre" mean "before in time". There are no strict rules for prefix usage but understanding a prefix's meaning can help determine the correct word. Stress is usually placed on the root word when adding prefixes, not on the prefix itself.
A phrasal verb is a verb combined with a preposition, adverb, or both to form a semantic unit. Phrasal verbs are common in English and often have meanings different from the individual words. There are two main types - particle verbs containing adverbs and prepositional verbs containing prepositions. The position of objects with phrasal verbs depends on whether it is a particle or prepositional verb and whether the object is a pronoun or noun phrase. Phrasal verbs are an important part of spoken English.
Syntactic Piece: Idea, Purpose and Application to Sentiment Analysis長岡技術科学大学 自然言語処理研究室
1. The document proposes syntactic pieces as a new processing unit for Japanese natural language processing to address issues with bag-of-words and n-grams. Syntactic pieces represent a minimum syntactic structure of a modifier-modificand pair.
2. The document discusses two methods to address problems with syntactic pieces: 1) Generalizing "same class expressions" that have similar meanings and 2) Treating functional words like "koto" as preceding content words to avoid meaningless pairs.
3. The document applies syntactic pieces to sentiment analysis by matching pieces to a dictionary to determine sentiment orientation scores for sentences. A seed dictionary is expanded using a large corpus classified by the seed dictionary to automatically generate more training data.
The document defines noon saakinah and tanween and discusses their pronunciation rules. It also defines key Arabic linguistic terms like al-idhaam (merging), al-ikhfaa' (hiding), and al-idhaar (clarity) and provides examples of their application. It notes exceptions to pronunciation rules and common mistakes. It outlines the steps for pronouncing a noon saakinah or tanween followed by the letter ba.
The document discusses stress in English pronunciation. It states that stress is an important feature of English and that being proficient in different stress patterns is crucial for powerful communication. It then defines stress as the degree of force or prominence given to a syllable. There are two main types of stress: word stress, which shows which syllable in a word is stressed, and sentence stress, which indicates which words in a sentence receive emphasis. The document provides examples of word and sentence stress patterns and notes that certain suffixes and prefixes can affect a word's stress placement.
This document summarizes research on the antipassive construction in West Greenlandic. It discusses two main views on the antipassive: 1) that it is derived from the transitive verb or 2) that both the transitive and antipassive constructions are basic. The document finds that in West Greenlandic, some verbs support the first view as they contain a transitivizing morpheme within the antipassive morpheme, while other verbs show the morphemes are in complementary distribution, supporting the second view. It also argues against analyzing the antipassive as a nominal affix, finding it behaves as a verbal affix. In conclusion, it finds West Greenlandic provides empirical support for both
This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in Lecture 7 of an English grammar course on adverbials. It discusses the different units that can realize adverbial functions, including adverb phrases, clauses, noun phrases and prepositional phrases. It then covers the different classes of adverbials - adjuncts, disjuncts and conjuncts - and their syntactic features. The remainder of the document delves into each class in more detail, outlining their types and functions.
One word can only have one main stress, though some long words may have a secondary stress. Stress is always placed on vowels, not consonants. There are general rules for stress placement in multi-syllable words, such as stressing the first syllable in most two-syllable nouns and adjectives, and stressing the last syllable in most two-syllable verbs. However, stress placement can change the meaning or class of some words, like "present" as a noun versus a verb. Exceptions to the rules are also common.
This document discusses Case Theory and Binding Theory within the framework of Government and Binding Theory. It provides three key points:
1. Case Theory explains how case is assigned in sentences, distinguishing between structural case assigned by verbs and prepositions, and inherent case assigned to specific arguments. Principles of Case Theory like the Case Filter ensure DPs receive case.
2. Binding Theory defines the distribution of anaphors, pronouns, and R-expressions based on their binding properties and principles of locality. It interacts with movement and empty categories left by movement.
3. Together, Case Theory and Binding Theory are part of the overall GB model and operate at a representational level beyond D-structure and S
The document discusses word stress and its importance in achieving smooth oral communication. It explains that stress is the emphasis given to certain syllables in a word and is usually denoted with an apostrophe. The primary stress is always present in a word and determines its correct pronunciation. Words can have different meanings depending on which syllable receives the primary stress. The document provides several rules for determining stress patterns in words of different lengths and with prefixes, suffixes, or as parts of compounds. Mastering word stress helps ensure clear communication through proper pronunciation.
Materi Persiapan Olimpiade Bahasa InggrisBadril Huda
The document provides an overview of grammar concepts for preparing for an Olympiad, including concord, subject-verb agreement, pronoun agreement, tense, and specific rules regarding plural/singular verbs. Concord refers to agreement between elements, most importantly number agreement between subjects and verbs. Subject-verb agreement rules cover subjects linked by and, or, nor, with, collective nouns, indefinite pronouns, quantity phrases and more. Pronoun agreement requires pronouns to match antecedents. Tense indicates time through verb forms, with present and past tenses.
This document discusses the present perfect tense in English. It covers the affirmative, interrogative, and negative forms using the auxiliary verbs have and has along with the past participle. It also discusses the uses of the present perfect, which is for unfinished past actions that continue into the present time period. Several time expressions that can be used with the present perfect are listed, including ever, already, yet, and just.
This document contains study guide notes for two units: Unit 12 on Logic and Unit 19 on Derivation. In Unit 12, key terms are defined such as logic, connectives, and logical notation. Examples of logical connectives like conjunction, disjunction, and negation are provided. The purpose of developing a logical notation rather than using ordinary English is discussed. In Unit 19, morphological terms are defined including derivation, inflection, and zero derivation. Examples of derivational affixes and processes in English are given. Productivity in word formation is explained.
The document discusses stress and pronunciation in English words. It explains that English words typically only have one stressed syllable, with unstressed syllables pronounced shorter and quieter. Unstressed vowels are often reduced to the schwa sound. There are some guidelines provided for determining stress patterns in words with different numbers of syllables, compound words, and words with certain suffixes. The document emphasizes the importance of stress for distinguishing word meanings and fluent speech.
This document provides a chart summarizing Latin verb conjugations. It lists the subject pronouns and presents the active and passive voice endings for the present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses. For each tense, the endings for each pronoun are given, along with translations in English.
The document discusses the concept of the morpheme, which is the smallest meaningful unit that forms words. It defines morphemes and their characteristics, including allomorphs, free and bound morphemes, overt and covert morphemes. It also discusses the different types of morphemes including root morphemes, affixal morphemes, prefixes, suffixes, and inflections. Finally, it covers the different ways that words can be derived, including synthetically using affixes, analytically using auxiliary words, and suppletively using different stems.
Syntax deals with how words are combined into larger units like phrases, sentences, and texts. There are different syntactic theories that approach this topic in various ways, such as transformational grammar, constructional syntax, and communicative syntax. Basic syntactic notions include syntactic units, forms, meanings, functions, positions, and relations between units.
The document discusses stress and syllables in English words. It explains that stressed syllables are louder, longer, higher in pitch, and have a different quality than unstressed syllables. Words can have primary stress, secondary stress, or be unstressed. The placement of stress in words depends on factors like the number of syllables, grammatical category, and phonological structure. Complex words formed from affixes or compounds may have stress shifted or placed on different components. Exceptions to stress rules are also discussed.
Uvod u morfosintaksu, lecture 01, 12 13Alen Šogolj
Traditional definitions of parts of speech based on meaning are criticized by linguists. Notional definitions assume a direct link between grammatical form and semantic meaning, but the relationship is complex. For example, "rejection" and "rejected" have similar meanings but different grammatical functions. Satisfactory definitions must identify grammatical properties that distinguish parts of speech. Words are classified according to their properties in phrases and clauses, not their meanings. Parts of speech fall into closed classes that are finite and stable, or open classes that constantly change.
This document discusses the transitivity of verbs in English sentences. It defines 5 types of verbs: intransitive verbs which indicate a complete action without a direct object, transitive verbs which are accompanied by a direct object, linking verbs which link the subject to a complement, di-transitive verbs which have both a direct and indirect object, and complex-transitive verbs which have a direct object and object complement. Examples of each type are provided and the subject and predicate are identified in sample sentences. Edge cases with certain verbs are also addressed.
Word stress refers to how stress is distributed among the syllables of a word. Multisyllabic words have more than one stressed syllable, but only one receives primary stress while others receive secondary stress or almost no stress. The factors that determine a word's stress pattern include its origin, part of speech, and whether it has affixes added. Prefixes typically do not change the stress of the base word, while suffixes can have no effect on stress, take the primary stress themselves, or cause the stress pattern to shift to a different syllable in the base word.
This document provides an overview of word and sentence stress and intonation patterns in English. It discusses where stress typically falls in words with different numbers of syllables, such as one-syllable words usually being stressed on the vowel, two-syllable nouns on the first syllable, and three-syllable words often having primary stress on the first syllable and secondary stress on the last. It also covers how stress can shift in derivatives and compounds. The document concludes by discussing intonation patterns that convey meaning, mood, and personality.
The document discusses different be-verb patterns including the progressive tense, expletives, subject complements, and passive voice. For each pattern, it identifies the components, explains how to eliminate the be-verb, and provides an example revision removing the be-verb. The end of the document provides examples to identify the be-verb pattern, explain its components, how to eliminate it, and revise the sentence without the be-verb.
405.английский язык ч2 учебно познавательная сфера общенияivanov15548
This document provides methodological guidelines for the second part of the English language course "Foreign Language" at Samara State Agricultural Academy. It consists of two lessons on the topics of "Higher education in Russia", "Higher education in the country of the studied language", "My university", and "Student life". Each lesson includes vocabulary building, grammar explanations and exercises, reading texts and dialogues. Lesson 1 ends with an oral assignment and Lesson 2 concludes with a written assignment to write a short biography (CV). The active grammar includes the Past Simple Tense, modal verbs, pronouns such as 'much', 'many', 'little', 'few', comparatives of adjectives, and structures with '
Ling 507 Word Formation Strategies (presentation)Bernard Paderes
This document provides an overview of word formation processes in English, including derivation, blending, initialism/acronymy, borrowing, calque, neologism/coinage, and onomatopoeia. It discusses each process in detail with examples. Exercises are included to identify the specific processes involved in forming different words. The document is from a linguistics course focusing on morphology and syntax.
The document defines noon saakinah and tanween and discusses their pronunciation rules. It also defines key Arabic linguistic terms like al-idhaam (merging), al-ikhfaa' (hiding), and al-idhaar (clarity) and provides examples of their application. It notes exceptions to pronunciation rules and common mistakes. It outlines the steps for pronouncing a noon saakinah or tanween followed by the letter ba.
The document discusses stress in English pronunciation. It states that stress is an important feature of English and that being proficient in different stress patterns is crucial for powerful communication. It then defines stress as the degree of force or prominence given to a syllable. There are two main types of stress: word stress, which shows which syllable in a word is stressed, and sentence stress, which indicates which words in a sentence receive emphasis. The document provides examples of word and sentence stress patterns and notes that certain suffixes and prefixes can affect a word's stress placement.
This document summarizes research on the antipassive construction in West Greenlandic. It discusses two main views on the antipassive: 1) that it is derived from the transitive verb or 2) that both the transitive and antipassive constructions are basic. The document finds that in West Greenlandic, some verbs support the first view as they contain a transitivizing morpheme within the antipassive morpheme, while other verbs show the morphemes are in complementary distribution, supporting the second view. It also argues against analyzing the antipassive as a nominal affix, finding it behaves as a verbal affix. In conclusion, it finds West Greenlandic provides empirical support for both
This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in Lecture 7 of an English grammar course on adverbials. It discusses the different units that can realize adverbial functions, including adverb phrases, clauses, noun phrases and prepositional phrases. It then covers the different classes of adverbials - adjuncts, disjuncts and conjuncts - and their syntactic features. The remainder of the document delves into each class in more detail, outlining their types and functions.
One word can only have one main stress, though some long words may have a secondary stress. Stress is always placed on vowels, not consonants. There are general rules for stress placement in multi-syllable words, such as stressing the first syllable in most two-syllable nouns and adjectives, and stressing the last syllable in most two-syllable verbs. However, stress placement can change the meaning or class of some words, like "present" as a noun versus a verb. Exceptions to the rules are also common.
This document discusses Case Theory and Binding Theory within the framework of Government and Binding Theory. It provides three key points:
1. Case Theory explains how case is assigned in sentences, distinguishing between structural case assigned by verbs and prepositions, and inherent case assigned to specific arguments. Principles of Case Theory like the Case Filter ensure DPs receive case.
2. Binding Theory defines the distribution of anaphors, pronouns, and R-expressions based on their binding properties and principles of locality. It interacts with movement and empty categories left by movement.
3. Together, Case Theory and Binding Theory are part of the overall GB model and operate at a representational level beyond D-structure and S
The document discusses word stress and its importance in achieving smooth oral communication. It explains that stress is the emphasis given to certain syllables in a word and is usually denoted with an apostrophe. The primary stress is always present in a word and determines its correct pronunciation. Words can have different meanings depending on which syllable receives the primary stress. The document provides several rules for determining stress patterns in words of different lengths and with prefixes, suffixes, or as parts of compounds. Mastering word stress helps ensure clear communication through proper pronunciation.
Materi Persiapan Olimpiade Bahasa InggrisBadril Huda
The document provides an overview of grammar concepts for preparing for an Olympiad, including concord, subject-verb agreement, pronoun agreement, tense, and specific rules regarding plural/singular verbs. Concord refers to agreement between elements, most importantly number agreement between subjects and verbs. Subject-verb agreement rules cover subjects linked by and, or, nor, with, collective nouns, indefinite pronouns, quantity phrases and more. Pronoun agreement requires pronouns to match antecedents. Tense indicates time through verb forms, with present and past tenses.
This document discusses the present perfect tense in English. It covers the affirmative, interrogative, and negative forms using the auxiliary verbs have and has along with the past participle. It also discusses the uses of the present perfect, which is for unfinished past actions that continue into the present time period. Several time expressions that can be used with the present perfect are listed, including ever, already, yet, and just.
This document contains study guide notes for two units: Unit 12 on Logic and Unit 19 on Derivation. In Unit 12, key terms are defined such as logic, connectives, and logical notation. Examples of logical connectives like conjunction, disjunction, and negation are provided. The purpose of developing a logical notation rather than using ordinary English is discussed. In Unit 19, morphological terms are defined including derivation, inflection, and zero derivation. Examples of derivational affixes and processes in English are given. Productivity in word formation is explained.
The document discusses stress and pronunciation in English words. It explains that English words typically only have one stressed syllable, with unstressed syllables pronounced shorter and quieter. Unstressed vowels are often reduced to the schwa sound. There are some guidelines provided for determining stress patterns in words with different numbers of syllables, compound words, and words with certain suffixes. The document emphasizes the importance of stress for distinguishing word meanings and fluent speech.
This document provides a chart summarizing Latin verb conjugations. It lists the subject pronouns and presents the active and passive voice endings for the present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses. For each tense, the endings for each pronoun are given, along with translations in English.
The document discusses the concept of the morpheme, which is the smallest meaningful unit that forms words. It defines morphemes and their characteristics, including allomorphs, free and bound morphemes, overt and covert morphemes. It also discusses the different types of morphemes including root morphemes, affixal morphemes, prefixes, suffixes, and inflections. Finally, it covers the different ways that words can be derived, including synthetically using affixes, analytically using auxiliary words, and suppletively using different stems.
Syntax deals with how words are combined into larger units like phrases, sentences, and texts. There are different syntactic theories that approach this topic in various ways, such as transformational grammar, constructional syntax, and communicative syntax. Basic syntactic notions include syntactic units, forms, meanings, functions, positions, and relations between units.
The document discusses stress and syllables in English words. It explains that stressed syllables are louder, longer, higher in pitch, and have a different quality than unstressed syllables. Words can have primary stress, secondary stress, or be unstressed. The placement of stress in words depends on factors like the number of syllables, grammatical category, and phonological structure. Complex words formed from affixes or compounds may have stress shifted or placed on different components. Exceptions to stress rules are also discussed.
Uvod u morfosintaksu, lecture 01, 12 13Alen Šogolj
Traditional definitions of parts of speech based on meaning are criticized by linguists. Notional definitions assume a direct link between grammatical form and semantic meaning, but the relationship is complex. For example, "rejection" and "rejected" have similar meanings but different grammatical functions. Satisfactory definitions must identify grammatical properties that distinguish parts of speech. Words are classified according to their properties in phrases and clauses, not their meanings. Parts of speech fall into closed classes that are finite and stable, or open classes that constantly change.
This document discusses the transitivity of verbs in English sentences. It defines 5 types of verbs: intransitive verbs which indicate a complete action without a direct object, transitive verbs which are accompanied by a direct object, linking verbs which link the subject to a complement, di-transitive verbs which have both a direct and indirect object, and complex-transitive verbs which have a direct object and object complement. Examples of each type are provided and the subject and predicate are identified in sample sentences. Edge cases with certain verbs are also addressed.
Word stress refers to how stress is distributed among the syllables of a word. Multisyllabic words have more than one stressed syllable, but only one receives primary stress while others receive secondary stress or almost no stress. The factors that determine a word's stress pattern include its origin, part of speech, and whether it has affixes added. Prefixes typically do not change the stress of the base word, while suffixes can have no effect on stress, take the primary stress themselves, or cause the stress pattern to shift to a different syllable in the base word.
This document provides an overview of word and sentence stress and intonation patterns in English. It discusses where stress typically falls in words with different numbers of syllables, such as one-syllable words usually being stressed on the vowel, two-syllable nouns on the first syllable, and three-syllable words often having primary stress on the first syllable and secondary stress on the last. It also covers how stress can shift in derivatives and compounds. The document concludes by discussing intonation patterns that convey meaning, mood, and personality.
The document discusses different be-verb patterns including the progressive tense, expletives, subject complements, and passive voice. For each pattern, it identifies the components, explains how to eliminate the be-verb, and provides an example revision removing the be-verb. The end of the document provides examples to identify the be-verb pattern, explain its components, how to eliminate it, and revise the sentence without the be-verb.
405.английский язык ч2 учебно познавательная сфера общенияivanov15548
This document provides methodological guidelines for the second part of the English language course "Foreign Language" at Samara State Agricultural Academy. It consists of two lessons on the topics of "Higher education in Russia", "Higher education in the country of the studied language", "My university", and "Student life". Each lesson includes vocabulary building, grammar explanations and exercises, reading texts and dialogues. Lesson 1 ends with an oral assignment and Lesson 2 concludes with a written assignment to write a short biography (CV). The active grammar includes the Past Simple Tense, modal verbs, pronouns such as 'much', 'many', 'little', 'few', comparatives of adjectives, and structures with '
Ling 507 Word Formation Strategies (presentation)Bernard Paderes
This document provides an overview of word formation processes in English, including derivation, blending, initialism/acronymy, borrowing, calque, neologism/coinage, and onomatopoeia. It discusses each process in detail with examples. Exercises are included to identify the specific processes involved in forming different words. The document is from a linguistics course focusing on morphology and syntax.
Natural Language Processing- English Grammar shakeelAsghar6
This document discusses English grammar concepts including morphology, word classes, and sentence structure. It defines parts of speech and describes how words are categorized. Noun and verb inflections are explained using examples. The roles of determiners, adjectives, prepositions and other closed class words are outlined. Sentence level constructs like declarative, imperative, and question structures are covered. Modification rules for noun phrases, including prenominal and postnominal modifiers, are provided. Verb subcategorization and the different complements verbs can take are also described.
This document introduces propositional logic. It defines propositional constants, logical operators, and compound sentences. It discusses the syntax and semantics of propositional logic, including truth assignments, satisfaction, and truth tables. It provides examples of encoding natural language statements as propositional logic sentences and evaluating those sentences under different interpretations. Finally, it poses two exercises asking the reader to evaluate sentences under specific truth assignments and determine how many assignments satisfy a given set of sentences.
The document discusses finite and non-finite verbs in English grammar. Finite verbs show tense, person and number agreement with the subject, while non-finite verbs do not. There are three types of non-finite verbs: gerunds, which end in "-ing" and function as nouns; participles, which can function as verbs or adjectives; and infinitives, introduced by "to", which can function as nouns, adjectives or adverbs. The document provides examples and explanations of characteristics and functions for each non-finite verb form.
The document outlines 10 sentence patterns in English based on the presence and functions of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The patterns are classified according to the type of verb used: verb of being, linking verb, or action verb. Each pattern is then defined by its components, such as noun phrases and their designations, verbs, and other elements. Abbreviations are provided to identify the various parts of each sentence pattern.
This document provides a review of topics that may be covered on a graduate exam in language. It includes 3 sections:
Section I reviews rules for correct grammar usage including identifying noun forms; verb tenses, moods and voices; subject-verb agreement; pronoun cases and antecedents; verb tense shifts; modifiers; and commonly confused words.
Section II covers effective language usage, including using clear, vivid language and distinguishing between formal and informal language.
Section III addresses sentence structure, including run-on sentences, sentence fragments, comma splices, parallelism and punctuation usage.
This document discusses the interaction between morphology and syntax. It begins by defining morphology as concerning word formation, and syntax as concerning rules for combining words into phrases and sentences. While morphology and syntax generally deal with different levels, they interact in several ways. Inflectional morphology carries grammatical meaning and is relevant to syntax. Argument structure, passive and anti-passive constructions, causatives, applicatives, and noun incorporation involve interactions between a verb's arguments and morphology. Clitics, phrasal verbs, and phrasal compounds exist at the morphology-syntax interface.
The document provides information on English grammar tenses and structures. It discusses the simple present tense and how it is used to describe present habitual or repeated actions. It also covers the present progressive tense and how it emphasizes actions that are ongoing or temporary. The document provides examples, forms, exceptions, and signal words to understand how and when to use different English tenses.
1. There are several ways to talk about the future in English including will/shall, going to, present continuous, present simple, future continuous, future perfect simple, and future perfect continuous. Each structure expresses a degree of certainty or plan for the future event.
2. Will/shall is used for spontaneous, unplanned future events or predictions without evidence. Going to expresses premeditated intentions or predictions based on present evidence. Present continuous indicates solid plans and arrangements. Present simple follows time conjunctions or refers to schedules. Future tenses involve events starting or continuing in the future.
3. The document provides examples and explanations of how and when to use each future tense in English.
The document discusses the different types of subjunctive mood in Spanish, including the present subjunctive, imperfect subjunctive, present perfect subjunctive, and pluperfect subjunctive. It explains when each form is used and how they are conjugated. The main uses of the subjunctive include expressing wishes, doubts, emotions, opinions, and hypothetical situations. Key irregular verbs in the subjunctive are also identified.
The document provides an overview of simple present tense grammar including:
1. It discusses conjugated verbs in simple present tense and subject-verb agreement rules.
2. It explains the different sentence functions that can be expressed using simple present such as declaratives, interrogatives, and habitual activities.
3. It distinguishes stative verbs from other verbs and provides a list of common stative verbs.
The document discusses different perspectives on grammar including:
1. Traditional grammar which labels grammatical categories like nouns, verbs, and tenses.
2. Descriptive grammar which collects language samples and describes structures as they are used rather than how they should be used. This includes structural analysis and labeled bracketed sentences.
3. Generative grammar which has rules to generate all grammatical sentences of a language and aims to capture properties like recursion. It distinguishes between deep and surface structures.
The document discusses the sentence and utterance as linguistic units. It defines the sentence as an abstract theoretical unit that expresses predication, while the utterance is the actual use of a sentence in speech. It also describes the main categories of the utterance based on its informative structure, including the theme (given information) and rheme (new information). Finally, it discusses textual deixis and how deictic markers help locate elements in a text relative to the speaker, addressee, time, and place.
1. The document provides a syntactic analysis of the sentence "Perhaps you will never find a job as a linguist, but you should at least try." It identifies the word classes, noun phrases, clauses, and sentence type.
2. Various activities are described related to morphology and syntax, including identifying verb tenses and aspects, and distinguishing features of verbs like third person/other persons and singular/plural forms.
3. A graphic organizer of sentence patterns is requested, showing examples of transitive/intransitive verbs, adverb clauses, and other grammatical categories.
The document discusses the transformation of logic in Turkish language sentences. It explains that the human mind organizes words according to the logical sequence of one's native language when learning it. For Turkish, this sequence is (subject) + object + verb-personal suffix, while for English it is subject + verb + object. It also describes how the mind can transform simple sentences into more complex structures like nominal phrases and clauses while maintaining the same meaning. Various examples are provided to illustrate how different grammatical structures can be inserted into the basic "subject + predicate" sentence format in Turkish.
1. The document introduces the basic units of Chinese grammar including morphemes, words, compounds and sentences.
2. It explains that a morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit, and describes three types of morphemes. A word is defined as the smallest unit that can be used independently, and word structure and types are discussed.
3. Compounds and sentences are also briefly introduced as units above words and below sentences respectively. The constituent structure of sentences and different sentence types are outlined as well.
The document discusses the subjunctive mood in Spanish and provides guidelines for its use. It defines the subjunctive as describing subjective or hypothetical actions rather than factual ones. It outlines the present, imperfect, present perfect, and pluperfect subjunctive tenses. It also presents the WEIRDO acronym to help remember situations that take the subjunctive: wishes, emotions, impersonal expressions, requests, doubts, and opinions. Irregular verb forms are also covered.
The document defines and classifies word groups. Word groups consist of at least two words that are syntactically connected but do not form a full sentence. They are classified based on their structure and syntagmatic relations. The main types are subordinate, coordinate, and predicative word groups. Subordinate word groups include noun phrases and verb phrases. Noun phrases consist of a noun head and optional pre-modifiers, post-modifiers, or both. Verb phrases include a verb head along with optional nominal, adverbial, or mixed complements.
Similar to Second Tenses in Egyp7an-Cop7c and Some Other African Languages (20)
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
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A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
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population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
2. Abstract relative forms —
“emphatic” forms —
Second Tenses
Why are Egyptian that forms
called “emphatic”?
For a secondary connection with
FOCUS.
3. FOCUS IN EGYPTIAN – COPTIC
1 The jn constructions
In OEgn. already grammaticalised – not analysable.
Obviously only used for topicalising the agent.
Perfect / Preterite • jn plus noun
or
• absolute
pronoun
nominal sḏm·n⸗f (only
till FIP)
Aorist —
Prospective prospective sḏm⸗f
1.1 with finite verb form
4. Perfect / Preterite • jn plus noun
or
• absolute pronoun
perfective participle
Aorist imperfective participle
Prospective —
FOCUS IN EGYPTIAN – COPTIC
1 The jn constructions
In OEgn. already grammaticalised – not analysable.
Obviously only for topicalising the agent.
1.2 with participle
5. FOCUS IN EGYPTIAN – COPTIC
1 The jn constructions
In OEgn. already grammaticalised – not analysable.
Obviously only for topicalising the agent.
1.1–2 mixed paradigm (from Middle Kingdom on)
Perfect / Preterite • jn plus noun
or
• absolute pronoun
perfective participle
Aorist imperfective participle
Prospective prospective sḏm⸗f
8. History
Grammaticalised already in OEgn.:
construction not explicable within contemporary Egn.
(Otherwise, jn is agent marker with infinitive and passive
constructions.)
Does not survive beyond LEgn.
Material
1.1: nominal personal verb forms („suffix conjugation“)
1.2: adjectival verb forms (participles)
The verb forms involved are the perfect and aorist (imperfective)
participle in 1.1a, of which only the first one survives into LEgn.,
though not later; in 1.1b, the involved forms are the nominal
conjugated forms sḏm·n⸗f, and prospective sḏm⸗f.
Satzinger 2016
9. 2 The Cleft Sentences with pw.
The template is the Nominal Sentence #Predicate pw
Subject#, the focalised element being in predicate role, the
remainder following in the form of an adjectival phrase (ntj
clause, participle, relative form, …) in the function of the
subject.
The focalised element may be the agent or any other
element of the basic sentence.
Satzinger 2016
10. The focalised element may be the agent or any other nominal element of
the basic sentence.
Agent (the verb form is here the “perfective” participle):
swt pw rḏj n.j sn ‘It is he who has given them to me’ (CT 2,402 b)
ⲡϫⲟⲉⲓⲥ ⲡⲉⲧⲙⲟⲟⲛⲉ ⲙⲟï ‘It is the Lord who pastures me’ (Ps 22.1)
Object (the verb form is here the “imperfective” relative form):
jnk pw mrrw nṯr sˁnḫ.f wj "I am he whom the god wishes to preserve"
(P. Ebers 1, 10).
ⲟⲩⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ ⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲧⲉⲛⲧⲁⲩⲁⲁⲥ ‘They spent only one hour’
(Matth 20.12)
Indirect reference (the verb form: past relative form with n):
jnk pw ḏd.n n.f Šw ḥnˁ (Tfnt) "I am he to whom Shu and Tefnut have
said" (CT 4,092k).
ⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁϣⲱⲡⲉ ⲧⲉⲧϣⲓⲛⲉ ⲥⲱⲥ ‘It is the future we seek’ (Heb 13.14)
Satzinger 2016
12. History
Freely formed in OEgn. after the template #Predicate pw Subject# of
the Nominal Sentence, with variable pw in OEg., and with invariable
pw in MEgn.
Although the basic template of the Nominal Sentence is N. N. in Legn.,
the Cleft Sentence preserved its tripartite form: the element pȝ < pw
(variable again) was interpreted otherwise. Similarly in Coptic.
Material
Any adjectival clause construction: participle, relative form, sḏm·tj⸗f(j),
nty clause, etc. In LEgn. only the perfective participle, relative form
had survived, in the later tenses no synthetic forms (with nty > ⲉⲧ-).
Satzinger 2016
13. 3 Adverb focalising: the “emphatic construction”
The Egn. template for this task is originally the sentence with
adverbial predicate (Adverbial Sentence): the focalised adverb
in predicate role, in the second position; the remaining
sentence = subject, its nucleus being a nominalised verb form,
in the first position.
Subject
that clause:
sḏm·n⸗f, “imperf.” sḏm⸗f,
prospective sḏm⸗f
Predicate
adverbial expression:
adverb, preposition phrase,
subjunctive sḏm⸗f (with final
meaning), clause of
circumstance
Satzinger 2016
14. History
Grammaticalised already before OEgn.:
Adverbial Sentence: predicate restricted to locative expressions,
Emphasising construction: all kinds of adverbials possible.
Adverbial Sentence: independent utterances are embedded in jw matrix,
Emphasising construction: embedding in jw matrix is avoided.
Survives in its grammaticalised form into Coptic. Its use is blurred in
Coptic: not exclusively depending on adverbial nature of the focalised
element; the focalised element may be a noun (ef-na-r-ou ‘what will he
do ?’), or in the so-called autofocal construction (eu-raše ‘what they are
doing is rejoicing’).
Material
Nominal personal verb forms („suffix conjugation“).
The verb forms involved are the nominal conjugated forms sḏm·n⸗f,
aoristic (vulgo “imperfective”) and prospective sḏm⸗f.
Satzinger 2016
15.
16.
17. Standard Somali
Focalising statements with focus marker baa.
Use of the “restrictive conjugation”
Normal conjugation Restrictive conjugation
It’s a banana I’m eating It’s I who am eating a banana
1s muuska baan cunayaa aniga baa muuska cunaya
2s muuska baad cunaysaa adiga baa muuska cunaya
3sm muuska buu cunayaa isuga baa muuska cunaya
3sf muuska bay cunaysaa iyada baa muuska cunaysa
1p muuska baan cunaynaa annuga baa muuska cunayna
2p muuska baad cunaysaan idinka baa muuska cunaya
3p muuska bay cunayaan iyaga baa muuska cunaya
baan = baa + an
baad = baa + ad
Etc.
No focus: waan cunayaa muus ‘I‘m eating a banana’
waan = waa + an
waad = waa + ad
Etc.
18.
19.
20. H A U S A
Afroasiatic / Chadic / West-Chadic
African language with most numerous speakers,
apart from Arabic.
25 mio speakers, mostly in Nigeria (15 mio) and Niger.
Hausa conjugation pattern:
{Personal + TAM marker} + invariable verb;
yaa tàfí ‘he went’
Subjunctive: no TAM marker; yà zoo ‘may he come,’ etc.
Progressive: {Personal + nàa ‘pertaining to’} + verbal noun;
yanàa zuwàa ‘he is coming’
(no accent = high tone)
21. (no accent = high tone)
Perfect I Perfext II
(relative perfect)
Progressive I Progressive II
(rel. progressive)
Newman: completive preterite continuous rel. continuous I
Reconstructions after P. Newman, based inter alia on dialectal variation.
1sg naa — na — < *nakà — inàa — nakèe
2sg m kaa — ka — < *takà — kanàa — kakèe
2 sg f kin — kikà — < kinkà — kinàa— kikèe
3 sg m yaa — ya — < *yakà — yanàa — yakèe
3 ag f taa — ta — < *takà — tanàa — takèe
1 pl mun — mukà — < munkà — munàa — mukèe
2 pl kun — kukà — < kunkà — kunàa — kukèe
3 pl sun — sukà — < sunkà — sunàa — sukèe
impers. an — akà — < *akà — anàa — akèe
22. The two Second Tenses, or Relative Tenses, are found
1. in part clauses (temporal, …): introduced by dà ‘with,’
baayan dà ‘after,’
2. in relative clauses: introduced by dà ‘with’; zanèn dà munkà
ɗaukà ‘the tie-wrapper which you (pl.) took’
3. in focus constructions with a fronted noun or pronoun, nàawa
nèe ya fi kyau ‘Mine is the best,’
4. in questions with question word (“WH-questions”): yàushée
kukà gamàa ‘when did you (pl.) finish ?’; furthermore,
obviously in contrast to Coptic,
5. in narrative (sequential, continuative) sentences: Muusaa ya
taashì ya shigèe ‘Musa got up [and] went past.’
(All exx. from Newman 1937 / 2000, 572–73.)
23. Other Chadic languages
Mubi
Classification: Afro-asiatic / Chadic / East Chadic
Normal prefix conjugation, ní wĕn báàb ‘I opened the door (’.)ڊﺎب
But suffix conjugation:
• If direct or indirect object is fronted:
1st suffix conjugation — báàb wĕn-na ‘It’s the door I opened’;
• If one of two objects is fronted:
2nd suffix conjugation — ká wén-ndé báàb ‘It’s for you I opened the door’;
• Adverbial complement fronted and one object postpositioned:
3rd suffix conjugation — íbrè ɗyémég-én bèdígí ‘It’ s with a needle ()إڊرة that I
sewed the gown’;
• Object fronted and adverbial complement postpositioned: 1st or 3rd suffix
conjugation.
(After Jungraithmayr, in Fs Thausing 1981, 102ff.)
34. Fulfulɗe is a class language, as are also the related
languages Wolof and Serer of Senegal, and the Bantu
languages which are only very distantly related.
Cf. Ful-ɓe vs. Ba-ntu, Wa-tussi (person plural class)
35.
36. 14. ngal
Various including
Augmentative Singular
ɗem-ngal ‘tongue’
15. ngol Various, often long things ɓog-gol ‘rope’
16. ngii/ngil
Various including
Augmentative Singular
ɓog-gii/ɓog-gii ‘big rope’
17. ka Various laan-a ‘boat’
18. ki Various lek-ki ‘tree’
19. ko Various haak-o ‘soup’
20. kol
'Calf,' 'Western type of
School'
ñal-ol ‘calf’, lekkol ‘school’
21. ɗam mainly for Liquids lam-ɗam ‘salt’, ndiy-am ‘water’
22. ɗum Neutral maw-ɗum ‘big thing’
23. ɗe Non-human Plural juu-ɗe ‘hands’
24. ɗi Non-human Plural na'i ‘cows’
25. man all classes nagge man, na'i man ‘cows’
38. Anlautstufe Klasse 1. hes- (neu) 2. woɗ- (rot) 3. wor- (männlich) 4. wul- (heiß)
3. ndi kesri mboɗeeri ngordi ngulndi
3. nga kesa mdoɗeewa ngorga ngulnga
3. ngu kesu mboɗeewu ngorgu ngulngu
3. ka kesa mboɗeeha ngorka ngulka
3. kon keson mboɗeehon ngorkon ngulkon
3. ɗam kesam mboɗeejam ngorɗam ngulɗam
1. Sg. mi -mi
2. Sg. ’a -ɗa, -ta, -a
3. Sg. (Pers.cl.) ’o -ɗo
1. Pl. inkl. ’en -ɗen, -’en
1. Pl. exkl. men —sic
2. Pl. ’on -ɗon, -ton, -’on
3. Pl. (Pers.cl.) ɓe -ɓe
Subject pronouns of
prefix and suffix
conjugation
Hans G. Mukarovsky, Wiener
ZeitschriK für die Kunde des
Morgenlandes Vol. 53 (1957), pp.
161-180.
39. Suffix conjugation: the verb is preceded by —
a) A relative pronoun:
Suka ˀon mo piˀū mi ‘this child is it which I beat’ (mi pi’i ‘I beat’; mo: class pronoun
as object);
b) a question word:
ndeye ngar ɗon ‘When did you (pl.) come?’ (’on war ‘you came’);
c) an adverbial expression:
jango kirsan mi nagge ‘tomorrow I‘ll slaughter a cow’
(mi hirsan nagge jango ‘I‘ll slaughter the cow tomorrow’)
d) a fronted object:
ko gerlal maungal waru mi ‘It is a big partridge what I killed’
(mi wari ‘I kill’; ko ‘it is’)
40. In all exx. mentioned, the focalised element was fronted;
often there is a deictic Element; and in all cases the verb
form or construction is different from the normal
utterances.
The languages dispose of a special conjugation for the
part clause.
There are also many cases of languages where the
focalised element is fronted, but the construction is
otherwise the same as in the normal utterance.
E.g., Yoruba (SW of Nigeria):
Aṣọ ni mo rà Mo rà aṣọ
cloth it-is I buy I buy cloth
‘It was cloth I bought.’ ‘I bought cloth.’
41. • In situ focalisation is effected by acoustic means (stress), like
Ger. Der Mann hat den Hund gesehen; not visible in writing.
• Fronting the focal element (like Den Hund hat der Mann
gesehen) is not possible in a language with rigid word order,
like Egn., except for topicalisation. Rigid word order is, on
the other hand, a must for languages that do not mark the
complement (object) otherwise.
• This leaves us with clefting: making the focal element
predicate, the remainder assuming the form of relative clause
or adjectival phrase, having the role of the subject: C’est le
chien que l’homme a vu / ỉw pw mȝ·n z / pȝ-ỉw pȝ ỉ·ptr pȝ-rmt /
ⲡⲉⲩϩⲟⲣ ⲡⲉⲛⲧⲁⲡⲣⲱⲙⲉ ⲛⲁⲩ ⲉⲣⲟϥ /