Sculpture finalslides(report)

Sculpture may be the oldest of the arts. The earliest drawings
were probably carved on rocks or scratched on the earth
surface.
Sculpture is the art of carving, molding, welding or producing
works of art in three dimensions.
Sculpture is the making of three-dimensional works of art in
stone, clay, metal, wood etc.
- The New Lexicon Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary

Definition
1.Donatello
Sculpture has the ability to tell story in
combination of realism and powerful
emotion, and create the impression that
figures were more than mere objects of
beauty for passive contemplation, but
creations filled with energy and thought,
ready to spring into action.

2.Michelangelo Buonarotti
Definition
Sculpture is an ultimate expression of
human spirituality, sensibility, and
beauty.

3. Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Definition
Sculpture is free from its previous
occupation with earthy gravity and
intellectual emotion, allowing it to
discover a new freedom that permitted it
to move, soar, and have a visionary and
theatrical quality.

4. Auguste Rodin
Definition
Sculpture magically releases an extraordinary
range of human feelings and a sense of the
unknown forces of nature.

5. Constantin Brancusi
Definition
Sculpture is a tireless refinement and a
search for purity.

1. As a record of history
2. As monuments and memorials
3. As an artistic expression
4. As part of architecture
Importance & Purpose of Sculpture

As a record of history
Sculpture is extremely valuable for the information it can supply about the
development of human culture. Sculpture can tell us much about the way
of life of a particular people or period by physically representing the ideas
and ideals of a civilization.
Sculpture also provides us with a record of the everyday life of a particular
culture.
Through contemplation of sculptured images, Asian peoples seek to
understand these divine powers and to become united with the eternal.

Assyrian Frieze
was made to tell the story of the great battles fought by an
Assyrian king, Ashurnasirpal.

Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses

DAIBUTSU - The Great Buddha at Kamakura, Japan

As monuments and memorials
Sculpture can be created from such long-lasting materials as stone
or metal. Thus, it is the art form most suitable for monuments and
memorials.
This type of sculpture is called commemorative sculpture. In some
civilizations, most commemorative sculpture represents important
persons or great events.

The Holocaust
Memorial
(1933-1945)
by Kenneth Treister
Dedicated to the
memory of the six
million Jewish victims
of the holocaust.

As an artistic expression
Many artists create sculpture to satisfy their creative need to
communicate. Sculpture also allows them to express their own ideas
and feelings, or simply to create an object of beauty.
Much modern sculpture is created partly to satisfy the sculptor's
desire to experiment with new forms and materials. Many sculptors
have been more interested in pure form—that is, the physical shapes
of sculptured works—than they are in communicating some idea or
theme.

The Thinker
(Le Penseur in French)
a bronze sculpture on
marble pedestal
by Auguste Rodin

Light Woman by Paige Bradley
Her Liberation from Conformity expressed through
human form sculpture.

As part of architecture
(architectural sculpture)
Throughout history, sculpture has been closely associated with
architecture, partly because similar materials and skills are used in both
fields.
Greek sculptors took particular care in applying sculpture to their temples.
They made it blend so well with the architecture that the sculpture was
not simply decorative.
The Greek sculptors carved their works on panels and friezes (horizontal
bands) on the sides of these buildings.

The material(s) and tool(s) used by the artist to create the visual
elements perceived by the viewer.
Medium
1. Stone
2. Metal
3. Glass
4. Wax
5. Clay
6. Ivory
7. Wood
Mediums Used in Sculpture:

Medium
1. Stone
Stone sculpture is an ancient activity where pieces of
rough natural stone are shaped by the controlled
removal of stone. The finish is rough and dull in
appearance.
Stone is a medium most commonly used for sculpture.
A hard substance formed from mineral and earth
material.
Advantages: Stone is durable; it resists weather, fire
and all ordinary hazards.
Disadvantages: Stone is heavy, expensive and breaks
easily. Mistakes are difficult to repair, and too much
force can cause breakage.

Example: Granite – a rough igneous rock composed of feldopars and quartz, usually
combined with other minerals and is quite difficult to chisel. Marble – the most
beautiful and most expensive. It is easier to carve than granite because it is softer in
character.
Merlion of Singapore

Medium
2. Metal
Metals include any class of elementary substances,
as gold, silver or copper. Traditionally, the metals that
have been the medium for sculpture are copper,
brass, bronze, gold, silver, and lead.
Advantages: metal can be shaped into any direction
or formed under great pressure without breaking. It
is also strong, durable and resistant to any
atmospheric corrosion
Disadvantages: as time goes by, some of metal
sculpture could have rust if not maintained well.

Glass is a medium that is hard, brittle, noncrystalline,
more or less transparent substances produced by
fusion. may be used for sculpture through a wide
range of working techniques, though the use of it for
large works is a recent development.
Advantages : Glass is used to make beautiful
figurines. It can be molded in various colors and
shapes.
Disadvantages: Glass is fragile in nature that it can be
easily broken. It can also be carved, with considerable
difficulty.
Medium
3. Glass

Medium
4. Wax
Advantages: Light, strong, and self supporting at
all sizes, low working temperature, 125°F is ideal
for modeling, Infinitely changeable, Reusable,
never dries out or cracks.
Disadvantages: Because of its softness, it can be
lead to deformation.
Wax is a sticky yellowish moldable substance
secreted by honeybees as the material of
honeycomb.
A wax sculpture is a sculpture made in wax. Often
these are effigies, usually of a notable individual

The Beatles wax dummies
at Madam Tussauds.

Medium
5. Clay
Clays are distinguished from other fine-grained soils by
differences in size and mineralogy.
Clays exhibit plasticity when mixed with water in certain
proportions. When dry, clay becomes firm and
when fired in a kiln, permanent physical and chemical
changes occur. These reactions, among other changes,
cause the clay to be converted into a ceramic material.
Because of these properties, clay is used for
making pottery items, both utilitarian and decorative,
and construction products,

Advantages: Earthenware which is “baked earth” is commonly referred to
as terra cotta, which is cheap compared with stone or bronze. Clay is very
soft. The artist can experiment a great deal, adding pieces and
remodelling sections. If he makes a mistake, he can remove the error
quickly.
Disadvantages: Clay is generally fragile so it becomes necessary to cast it
in another durable material. Clay must also be kept workable because the
sculptor must cover his work with damp rags, and from time to time he
must add water to the unused clay in the bin and pound it.

Medium
6. Ivory
Both the Greek and Roman civilizations practiced
ivory carving to make large quantities of high value
works of art, precious religious objects, and
decorative boxes for costly objects. Ivory was often
used to form the white of the eyes of statues.
Ivory is a hard, white material, derived from
the tusks and teeth of animals, that is used in art or
manufacturing.

11th-century
Italian
carved elephant
tusk
Advantages: Ivory has many ornamental and practical uses. Prior to the introduction
of plastics, it was used for billiard balls, piano keys, Scottish bagpipes, buttons and a
wide range of ornamental items.
Disadvantages: It is very expensive so only well-to-do families can afford it. The Syrian
and North African elephant populations were reduced to extinction, probably due to
the demand for ivory in the Classical world.

Medium
7. Wood
Wood as a medium is perhaps easier to carve
than any other mediums available because it
can be intricately carved and subjected into a
variety of treatment not possible with stone.
Advantages: Wood is lighter and softer to
carve.
Disadvantages: Wood should be treated to
preserve its quality. Can be burned in fire.

Techniques
Subtraction: the old cliché of the sculptor seeing his "ideal form" within a rock
(or other mass of material) and carving or chipping away at the excess until he
finds it, or "frees" it.
Manipulation: modeling malleable materials such as clay.
Addition: a sculptural method in which form is created by building up materials.
This method encompasses many contemporary materials and techniques, such as
the assemblage of objects from wood, metal, plastics, adhesives, fasteners, etc.
Substitution: the creation of a duplicate of an object (either found or made) by
making a mold of that object and casting another material into the mold to make
the replica.
The four basic methods for creating three dimensional forms:

1. Modelling
2. Carving
3. Casting
4. Construction
Techniques Used in Sculpture:

Techniques
1. Modelling
 an additive process using soft materials such as plaster, clay or wax.
 Modeling encourages open forms with the aid of metal armatures to
support their extension into space.
 Modeling is an additive process, as opposed to carving, the other main
sculptural technique, in which portions of a hard substance are cut away to
reveal form. Unlike carving, corrections are possible during modeling.
 Clay and wax are the most common modeling materials, and the artist’s
hands are the main tools.

Techniques
2. Carving
 Opposite of modeling. It is a subtractive process that starts with a solid
block, usually stone-which is highly resistant to the sculptors chisel, but also
wood, soap, wax, ice, etc.
 Carving is the act of using tools to shape something from a material by
scraping away portions of that material. The technique can be applied to
any material that is solid enough to hold a form even when pieces have
been removed from it, and yet soft enough for portions to be scraped away
with available tools.

Techniques
3. Casting
 A sculptural technique in
which liquid materials are
shaped by being poured into
a mold.
 Casting is a manufacturing
process by which a liquid
material is usually poured into
a mold, which contains a
hollow cavity of the desired
shape, and then allowed to
solidify.

Techniques
4. Construction
 A constructed or assembled
sculpture is made by joining
preformed pieces of material.
 Includes welding, gluing,
nailing materials together.
 A constructed or assembled sculpture is made by joining preformed pieces
of material. It differs radically in principle from carved and modeled sculpture,
both of which are fabricated out of a homogeneous mass of material.

Arcelor Mittal Orbit
Construction of the
controversial 115 metre-
high sculpture that artist
Anish Kapoor and
structural engineer Cecil
Balmond designed for the
London Olympic Park

1. Assemblage
2. Kinetic
3. Relief
4. Free-standing
or full-round
4 Types of Sculpture:

Assemblage
 assembling found objects in unique ways
 a work generated from a variety of objects and/or forms originally intended for
other purposes.
RUDY
(don't call him
Rudolph)
“The Red Nose Robot
Dog”
sculpture by Will
Wagenaar

Kinetic
 construction that contains moving elements set in motion by air, motors
or gravity.
 Kinetic art is a term that today most often refers to three-
dimensional sculptures and figures such as mobiles that move naturally or
are machine operated. The moving parts are generally powered by wind, a
motor or the observer. Kinetic art encompasses a wide variety of
overlapping techniques and styles.

Kinetic
STRANDBEEST: Theo Jansen's
Kinetic Sculptures

Kinetic
Metalmorphosis by David Cerny

 It is classified according to the degree to which it is raised from the
surface:
high relief - forms moving out from the surface.
low relief - forms remaining close to the surface.
Relief
 sculpture in which forms project from a background, usually mounted on
a wall.
 Relief is frequently seen as a decorative detail in important architectural
buildings and structures, where it is used to tell a historical story or illustrate
an important historical element central to the building's significance.

Sculpture from
St. Peter’s
Basilica

Free-standing sculpture is designed to allow the viewer to observe the
sculpture from all angles.
A piece of free-standing sculpture is surrounded on all sides by space,
and usually rests on a supporting structure or stand.
Free-standing sculpture is also called "sculpture in the round."
This style of structure has almost limitless materials and installation
possibilities.
Free-standing or full-round

Free-standing or full-round
The Statue
of Liberty

Elements
1. Line
Line is the simplest, most ancient, and
most universal means for creating visual
art. A line is a prolongation of a point.
Line in sculpture can be straight or curved
and is often created with wire which may
appear to have very little width or depth.

2. Color
Elements
Color is the quality of an object or
substance with respect to light reflected by
it.
Color in sculpture is an element that
traditionally was based on the material that
the sculpture was made from such as wood
or bone.
Sculptures today may still rely on the color
of the material, but they can also be
painted or made from very colorful
manmade materials such as strips of bright
colored fabric.

3. Texture
Elements
Texture is the surface treatment of an artistic
work in order to give variety and beauty to
any work of art for which the sense of sight
and the sense of touch are involved.
Texture in sculpture is defined by the feel and
appearance of the surface.
The surface can be rough, smooth, shiny,
bumpy, or fuzzy to name a few possible
surface textures.

4. Volume
Elements
Volumes means solidity or thickness because it
has length, width, and depth and give the
appearance of solidity.
Volume in sculpture is the salient feature
which makes sculpture three dimensional.
The sculpture is concerned with volume
because a sculpture occupies space.

Midge’s Mind by Jason de Caires Taylor

5. Perspective
Elements
Refers to depth or distance.
Linear and aerial are the two
features of perspective.
a method of showing distance
in a sculpture by making far
away objects smaller.

6. Form (open and close)
Elements
Form means the over-all design.
And is an element of art that is three-
dimensional and encloses volume.
Cubes, spheres, and cylinders are
examples of various forms.
closed form - shows the elements of
the pieces of art as contained within
the frame which focuses the eye to
the figure.
open form extends the viewing
outside the piece of art and the
outside becomes a part of it.

David Smith’s Aerial Construction

7. Style
Elements
This is where the artist show
individuality in their style and
expresses their feelings and emotions.
Style is a distinctive manner which
permits the grouping of works into
related categories or any distinctive,
and therefore recognizable, way in
which an act is performed or an
artifact made or ought to be
performed and made.
Henry Moore

Principles
1. Proportion
refers to the relative size of parts of a whole (elements within an
object). We often think of proportions in terms of size relationships within
the human body.
The principle of proportion is also called the Law of Relationships.
The issue is the relationship between objects, or parts, of a whole.
This means that it is necessary to discuss proportion in terms of the context
or standard used to determine proportions.

2. Scale
- (skeil) an arrangement of
accurately spaced marks
representing a series of
numerical values, used in
measuring lengths, angles,
temperature, etc. Scale refers to
the size of an object seen in
relation to other objects,
people, its environment, or
format.
Michelangelo's DavidPrinciples

3. Rhythm
Repeated use of a shape, color, or
other art element or design in a
work can help unify different parts
into a whole.
An element that occurs over and
over again in a composition. Can
repeat the element in a consistent
pattern. Can repeat the element in a
variation of the pattern.
Principles

4. Balance
Balance in sculpture can reflect whether a sculpture is symmetrical or
asymmetrical. When creating sculptures, the sculptor must also consider
balance in terms of stability, and that can have a major effect on the
positioning of the elements within the sculpture so that it does not topple
over.
In this principle, the Law of Rest is always applied.
Principles
Balance is an ability to maintain the line of gravity (vertical line from centre
of gravity) of a figure within the base of support with minimal postural
sway.

Principles
5. Focal Area
Also called as “emphasis”
Emphasis is the art principle by which the eye is carried first to the
most important thing in any arrangement, and from that point to
every other detail in the order of its importance.

AGES OF WESTERN ART
3000-2000 BC 2000-1000 BC 1000 BC-0 0-1000 1000-present
1 2 5 6 8
3 4 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Aegean
ca. 3000-1200
BC
Greek
ca. 1200 BC-0
Roman
ca. 250 BC-
500
Medieval
ca. 500-1500
Renaissance
ca. 1400-1600
Baroque
ca. 1600-1800
Neoclassical/
Romantic
ca. 1750-1900
Modern
ca. 1850-

Pre-historic
Sculpture may be the oldest of the arts. People carved before they
painted or designed dwellings. The earliest drawings were probably
carved on rock or incised in earth. Therefore, these drawings were as
much forerunners of relief sculpture as of painting.
Much surviving prehistoric art is small portable sculptures, with
a small group of female Venus figurines such as the Venus of
Willendorf (24,000–22,000 BC) found across central Europe; the 30 cm
tall Lion man of the Hohlenstein Stadel of about 30,000 BCE has hardly
any pieces that can be related to it.

The earliest civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley,
and China gradually developed forms of writing about 3000 B.C. The
people of these civilizations, like their prehistoric ancestors, also expressed
deeply felt beliefs in sculpture.
From recent primitive sculpture and from the few surviving
prehistoric pieces, we can judge that prehistoric sculpture was never
made to be beautiful. It was always made to be used in rituals. In their
constant fight for survival, early people made sculpture to provide
spiritual support.
Pre-historic

Egypt
Egyptian sculpture and all Egyptian art were based on the belief in a life after death. Life-size
and even larger statues, carved in slate, alabaster, and limestone, were as regular and simple in
shape as the tombs themselves. Placed in the temples and inside the burial chambers, these
statues were images of the rulers, the nobles, and the gods worshiped by the Egyptians.
Mesopotamia
The "land between the rivers," Mesopotamia, had a much less stable society than Egypt and
lacked Egypt's vast amounts of stone for monumental sculpture. Its cities were often destroyed
by floods and invading armies. The earliest examples of sculpture in this region were formed of
light materials: baked and unbaked clay, wood or combinations of wood, shells, and gold leaf.
Aegean Civilization
Just a few examples of sculpture remain from the colorful Minoan civilization on the island of
Crete. Ivory and terra-cotta; small statuettes of snake goddesses, priestesses, and acrobats

The Two
Worshipper
Mesopotamia

Agamemnon’s Funeral Mask
Aegean

Ancient Greece
1. Cycladic
The first distinctive style of Ancient Greek sculpture developed in the
Early Bronze Age Cycladic period (3rd millennium BCE), where marble figures,
usually female and small, are represented in an elegantly simplified geometrical
style. Most typical is a standing pose with arms crossed in front.
But especially characteristic of this culture are the idols - marble statues
of various sizes and varying degrees of development of detail - from the simplest,
even primitive forms to more complex geometric representations of people,
including musicians playing instruments.

Ancient Greece
2. Archaic (625 to 480 B.C.)
The subsequent Minoan and Mycenaean cultures developed sculpture
further, under influence from Syria and elsewhere, but it is in the later Archaic
period from around 650 BCE that the kouros developed. These are large
standing statues of naked youths, found in temples and tombs, with the kore as
the clothed female equivalent, with elaborately dressed hair; both have the
"archaic smile".
Around 600 B.C., Greece developed one of the great civilizations in the
History of the world. Sculpture became one of the most important forms of
Expression for the Greeks.

Ancient Greece
3. Classical (480 to 323 B.C)
During the 6th century Greek sculpture developed rapidly, becoming
more naturalistic, and with much more active and varied figure poses in
narrative scenes, though still within idealized conventions.
The High Classical style continued to develop realism and
sophistication in the human figure, and improved the depiction of drapery
(clothes), using it to add to the impact of active poses. Facial expressions were
usually very restrained, even in combat scenes.
The Late Classical style developed the free-standing female nude
statue, supposedly an innovation of Praxiteles, and developed increasingly
complex and subtle poses that were interesting when viewed from an number
of angles, as well as more expressive faces; both trends were to be taken much
further in the Hellenistic period

4. Hellenistic (323 to 146 B.C.)
Greek
During this period (characterized by the spread of Greek culture
throughout the civilized world), classical realism was replaced by greater
heroicism and expressionism.
Hellenistic sculptors emphasized the human figure. They reflected
the great changes in their world when they treated in new ways subjects
traditionally favored by earlier Greek sculptors. A new interest developed in
the phases of life, from childhood to extreme old age. Sculptors described
their figures in as natural and exact a way as possible.

Nike of
Samothrace
(Winged Victory of
Samothrace)

1. Byzantine
Medieval
In the early days, it can be appreciated that the Byzantine sculpture is
extensions of the Hellenistic art were portraits of great force were produced.
Subsequently the symbolic character of the works becomes more important
over even its expression and aesthetic, responding to the theology and
ecclesiastical power representation.
Important Byzantine sculpture are the one of small size such as the
diptychs and boxes, carved in ivory; which was used for the realization of
objects of luxury and religious use, preferred by the elites of Constantinople
and brought from places such as Egypt and the India.

2. Romanesque
Medieval
Carved capitals were particularly popular
during the Romanesque period.
Typically, the figures were stylized and
recognizable as people, but not realistic.
ROMANESQUE CAPITALS
Christ at the Last Judgment
Romanesque sculpture was richly detailed
and expressive. It was rooted firmly to the
architecture that housed it. Figures are
symbolic and positioned and poised according
to significance. Size indicates importance.

Death of John the Baptist, Attributed to
Gislebertus, St. Etienne

3.Gothic
Medieval
Sculpture after the 12th century gradually changed from the clear,
concentrated abstractions of Romanesque art to a more natural and lifelike
appearance. Human figures shown in natural proportions were carved in
high relief on church columns and portals.
Later Gothic figures are depicted much more realistically than those
made during the Romanesque and earlier Gothic periods. The faces of the
statues have expression, and their garments are draped in a natural way.
Hundreds of carvings in the great Gothic cathedrals all over Western Europe
presented aspects of the Christian faith in terms that every Christian could
understand.

Virgin and Child
Notre Dame, Paris

Renaissance
SUMMARY OF RENAISSANCE SCULPTURE
Early Renaissance
ca. 1400-1500
High Renaissance
ca. 1500-25
Late Renaissance
ca. 1525-1600
Ghiberti, Donatello Michelangelo Giambologna

Gates of Paradise
by Lorenzo
Ghiberti
Early
Renaissance

Pieta
by
Michelangelo
High
Renaissance

Mannerism
A style of art developed at the end of the
High Renaissance, characterized by the
deliberate distortion and exaggeration of
perspective, especially the elongation of
figures.
The Mannerist style of sculpture began to
create a form in which figures showed
physical power, passion, tension, and
semantic perfection.
Late renaissance

Hercules Beating Nessus
Giambologna

Baroque
Baroque began in Rome around 1600 when Catholic
Popes financed magnificent new cathedrals and grand works
to display the faiths triumphant Counter Reformation.
Baroque Art succeeded in marrying the advanced
techniques and grand scale of the High Renaissance to the
intensity and emotion of Mannerism

Bernini’s
Masterpiece:
“ the Ecstasy of St.
Theresa”

Gian Lorenzo
Bernini 1665
Bust of Louis XIV
FRENCH BAROQUE

Rococo
The basic qualities of 17th-century art were carried forward
into the 18th century but were transformed for the taste of a
different generation. The term "rococo" suggests the preference for
gayer, lighter, and more decorative effects in sculpture and in all the
arts.
Statuettes and statues of small groups were designed as
pleasant and often witty additions to lovely rooms. The individual
talents of the sculptors and their joint efforts created an ornamental
effect. The same brilliance and skill also created a group of superbly
beautiful churches in southern Germany.

Light hearted, Sensual and
erotic
Portrays the carefree life of the
aristocracy and landscapes like
fairy tales.
Light, elaborate, decorative style.

“Love Conquering Time”
“Fire Dog”

Neo- Classical
Neoclassicism is a revival of the styles and spirit of classic antiquity
inspired directly from the classical period, which coincided and
reflected the developments in philosophy and other areas of the Age
of Enlightenment, and was initially a reaction against the excesses of
the preceding Rococo style.
More than just an antique revival a reaction against the surviving
Baroque & Rococo styles.
They preferred:
• Crisp contours.
• A noble stillness.
• Idealized white marble forms.

Antonio Canova
Pauline Borghese as Venus

Spanish Regime
Of all the arts, sculpture was the most familiar to the Filipinos. The
carving of anito, images of the native religion, was replaced by the carving of
santos, images of Christ and the saints.
Technically, the transition may not have been too difficult, as the
Filipinos were already familiar with the ways of wood, but adjustments had to
be made on proportion and style. In time, santos took on the iconography of
their Western prototypes.
Santos commissioned by the church were usually large, carved from
hardwood such as molave, and placed on church facades or altars. The houses
of the rich often displayed santos like those in the church.

Church of San Nicolás de Tolentino
in Dimiao, Bohol

Impressionism
“aimed to portray the effects of
experience upon the consciousness of
the artist and audience rather than the
objective characteristics of things or
events.”
The figure is not realistic. Not the same
as it have to be depicted on their
subject.

Little Dancer
Aged 14
Edgar Degas

Realism
Realism in the arts may be generally
defined as the attempt to represent
subject matter truthfully,
without artificiality and avoiding artistic
principles, implausible, exotic and
supernatural elements.
Realism as a style or movement needs to
be distinguished from "realism" as a term
to describe the very precise, detailed and
accurate representation in art of the visual
appearance of scenes and objects.

Cubism
Dissociation of subject and form but the
subjects are still recognizable.
A style of sculpture developed in the early 20th
century, characterized chiefly by an emphasis on
formal structure, the reduction of natural forms
to their geometrical equivalents, and the
organization of the planes of a represented
object independently of representational
requirements.Alexander Archipenko’s
La Vie Familiale (Family Life)

Cubist Guitar
Sculpture
by Sara Allison

Expressionism
Expressionist artists sought to express
meaning or emotional experience rather
than physical reality.
A movement in the arts during the early
part of the 20th century that emphasized
subjective expression of the artist's inner
experiences.

Surrealism
Surrealism is define as beneath the real.
Artist began to explore the conscious and the subconscious and analyze
suppressed desires and dreams.
A 20th-century artistic
movement that attempts to
express the workings of the
subconscious and is
characterized by fantastic
imagery and out of place
combination of subject matter.

Chen Changwei’s
People Belong to Dog

Futurism
The Futurist movement attempted to portray speed and forceful
dynamism in their artwork.
The contours of the marching figure appear to be carved by the
forces of wind and speed as it forges ahead.

Unique Forms
of Continuity
in Space
Umberto
Boccioni, 1913

Formalism
Formalism is a particular method of analysis
Formalism emphasizes the form or structural qualities of a work
over its content or context. Formalist sculpture's primary emphasis
is in the relationships of shapes and the lines those shapes make.
Emphasises the “aesthetic response” to the visual as the core
value in art

Abstract
Abstract sculpture is
defined as the creation of
three-dimensional visual
scheme that is not
necessarily tied down to the
everyday paradigms of
representation.

Reclining Figure by Henry Moore

Napoleon V. Abueva
is known as the "Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture"
and recipient of the most prestigious award, National Artist
of the Philippines in 1976 in the fields of Visual Arts
(sculpture).
He is known also as master of both academic
representational style and modern abstract.

American Colonization
Guillermo Tolentino

Japanese Occupation
Napoleon Abueva

Another movement that emerged from conceptual art was that of
earthworks or environmental art. Works were not installed in traditional
venues of galleries and museums, but are built to be part of their
surroundings.
Environmental Sculpture
The term environmental sculpture is variously defined. A
development of the art of the 20th
century, environmental sculpture usually creates or alters the environment
for the viewer, as opposed to presenting itself figural or monumentally
before the viewer. A frequent trait of larger environmental sculptures is
that one can actually enter or pass through the sculpture and be partially
or completely surrounded by it.

Spiral Jetty by Robert Smithson

Jeff Koons’ Garden Sculpture

Duane Hanson, The Traveller, 1988.

Duane Hanson’s
Tourists 2, 1988

Duane Hanson’s
Drug Addict, 1974

Minimalism
is any design or style in which the simplest and fewest elements
are used to create the maximum effect.
“Minimal Art” or “Minimalism”, as it became known in the
1960’s, is an art and design style in which a work is created with a
minimal amount of color, value, shape, line or texture. Minimalist
works are abstract, without symbolic representation, often
incorporating basic geometric shapes.

Minimalist stack
by
Donald Judd

Vietnam Veterans
Memorial
by
Maya Ying Lin

Conclusion
We conclude that as time goes by, sculpture become
more wonderful and astonishing because every time, man
thinks different ideas that is perfect on his preferences and
could point out his originality.
Sculpture is not only a decoration for architecture but
it has an inner purpose that express happenings way back
then and it serves as a way for us to remember important
persons and events that create the human history.

Sculpture preserves the religion, culture and tradition
of a certain civilization. It proves that even before, the
primitive individuals are very artistic because they can create a
three-dimensional figure. It is not only used for an aesthetic
function but it is utilized by prehistoric persons as a survival
tool.
If ever we create a sculpture we prefer the metal as
medium because it is the most durable and has less
disadvantages than other mediums. Because metal can resist
the hazardous effects even if you placed it inside or outdoors.

The New Lexicon Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language.
prepared by the Editorial Staff of Lexicon Publications, Inc., 1995., p. 899.
The 21st Century Junior World Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. Monterey, Australia: prepared
by the Regency Publishing Group Pty Ltd., 1996., pp. 1352-1353.
Peppin, Anthea and Williams, Helena, Looking at Art., Chippenham Wiltshire,
United Kingdom: Merlion Pubilishing Ltd., 1991., pp 14-15, 40-41, 84-85,
152-153.
Dudley, Louise, et. all., The Humanities Sixth Edition. London, England: JMC Press
Inc and McGraw-Hill Inc., 1968., pp 83, 92-97, 120-121, 134-139, 222-223,
229, 313, 433, 436.
de Bogart, Doris Van, Introduction to Humanities. Mandaluyong, Metro Manila:
Cacho Hermanos Inc., 1968.
References

Zulueta, Francisco M. The Humanities. Mandaluyong City, Manila: National Book
Store., 1994.
References
http://famouswonders.com/daibutsu-great-buddha-of-kamakura/
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Totem_poles_in_Formosa_Aboriginal_Cul
tural_Village.jpg
http://impressivemagazine.com/2013/06/15/terracotta-army/
http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/North_America/United_States/South/Florida/M
iami_Beach/photo100478.htm
http://www.mycultlife.com/depression-2/a-woman-of-compressed-power-the-
redeeming-side-of-depression/
http://bazingapop.com/art-design/paige-bradley
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_sculpture
http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/387062/modeling

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty
http://wamtac.wordpress.com/art-history/greek-art-900-30-b-c-e/
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/entertainment/sculpture.html#ixzz
2cIWx3uQP
http://www.thesculpturewebsite.co.uk/topiary-joe-c450.html
References
http://www.historiasztuki.com.pl/kodowane/005-00-03-HISTORIA-RZEZBY-RZYM-
eng.php
http://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3753866
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1345&Hist
oryID=ab21&gtrack=pthc#ixzz2dmTvHnfu
http://kindsofarts.blogspot.com/2012/03/sculptures-in-philippines.html
STRANDBEEST: Theo Jansen’s Kinetic Sculptures | Inhabitat - Sustainable
Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building

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