In this slide contains diabetics, classification, symptoms, complication, invivo and invitro screening models of anti diabetics.
Presented by: GEETHANJALI ADAPALA (Department of pharmacology).
RIPER, anantapur
In this slide contains diabetics, classification, symptoms, complication, invivo and invitro screening models of anti diabetics.
Presented by: GEETHANJALI ADAPALA (Department of pharmacology).
RIPER, anantapur
Preclinical Screening of Antiasthmatic DrugsShubham Kolge
Bronchial asthma is characterized by both bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation which leads to bronchial hyperresponsiveness to various stimuli. Different mediators are implicated in asthma. As the precise etiology is not known and multiple biochemical processes are triggered by different causative factors, it is difficult to have a single drug which can effectively and simultaneously act upon different mediators. This led to an intense search for potent and safe antiasthmatic drugs. This presentation intends to compile different screening methods for the evaluation of new candidate drugs with potential for the treatment of asthma. These include in vitro, in vivo, receptor binding and enzymatic methods.
Screening Methods for behavioural and muscle Coordinationpradnya Jagtap
Screening Methods for behavioural and muscle Coordination
A. Motor activity and behaviour
1. Method of intermittent observation
2.Open field test
3.Hole board test
4.Combined open field test
B.Test for muscle coordination
1.Inclined plane method
2.Chimny test
3.Grip strength
4.Rotarod method
Pharmacological screening of Anti-psychotic agentsAbin Joy
Presentation contents are:
Introduction, Definition of psychosis, Classification of anti-psychotics, MOA of anti-psychotic agents and screening models.
Dyslipidemia is a medical condition that refers to an abnormal level of blood lipids.
The most common type of dyslipidemia is hyperlipidemia or high lipid levels.
less common form of dyslipidemia: hypolipidemia, abnormally low lipid levels.
Dyslipidemias can affect any lipid parameters including LDL cholesterol levels, HDL cholesterol levels, triglycerides, or a combination of these lipids.
Two categories:
Primary dyslipidemia
Secondary dyslipidemia
PRECLINICAL SCREENING OF ANTIDIABETICS.pptxVincyDinakaran
DIABETES MELLITUS
Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, glycosurea, hyperlipidemia, negative nitrogen balance and sometimes ketonaemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both.
TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS
Type 1 : Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus ( IDDM) or Juvenile onset diabetes mellitus
▪︎ beta cell destruction of pancreatic islets
◇type 1A: Autoimmune antibodies that destruct beta cells are present in blood
◇type 1B: idiopathic – no antibodies are detected.
Type 2 :Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)or maturity onset diabetes mellitus
CAUSES
Abnormality in gluco-receptor of beta cells
Reduced sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin
Excess hyperglycemic hormones (glucagon) or obesity
SCREENING METHODS
IN-VIVO METHODS
A. MODELS FOR IDDM
1. Chemically induced diabetes
a. Alloxan
b. Streptozotocin
2. Hormone induced diabetes
a. Growth hormone
b. Corticosteroid
3. Virus induced diabetes
4. Genetically diabetic models
a. Spontaneously diabetic rats
●BB rat
● WBN/KOB Rat
● Cohen diabetic rat
● Zucker Fatty rat
b. Spontaneously diabetic mouse
● KK mouse
● NOD Mouse
5. Other diabetogenic compounds
a. Dithizone
b. Monosodium glutamate
6. Insulin antibodies
7. Surgically induced diabetes
B MODELS FOR NIDDM ( type 2)
1. Chemically induced diabetes
a. Neonatal STZ Madeleine for NIDDM
2. Genetic models
a. Monogenic model for NIDDM
♧ Yellow mouse (The Agouty Mouse)
♧ Tubby Mouse
♧ Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rat (ZDF)
b. Polygenic model for NIDDM
♧New Zealand Obese Model (NZO)
♧Japanese KK Mouse
c. Transgenic and knock out models
d. Miscellaneous models
♧Invertebrate animal model
♧ Diet induced metabolic dysregulation
IN- VITRO
1. Enzyme Inhibition Assay
a. Alpha amylase inhibition assay
b. Alpha glucosidase inhibition assay
2. Glucose uptake assay
a. Glucose uptake assay yeast cell model
b. Glucose uptake assay by adipocytes cell line
3. Isolated islets from pancreas
4. Cultured skeletal muscle cell
IN- VITRO
1. Enzyme Inhibition Assay
a. Alpha amylase inhibition assay
b. Alpha glucosidase inhibition assay
2. Glucose uptake assay
a. Glucose uptake assay yeast cell model
b. Glucose uptake assay by adipocytes cell line
3. Isolated islets from pancreas
4. Cultured skeletal muscle cell
In-vivo methods
1. ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETES
Alloxan is a cyclic analogue , reported to produce reversible diabetes in animals.
Widely used to produce diabetes in rats, mice, rabbits and dogs.
Selective uptake of the compound due to its structural similarity to glucose and highly efficient uptake mechanism of pancreatic beta cells.
Preclinical Screening of Antiasthmatic DrugsShubham Kolge
Bronchial asthma is characterized by both bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation which leads to bronchial hyperresponsiveness to various stimuli. Different mediators are implicated in asthma. As the precise etiology is not known and multiple biochemical processes are triggered by different causative factors, it is difficult to have a single drug which can effectively and simultaneously act upon different mediators. This led to an intense search for potent and safe antiasthmatic drugs. This presentation intends to compile different screening methods for the evaluation of new candidate drugs with potential for the treatment of asthma. These include in vitro, in vivo, receptor binding and enzymatic methods.
Screening Methods for behavioural and muscle Coordinationpradnya Jagtap
Screening Methods for behavioural and muscle Coordination
A. Motor activity and behaviour
1. Method of intermittent observation
2.Open field test
3.Hole board test
4.Combined open field test
B.Test for muscle coordination
1.Inclined plane method
2.Chimny test
3.Grip strength
4.Rotarod method
Pharmacological screening of Anti-psychotic agentsAbin Joy
Presentation contents are:
Introduction, Definition of psychosis, Classification of anti-psychotics, MOA of anti-psychotic agents and screening models.
Dyslipidemia is a medical condition that refers to an abnormal level of blood lipids.
The most common type of dyslipidemia is hyperlipidemia or high lipid levels.
less common form of dyslipidemia: hypolipidemia, abnormally low lipid levels.
Dyslipidemias can affect any lipid parameters including LDL cholesterol levels, HDL cholesterol levels, triglycerides, or a combination of these lipids.
Two categories:
Primary dyslipidemia
Secondary dyslipidemia
PRECLINICAL SCREENING OF ANTIDIABETICS.pptxVincyDinakaran
DIABETES MELLITUS
Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, glycosurea, hyperlipidemia, negative nitrogen balance and sometimes ketonaemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both.
TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS
Type 1 : Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus ( IDDM) or Juvenile onset diabetes mellitus
▪︎ beta cell destruction of pancreatic islets
◇type 1A: Autoimmune antibodies that destruct beta cells are present in blood
◇type 1B: idiopathic – no antibodies are detected.
Type 2 :Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)or maturity onset diabetes mellitus
CAUSES
Abnormality in gluco-receptor of beta cells
Reduced sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin
Excess hyperglycemic hormones (glucagon) or obesity
SCREENING METHODS
IN-VIVO METHODS
A. MODELS FOR IDDM
1. Chemically induced diabetes
a. Alloxan
b. Streptozotocin
2. Hormone induced diabetes
a. Growth hormone
b. Corticosteroid
3. Virus induced diabetes
4. Genetically diabetic models
a. Spontaneously diabetic rats
●BB rat
● WBN/KOB Rat
● Cohen diabetic rat
● Zucker Fatty rat
b. Spontaneously diabetic mouse
● KK mouse
● NOD Mouse
5. Other diabetogenic compounds
a. Dithizone
b. Monosodium glutamate
6. Insulin antibodies
7. Surgically induced diabetes
B MODELS FOR NIDDM ( type 2)
1. Chemically induced diabetes
a. Neonatal STZ Madeleine for NIDDM
2. Genetic models
a. Monogenic model for NIDDM
♧ Yellow mouse (The Agouty Mouse)
♧ Tubby Mouse
♧ Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rat (ZDF)
b. Polygenic model for NIDDM
♧New Zealand Obese Model (NZO)
♧Japanese KK Mouse
c. Transgenic and knock out models
d. Miscellaneous models
♧Invertebrate animal model
♧ Diet induced metabolic dysregulation
IN- VITRO
1. Enzyme Inhibition Assay
a. Alpha amylase inhibition assay
b. Alpha glucosidase inhibition assay
2. Glucose uptake assay
a. Glucose uptake assay yeast cell model
b. Glucose uptake assay by adipocytes cell line
3. Isolated islets from pancreas
4. Cultured skeletal muscle cell
IN- VITRO
1. Enzyme Inhibition Assay
a. Alpha amylase inhibition assay
b. Alpha glucosidase inhibition assay
2. Glucose uptake assay
a. Glucose uptake assay yeast cell model
b. Glucose uptake assay by adipocytes cell line
3. Isolated islets from pancreas
4. Cultured skeletal muscle cell
In-vivo methods
1. ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETES
Alloxan is a cyclic analogue , reported to produce reversible diabetes in animals.
Widely used to produce diabetes in rats, mice, rabbits and dogs.
Selective uptake of the compound due to its structural similarity to glucose and highly efficient uptake mechanism of pancreatic beta cells.
Screening Models for Anti-Diabetic Drugs.Nisar Ali
in this slide, You will get to know about different screening Invivo and Invitro models used for screening of Anti-Diabetic drugs used in Pharmacology.
Diabetes mellitus (DM):- It is a metabolicdisorder characterized by hyperglycaemia, (fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl and/or ≥ 200 mg/dl 2 hours after 75 g oral glucose),glycosuria, hyperlipidaemia, negative nitrogen balance and sometimes ketonaemia.
Diabetes mellitus, one of the major public health problems worldwide, is a metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies distinguished by a failure of glucose homeostasis with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism as a result of defects in insulin secretion and/or insulin action.
According to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) report, elevated blood glucose is the third uppermost risk factor for premature mortality, following high blood pressure and tobacco use globally
Cardiovascular diseases, neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy are among the major risks that are associated with diabetes.
These chronic complications may lead to hardening and narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis) that could advance to stroke, coronary heart disease, and other blood vessel diseases, nerve damage, kidney failure, and blindness with time
Two major types of diabetes mellitus are
1. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) / juvenile onset diabetes mellitus
2. Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) / maturity onset diabetes mellitus
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) / juvenile onset diabetes mellitus
There is β cell destruction in pancreatic islets; majority of cases are autoimmune (type 1A) antibodies that destroy β cells are detectable in blood, but some are idiopathic (type 1B)-no βcell antibody is found.
2.Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) / maturity onset diabetes mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most prevalent metabolic disease worldwide.
There is no loss or moderate reduction in β cell mass: insulin in circulation is low. normal or even high. no anti-β -cell antibody is demonstrable: has a high degree of genetic predisposition: generally has a late onset (past middle age). Over 90% cases of diabetes are type 2 DM
Abnormality in gluco-receptor of β cells so that they respond at higher glucose concentration or relative β cell deficiency. In either way. insulin secretion is impaired: may progress to β cells failure.
Reduced sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin: reduction in number of insulin receptors, “down regulation” of insulin receptors.
Excess of hyperglycemic hormones (glucagon, ete. ) obesity: ; cause relative insulin deficiency the β cells Tag behind
Insulin history:
Insulin was discovered in 1921 by Banting and Best who demonstrated the hypoglycaemic action of an extract of pancreas prepared after degeneration of the exocrine part due to ligation of pancreatic duct.
It was first obtained in pure crystalline form in 1926 and the chemical structure was fully worked out in 1956 by Sanger.
Insulin is a two chain polypeptide having 51 amino acids and MW about 6000.
The A-chain has 21 while B-chain has 30 amino acids.
screening methodes of anti-diabetic drugsborude123
Diabetes mellitus is chronic metabolic disease , occurs when the pancreas is not producing insulin or produced insulin cannot be used by the body, or combination of both.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
2. INTRODUCTION
The pancreas is an organ composed of exocrine and endocrine cells.
Islets of langerhans, which forms the endocrine part , consist of four types of
cells alpha, beta, delta and PP cells.
Glucose stimulates the beta cells to release insulin, which then promotes glucose
uptake and storage.
“Diabetes mellitus is characterized by derangement in carbohydrate, protein and
fat metabolism caused by the complete or relative insufficiency of insulin
secretions and/ or insulin action.”
3. TYPES OF DIABETES
There are 2 major types of diabetes:
1) Type 1 Diabetes (associated with insulin deficiency)
Also called as Insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus (IDDM)/ juvenile onset
Type 1 diabetes is believed to be an autoimmune condition. It happens when
immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the beta cells in your pancreas
that produce insulin. The damage is permanent.
4. 2) Type 2 Diabetes (associated with insulin resistance)
Also called as Non Insulin-dependant Diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
Most common form of diabetes. Usually occurs in adulthood but diagnosis is
in the younger generation.
The exact cause is unknown. Contributing factors may include genetics, obesity,
hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance.
Insulin resistance may be due to the defect at receptor level or at the postreceptor
level.
This means your body can’t use insulin efficiently.
7. MODELS FOR NIDDM (TYPE II)
1. Chemically induce d Diabetes
i. Neonatal STZ model for NIDDM
2. Genetic models
I. Monogenic model for NIDDM
a) Yellow Mouse (The Agouty Mouse)
b) Obese and Diabetic Mouse
II. Polygenic model for NIDDM
a) New Zealand Obese mouse (NZO)
b) Japanies KK Mouse
8. CHEMICALLY INDUCED DIABETES
1. Alloxan induced Diabetes:
Alloxan have capacity to produce reversible diabetes.
It is a toxic cyclic urea analogue which destroys β-cells of the islets of Langerhans in pancreas.
This compound causes severe necrosis of pancreatic β-cells .
It has been suggested that allloxan induces the production of H 2O2 and some free radicals
such as O2 and OH- that produce first damage and later the death of β-cells.
9. Mechanism
Alloxan has two distinct pathological effects:
Alloxan is highly reactive
molecule that is readily reduced
to dialuric acid,
Dialuric acid is then auto-oxidized
back to alloxan resulting in the
production of free radicals.
These free radicals damage the DNA
of β -cells and cause cell death.
Its ability to react with protein SH
groups, especially the membrane
proteins like Glucokinase on the
β - cells, finally resulting in the
cell necrosis..
10. Procedure
Animals: Rats of Wistar or Sprague–Dawley strain(150-200 g)
Inducing agent: Alloxan (100-175 mg/kg s.c.)
Maintain rats at standard environment and laboratory chow.
All the animals , which are given alloxan, receive glucose and insulin
for one week and food ad libitum.
Thereafter, single daily dose of 28 IU insulin is administered s.c.
The blood glucose level shows triphasic change, first a rise at 2Hr,
followed by hypoglycemic phase at 8Hr, finally an increase at
24Hr probably due to depletion of β -cells of insulin.
11. Evaluation:
Any suitable method for estimation of
Glucose level
Insulin level
Hepatic glycogen level
Compare results of standard with control group animals.
12. Drawbacks
High mortality in Rats
Causes ketosis in animals due to free fatty acid generation
Diabetes induced is reversible
Some species like guinea pigs are resistant to its diabetogenic
action
Alloxan has been almost completely replaced by streptozotocin(STZ)
because of these drawbacks
13. 2. Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes
STZ [2- deoxy-2-(3-methyl-3-nitrosourea)1-D-glucopyranose]
It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is produced from
Streptomyces achromogens.
It is used to induce both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes at
dose of
1. Rat: 50-60 mg/kg i.p
2. Mice: 175-200mg/kg i.p or i.v
3. Dogs: 15mg/kg for 3 days
14. Mechanism of causing B-
cell damage
a) By process of methylation
b) Free radical generation and
c) Nitric oxide production
15. Procedure
STZ induces diabetes in almost all species of animals. Diabetic dose
varies with species and the optimal doses required in various
species are:
a) Rats(50-60mg/kg, i.p. or i.v.)
b) Mice(175-200mg/kg, i.p. or i.v.)
c) Dogs(15 mg/kg for 3 days)
The blood glucose level shows the same triphasic response as seen
in the alloxan treated animals, with hyperglycemia at 1Hr,followed
by hypoglycemia which lasts for 6 Hr, and stable hyperglycemia
by 24-48Hr after STZ administration.
16. Advantages
It has completely replaced Alloxan for inducing diabetes because of
:
1. Greater selectivity towards B-cells
2. Lower mortality rate
3. Irreversible diabetes induction
17. MODIFICATIONS
Multiple low dose of STZ also induces diabetes by causing immune
mediated pancreatic insulitis in rats.
Cyclosporin-A when given with STZ enhances its diabetogenic
efficacy.
STZ combined with complete Freund’s adjuvant, administered 24h
prior to STZ (25mg/kg)and then repeated in the three subsequent
weeks, all produces hyperglycemia.
Neither four administration of CFA nor of STZ alone result in
persistent hyperglycemia.
18. Hormones Induced Diabetes
Animal: Rats, Guinea pigs and Rabbits
Inducing hormone: Dexamethasone.
Eg. NIDDM form of diabetes is induced when dexamethasone,a long-
acting glucocorticoid is administered at a dose of 2-5mg/kg i.p. twice a
day in rats
In other animal models(like guinea pigs and rabbits), corticotrophin is
used to stimulate adrenal cortex that results in hormonal imbalance
causing steroidal diabetes.
19. VIRUS INDUCED DIABETES
Principle: -
various human viruses used for inducing diabetes include
RNA picorno virus
encephalomyocarditis [EMC-D]
coxsackie B4 [CB-4].
Renovirus
Mengo-2t
20. PROCEDURE
6-8 week old mice are inoculated by 0.1 ml of 1:50 dilutions of D- variant
encephalomyocarditis [EMC] through i.p.
0.1ml of above dilution contains 50 PFU [ plaque forming units] of EMC virus.
(mortality due to this concentration of virus is approximately 10-20%)
A less infecting variant produces a comparable damage by eliciting
autoimmune reactivity to the beta cells.
Infected animals are considered hyperglycaemic if there non fasting levels
exceed by 250mg/dl
Drug samples to be screened are administered orally for a period of 6 weeks.
After 6 weeks of drug treatment, blood glucose estimation is done to
determine the anti diabetic activity.
21. Insuline Antibodies-induced Diabetes
Giving Bovine insulin along with CFA to guinea pigs produces anti-
insulin antibodies.
Large doses and prolonged administration are accompanied by
ketonemia, ketonuria, glycosuria and acidosis are fatal to animals
Lower doses produce reversible type of diabetes after a few hours.
22. Surgically -induced Diabetes
Surgical removal of all or a part of pancreas.
Total removal of pancreas result in the insulin dependant type of diabetes.
Experimental animals are required to maintain isulin therapy.
Pancreatectomy with chemical agents can produce a stable form of diabetes
in animlas such as cats and dogs.
The combination therapy reduces the organ damage associated with chemical
induction and minimizes the interventions.
23. Genetically diabetic animals
The NOD Mouse
Non Obese Diabetic Mouse
These are the inbred strain of albino mice developed by Makino and
coworkers in Japan.
Autoimmune destruction of β-cell in association with Insulitis and auto-
antibody production.
Develop diabetes abruptly at the 100-200 days of age.
Insulin treatment required for survival.
24. Genetically diabetic animals ….
WBN/ KOB rat:
InbreedWistarstrain.
Decrease in number and size of islets at 12 weeks of age.
Aged male Wistar strain shows diabetic symptoms.
Impairedglucosetoleranceandglycosuriaat21week of age.
25. MODELS FOR NIDDM
1. NEONATAL STZ MODEL
Streptozotocin causes severe pancreatic beta cells destruction,
accompanied by decrease in pancreatic insulin stores and rise in plasma
insulin levels.
Procedure: -
• Neonatal rats of Sprague-Dawley strain are taken
• Treated with STZ 80-100 mg/kg IP at birth or within 5 days of birth which leads
to severe β cell destruction, deficiency in pancreatic insulin levels and rise in
plasma glucose.
• In contrast to adults, the β cells in neonates partially regenerate.
• Following an initial spike in plasma glucose, these rats become normoglycemic
by 3 weeks.
26. Other chemical methods
• For NIDDM in rabbits - adrenaline (0.1 mg/kg SC).
• The hyperglycemia is seen at 1 hour and lasts for 4 hours. Oral
hypoglycemic agents can be screened by this method.
• Other chemicals are 8-hydroxy quinoline, biphenyl thio carbazine, EDTA
(partially depancreatized rats), thiazides, chlorthiazide, hydrochlorthiazide,
diazoxide and furosemide.
27. Genetic models for NIDDM
Monogenic models of obesity and
NIDDM
1. Yellow mouse (the Agouti
mouse)
2.Obese and diabetic mouse
3.Tubby mouse
4.Fat mouse
5.Zucker diabetic fatty rat
6.Koletsky and JCR: LA-Corpulent
rats
Polygenic models of obesity and
NIDDM
1. New Zealand obese mouse
2. Japanese KK mouse
3. Nagoya – Shibata – Yasuda mouse
4. PBB/Ld mouse
5. Goto-Kakisaki rat
6. Chinese Hamster
7. South African Hamster