1) Respiration is the process by which organisms take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide. It allows organisms to break down glucose to release energy.
2) There are two types of cellular respiration - aerobic respiration which uses oxygen to break down glucose, and anaerobic respiration which breaks down glucose without oxygen.
3) Respiration occurs through breathing and gas exchange via specialized organs like lungs, gills, or skin. Organisms inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide through these organs.
How Do Organisms Reproduce ? - Class 10 CBSE science (BIo)Amit Choube
Reproduction is an integral feature of all living beings. The process by which a living being produces its own like is called reproduction.
Importance of Reproduction:
Reproduction is important for each species, because this is the only way for a living being to continue its lineage. Apart from being important for a particular individual, reproduction is also important for the whole ecosystem. Reproduction helps in maintaining a proper balance among various biotic constituents of the ecosystem. Moreover, reproduction also facilitates evolution because variations come through reproduction; over several generations.
How Do Organisms Reproduce ? - Class 10 CBSE science (BIo)Amit Choube
Reproduction is an integral feature of all living beings. The process by which a living being produces its own like is called reproduction.
Importance of Reproduction:
Reproduction is important for each species, because this is the only way for a living being to continue its lineage. Apart from being important for a particular individual, reproduction is also important for the whole ecosystem. Reproduction helps in maintaining a proper balance among various biotic constituents of the ecosystem. Moreover, reproduction also facilitates evolution because variations come through reproduction; over several generations.
SCIENCE - Reproduction in plants (CLASS VII - CBSE BOARD)Pooja M
SCIENCE
Reproduction in plants
(CLASS VII)
CBSE BOARD
Types of reroduction in plants
tpes of asexual reproduction in plant
Vegetative propagation
Budding
Fragmentation
Spore formation
Sexual reproduction in plants
Parts of flower
Asexual reproduction is a process in which new organism is produced from a single parent without the involvement of gametes or cells. Many unicellular and multi cellular organisms reproduce asexually.
Most plants continue to grow throughout their lives. Like other multicellular organisms, plants grow through a combination of cell growth and cell division. Cell growth increases cell size, while cell division (mitosis) increases the number of cells. As plant cells grow, they also become specialized into different cell types through cellular differentiation. Once cells differentiate, they can no longer divide. How do plants grow or replace damaged cells after that?
The key to continued growth and repair of plant cells is meristem. Meristem is a type of plant tissue consisting of undifferentiated cells that can continue to divide and differentiate.
REPRODUCTION
Reproduction is the capacity of all living things to give rise to new living things. It includes the transmission of hereditary material from the parent/parents.
The two types of reproduction are:
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Is the simplest form of reproduction. Occurs in plants, animals, bacteria, and protists Requires one parent. Is more reliable than sexual reproduction. Doesn’t allow for any type of genetic variation.
TYPES
Sporulation
Fragmentation
Regeneration
Binary Fission
Budding
Vegetative propagation
SPORULATION
Spore is a reproductive cell that produces a new organism.
Spores are unicellular if conditions are right a spore will develop into a new individual.
They can be carried by the wind, water, or animals
FRAGMENTATION
When a organism is broken into more than one part.
Organism must have good regeneration abilities.
Create many new organisms quickly.
REGENERATION
An organism can replace/re-grow an injured or lost part
Regeneration in plants from
Roots
Stem
leaf
Regeneration in animals
For simple organisms
No vertebrates have this power
Examples are starfish and the salamander
BINARY FISSION
One parent dividing into two by mitosis
Offspring are always genetically identical
Cells may stay close together to form filaments or colonies
Examples-Bacteria and Amoebas
BUDDING
Form on part of the parent by growing an outgrowth which then detaches
Example- is Hydra and Yeast
Offspring will always be genetically identical to the parent
VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION
Plant parts make new plant
Reproduction is very quick
Disadvantage: many plants grow close to each other
Bulbs
– Underground stem
– Surrounded by colorless leaves
– Colorless leaves protect the bulb
– The green leaves store the food
Rhizomes
– Underground stem
– They store food for new plant
– At the end of Rhizomes nodes
Runners(strawberries)
– They are above ground.
– Stems – Nodes form at the end of Runners
– They grow outward
Tuber (potatoes)
– Underground stem
– Stores food
– The nodes eat the tuber
– Potatoes have eyes / buds to make new tubers and or reproduce
Grafting
– Surgically connecting two similar plants
– Ex. Apples – Not done naturally
Cutting
– Cutting off a stem or leaf to reproduce a new plant
– Must be in wet or moist area
– Combination of regeneration and fragmentation
– Not done naturally
Cloning
What is cloning?
Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that every single bit of DNA is the same between the two!
How does one go about making an exact genetic copy of an organism? There are a couple of ways to do this: artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer.
Programed instructional material: Reproduction in PlantsAtul Thakur
This is an initial attempt by my students of B.Ed. in creating Programmed Instructional material using the template I had provided them. Your observations and suggestions are welcome!
Only green plants possess the amazing ability of trapping solar energy to produce food.
Photosynthesis is the process in which green plants absorb solar energy to make food from carbon dioxide and water.
SCIENCE - Reproduction in plants (CLASS VII - CBSE BOARD)Pooja M
SCIENCE
Reproduction in plants
(CLASS VII)
CBSE BOARD
Types of reroduction in plants
tpes of asexual reproduction in plant
Vegetative propagation
Budding
Fragmentation
Spore formation
Sexual reproduction in plants
Parts of flower
Asexual reproduction is a process in which new organism is produced from a single parent without the involvement of gametes or cells. Many unicellular and multi cellular organisms reproduce asexually.
Most plants continue to grow throughout their lives. Like other multicellular organisms, plants grow through a combination of cell growth and cell division. Cell growth increases cell size, while cell division (mitosis) increases the number of cells. As plant cells grow, they also become specialized into different cell types through cellular differentiation. Once cells differentiate, they can no longer divide. How do plants grow or replace damaged cells after that?
The key to continued growth and repair of plant cells is meristem. Meristem is a type of plant tissue consisting of undifferentiated cells that can continue to divide and differentiate.
REPRODUCTION
Reproduction is the capacity of all living things to give rise to new living things. It includes the transmission of hereditary material from the parent/parents.
The two types of reproduction are:
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Is the simplest form of reproduction. Occurs in plants, animals, bacteria, and protists Requires one parent. Is more reliable than sexual reproduction. Doesn’t allow for any type of genetic variation.
TYPES
Sporulation
Fragmentation
Regeneration
Binary Fission
Budding
Vegetative propagation
SPORULATION
Spore is a reproductive cell that produces a new organism.
Spores are unicellular if conditions are right a spore will develop into a new individual.
They can be carried by the wind, water, or animals
FRAGMENTATION
When a organism is broken into more than one part.
Organism must have good regeneration abilities.
Create many new organisms quickly.
REGENERATION
An organism can replace/re-grow an injured or lost part
Regeneration in plants from
Roots
Stem
leaf
Regeneration in animals
For simple organisms
No vertebrates have this power
Examples are starfish and the salamander
BINARY FISSION
One parent dividing into two by mitosis
Offspring are always genetically identical
Cells may stay close together to form filaments or colonies
Examples-Bacteria and Amoebas
BUDDING
Form on part of the parent by growing an outgrowth which then detaches
Example- is Hydra and Yeast
Offspring will always be genetically identical to the parent
VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION
Plant parts make new plant
Reproduction is very quick
Disadvantage: many plants grow close to each other
Bulbs
– Underground stem
– Surrounded by colorless leaves
– Colorless leaves protect the bulb
– The green leaves store the food
Rhizomes
– Underground stem
– They store food for new plant
– At the end of Rhizomes nodes
Runners(strawberries)
– They are above ground.
– Stems – Nodes form at the end of Runners
– They grow outward
Tuber (potatoes)
– Underground stem
– Stores food
– The nodes eat the tuber
– Potatoes have eyes / buds to make new tubers and or reproduce
Grafting
– Surgically connecting two similar plants
– Ex. Apples – Not done naturally
Cutting
– Cutting off a stem or leaf to reproduce a new plant
– Must be in wet or moist area
– Combination of regeneration and fragmentation
– Not done naturally
Cloning
What is cloning?
Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that every single bit of DNA is the same between the two!
How does one go about making an exact genetic copy of an organism? There are a couple of ways to do this: artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer.
Programed instructional material: Reproduction in PlantsAtul Thakur
This is an initial attempt by my students of B.Ed. in creating Programmed Instructional material using the template I had provided them. Your observations and suggestions are welcome!
Only green plants possess the amazing ability of trapping solar energy to produce food.
Photosynthesis is the process in which green plants absorb solar energy to make food from carbon dioxide and water.
More for teachers who do not have much science background than for students. Discusses the ideas of cycles and systems and goes into some detail about some representative sample cycles.
This could be followed by the water cycle slide show:
http://www.slideshare.net/MMoiraWhitehouse/teach-water-cycle-copy
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
3. •The act of breathing air in and out is called respiration.
•Respiration is essential for survival of living organisms. It releases energy from the food.
•The oxygen we inhale is used to breakdown glucose into carbon dioxide and water. Energy is
released in the process.
RESPIRATION
The breakdown of glucose occurs in the cells of an organism (cellular respiration).
TYPE OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
•If the food is broken down with the use of oxygen, it is called aerobic respiration.
•If the breakdown occurs without the use of oxygen, the respiration is calledGGGG
anaerobic respiration.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
4. • Breathing is a part of the process of respiration during which an organism takes in the oxygen-
rich air and gives out air rich in carbon dioxide with the help of respiratory organs.
• It involves two steps:
a. Inhalation: The taking in of air, i.e., rich in oxygen, into the body is called inhalation.
b. Exhalation: Giving out of air, i.e., rich in carbon dioxide is known as exhalation. Ghd
• During inhalation, our lungs expand and then come back to the original state as the air moves
out during exhalation.
• Increased physical activity enhances the rate of breathing.
BREATHING
7. The respiratory organs and the process of breathing of other organism
•In animals like cow, buffalo, dog and cat the respiratory organs and the process of breathing
are similar to those in humans.
•In earthworm, the exchange of gases occurs through the moist skin.
•In fishes it takes place through gills and In insects through the tracheae.
Tracheal systemBreathing organs in fish
8. The respiratory organs and the process of breathing of other organism
In a plant the roots take in air present in the soil.
Leaves have tiny pores called stomata through which they exchange gases.
The breakdown of glucose in the plant cells is similar to that in other living beings.
Roots absorb air from the soil
10. HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS
All organisms need food, water and oxygen for survival. They need
to transport all these to various parts of their body. Further, animals
need to transport wastes to parts from where they can be removed.
Heart and blood vessels function to transport substances and
together form the circulatory system.
11. BLOOD
•In most animals the blood that circulates in the body distributes hfood and oxygen to
different cells of the body. It also carries gwaste products to different parts of the body
for excretion.
•Blood consists of plasma, RBC, WBC and platelets. Blood is red jdue to the presence of a
red pigment, haemoglobin.
•Blood is the fluid which flows in blood vessels.
12.
13. HUMAN HEART
•The human heart beats about 70–80 gtimes per
minute in an adult person. This is called heart rate.
•Arteries carry blood from the heart
gto all parts of the body.
•The heart is located in the chest cavity with its
lower tip slightly tilted towards the left.
•Veins carry blood from all parts of
fthe body back to the heart.
14. HUMAN EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Removal of waste products from the body
is called excretion.
Excretory system of humans consists of
two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder,
and urethra.
15. TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS
•Water and mineral nutrients are absorbed by roots from the soil.
•Nutrients are transported along with water to the entire plant via the vascular tissue called xylem.
•The vascular tissue for the transport of food to the various parts of the plant is phloem.
•A lot of water is lost by plants in the form of vapour through stomata during transpiration.
•Transpiration generates a force which pulls up water absorbed by the roots from the soil, to reach
the stem and leaves.
17. • The production of new individuals from their parents is known as reproduction.
RERODUCTION
• All organisms multiply or reproduce their own kind.
Reproduction in
Plants
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Vegetative
propagationBudding
Spore formationFragmentation
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
18. 1) Reproduction :-
Reproduction :- is the production of new individuals
from their parents.
The vegetative parts of the plant are the roots, stem and
leaves.
The reproductive parts of the plant are the flowers.
In plants there are two main types of reproduction. They
are asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.
i) Asexual reproduction :-
In asexual reproduction new plants without the help of
seeds.
ii) Sexual reproduction :-
In sexual reproduction new plants are produced from
seeds.
19. 2) Asexual reproduction :-
In plants there are different types of asexual reproduction. They are
vegetative propagation, budding, fragmentation, spore formation etc.
i) Vegetative propagation :-
In this method, new plants are produced from the vegetative parts like
the root, stem or leaves.
Eg :- If the stem cutting of a rose plant or money plant is planted in the soil
we can get a new plant.
Potato has small buds called eyes. If a part of the potato with an eye is
cut and planted in the soil we can get a new plant.
If a part of ginger is planted in the soil we can get a new plant.
Bryophyllum has buds in the leaf. If a part of the leaf with bud is
planted in the soil we can get a new plant.
If a part of a cactus plant is planted in the soil we can get a new plant
20. Stem cutting of rose Money plant Potato plants sprouting from eyes
Ginger with new plants
Cactus
Bryophyllum leaf
with new plants
21. ii) Budding :- Eg :- Yeast
In this method a small projection called bud is formed on the yeast
cell. The bud grows and becomes a new yeast cell. The new yeast cell
also grows and produces more yeast cells.
Bud
New
cell
Budding in yeast cells
Yeast cell
22. iii) Fragmentation :- Eg :- Spirogyra
In this method the plant breaks up into two or more fragments and each
fragment grow into new plants.
23. iv) Spore formation :- Eg :- Fungus, Fern etc.
In this method the fungus produces spores. The spores
germinate and produces new plants.
Spore formation in fungus
24. 3) Sexual reproduction :-
Flowers are the reproductive parts of the plant. Stamen is the male reproductive part and pistil
is the female reproductive part.
Flowers which have only the stamen or only the pistil are called unisexual flowers. Eg :- Maize,
Papaya, Cucumber etc.
Flowers which have both the stamen and pistil are called bisexual flowers. Eg :- Rose, Mustard,
Petunia etc.
The stamen has a filament and anther. The anther contains pollen grains which contain the male
gametes.
The pistil has stigma, style and ovary. The ovary contains ovules which contain the female
gamete or egg.
In sexual reproduction the male and female gamete fuse together to form a zygote.
26. a) Pollination :-
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower is called
pollination.
Pollen grains are transferred by wind, water or insects.
If pollen grains lands on the stigma of the same flower, it is called self pollination.
If pollen grains of one flower lands on the stigma of another flower it is called cross
pollination.
27. b) Fertilisation :-
The process of fusion of the male and female gametes to form a zygote is called
fertilisation.
After fertilisation the zygote develops into an embryo. The ovule then develops into the
seed and the ovary develops into the fruit.
28. 4) Seed dispersal :-
The carrying away of seeds from one place to another is called dispersal of seeds.
Seeds are dispersed by wind, water and animals.
Seeds dispersed by wind are light, have wings or hairs so that they are easily blown
away by wind. Eg :- drumstick. maple, sunflower, aak etc.
Seeds dispersed by water have spongy or fibrous outer cover so that they can float on
water. Eg :- coconut
Seeds dispersed by animals have spines with hooks so that they can attach to the
bodies of animals. Eg :- xanthium
30. 1) Motion :-
Motion :- is the change in position of an object with time.
There are different types of motions. They are :-
i) Motion along a straight line (Rectilinear motion) Eg :-
Motion of a car on a straight road.
ii) Periodic motion. Eg :- Motion of a pendulum.
iii) Circular motion. Eg :- Motion of the earth around the sun.
Motion along a straight line Periodic motion Circular motion
31. 2) Speed :-
Speed :- The distance covered by an object in a unit time is called the speed of
the object.
Eg :- If a car covers a distance of 100 kilometres in one hour and a bus covers a
distance of 50 kilometres in one hour, then the speed of the car is more than the
speed of the bus.
Since the speed of most objects are not constant, the speed is the average speed.
Total distance covered
Speed = --------------------------------
Time taken
Uniform motion :- If the speed of an object is constant, it is in uniform motion.
Non uniform motion :- If the speed of an object keeps changing, it is in non uniform
motion.
32. 3) Measurement of time :-
Time is measured by using clocks or watches. Clocks and watches make use
of periodic motion.
Digital clocks
33. 4) Simple pendulum :-
A simple pendulum has a small metallic bob suspended from a stand by a
thread.
If the bob is taken to one side and released, it moves to and fro. The to
and fro motion of the simple pendulum is called periodic motion or
oscillatory motion.
Thread
Bob A O
B
34. Oscillation :-
When the bob moves from the mean position O to A and to B and back to O,
it is called one oscillation.
When the bob moves from one extreme position A to the other extreme
position B and back to A, it is called one oscillation.
Time period :-
The time taken by the pendulum to complete one oscillation is called its time
period.
A
O B
Mean position
Extreme positionExtreme position
35. 5) Units of time and speed :-
a) The basic unit of time is second (s).
The larger units of time are minutes (min), hours (h) etc.
b) The basic unit of speed is metre per second (m/s).
A larger unit of speed is kilometre per hour (km/h).
6) Ancient time measuring devices :-
Some ancient time measuring devices were Sun dials, Water clocks
and Sand clocks.
37. 7) Measuring speed :-
The speed of an object can be measured if we know the distance
covered by the object and the time taken.
Eg :- If a car covers a distance of 100 kilometres in two hours, then the
speed of the car is :-
Distance covered – 100 km
Time taken – 2 hr
Distance 100
Speed = ------------- = ----- = 50 km/h
Time 2
If we know the speed of the car and the time, we can find the distance
covered by it.
Distance = Speed x Time
= 50 x 2 = 100 km
If we know distance covered by the car and the speed, we can find the
time taken.
Distance 100
Time = ------------- = ----- = 2 hr
Speed 50
38. 8a) Speedometer :-
Speedometer is a device which measures the speed of vehicles
in km/h.
b) Odometer :-
Odometer is a device which measures the distance covered by a
vehicle.
Speedometer Speedometer and Odometer
39. 9) Distance – Time graph :-
The distance distance travelled by a car and the time taken is shown in the table below.
If the distance – time
graph is a straight
line, then the object
is moving with constant
speed. If the speed
keeps changing, the
graph can be of any
shape.
Sl.No. Time Distance
1 0 0
2 1 min 1 km
3 1 min 2 km
4 3 min 3 km
5 4 min 4 km
6 5 min 5 km
41. Electric current and its effects
1) Symbols of electric components :-
Electric component Symbol
i) Electric cell
ii) Electric bulb
iii) Switch in
OFF position
iv) Switch in
ON position
v) Battery
vi) Wire
42. Electric current and its effects
Electric cell :- has a positive terminal and a negative terminal.
The symbol of an electric cell has a longer line and a shorter
line. The longer line is the positive terminal and the shorter line
is the negative terminal.
Battery :- A battery is a combination of two or more cells. In a
battery the positive terminal of one cell is connected to the
negative terminal of another cell. Devices like torches,
transistors, toys, TV remote controls use batteries.
Connecting cells together Cell holder
43. Electric current and its effects
A simple electric circuit can be made by using a cell, electric
bulb, switch and wires.
The bulb glows only when the switch is in the ON position
and the circuit is closed.
Closed electric circuit
Open electric circuit
An electric circuit
2) A simple electric circuit :-
44. Electric current and its effects
3) Heating effect of electric current :-
When electric current flows through a wire, the wire gets
heated. This is called the heating effect of electric current.
Activity :-
Make an electric circuit as shown in the figure. Take a 10 cm
long nichrome wire and tie it between the two nails. Switch on
the current. After a few seconds touch the wire. The wire feels
hot. Then switch off the current. After a few seconds touch the
wire again. It does not feel hot. This shows that when electric
current flows through a wire, it gets heated.
45. Electric current and its effects
4) Uses of heating effects of electric current :-
The heating effect of electric current is used in electrical appliances
like electric heater, electric iron, electric room heater, immersion
heater, electric kettle, hair dryer etc.
All these appliances have a coil of wire called an element. When
electric current flows through the element it becomes hot and gives
out heat.
The amount of heat produced in a wire depends upon its material,
length and thickness.
Electric heater
Electric room heater Electric iron Electric kettle
46. Electric current and its effects
5) Electric fuse :-
Electric fuse is a safety device used in electrical circuits which
protects the electrical circuits and appliances and prevents fires.
Electrical fuse is used in all electrical circuits in buildings.
Electric fuse has a wire which melts quickly and break when
large electric current flows through it.
Fuse used in buildings Fuses used in electrical
appliances
47. Electric current and its effects
6) Magnetic effect of electric current :-
When electric current flows through a wire, it behaves like a
magnet. This is called magnetic effect of electric current.
Activity :-
Take the cardboard tray from a match box. Wind an electric
wire a few times around the cardboard tray. Place a small
compass needle inside it. Connect the free ends of the wire to an
electric cell through a switch. When the switch is ON, the
compass needle deflects. When the switch is OFF, the compass
needle comes back to its original position. This shows that when
electric current flows through a wire, it behaves like a magnet.
48. Electric current and its effects
7) Electromagnet :-
When electric current is passed through a coil of insulated wire
wound around a piece of iron, it becomes a magnet. Such a
magnet is called an electromagnet.
Activity :- Wind a piece of insulated wire around an iron nail in
the form of a coil. Connect the free ends of the wire to an electric
cell through a switch. Place some pins near the nail. When
electric current is passed, the iron nail becomes a magnet and
attracts the pins. When electric current is switched off, the nail
loses its magnetism.
49. Electric current and its effects
8) Electric bell :-
The electric bell has a coil of wire wound around a piece of iron which acts
like an electromagnet. An iron strip with a hammer is kept close to the
electromagnet. There is a contact screw near the iron strip. When the iron strip
is in contact with the screw, current flows through the coil and becomes an
electromagnet. It pulls the iron strip and the hammer at the end of the strip
strikes the gong of the bell and produces sound. When the electromagnet
pulls the iron strip, it also breaks the circuit and the iron strip comes back to
the original position and the process repeats and the bell rings.
51. Light
1) Light travels along a straight line :-
Activity :-
Light a candle and fix it on a table. Take a piece of straight pipe or a
rubber tube. Look at the candle through the pipe. You can see the candle
flame. If the pipe is bent, you cannot see the candle flame. This shows that
light travels along a straight line.
52. Light
2) Reflection of light :-
When light falls on a mirror, the direction of light changes. This change
in the direction of light by a mirror is called reflection of light.
Activity :- Take a torch and cover its glass with a chart paper. Having a small hole.
Spread a chart paper on a wooden board. Keep a plane mirror vertically on it. Direct a
beam of light at an angle to the mirror. The direction of light changes. If the torch is
moved slightly to either side, the direction of light also changes.
53. Light
3) Image formed by a plane mirror :-
i) The image is erect.
ii) The image is same size as the object.
iii) The image is at the same distance from the mirror as the object is
in front of it.
iv) The image is virtual (cannot be obtained on a screen).
v) In the image the right side appears left and the left side appears
right.
54. Light
4a) Spherical mirrors :-
Spherical mirrors are curved mirrors.
If the reflecting is inside, the spherical mirror is a concave
mirror.
If the reflecting surface is outside, the spherical mirror is a
convex mirror.
Eg :- A stainless steel spoon also act like a mirror. The inner
side acts like a concave mirror and the outer side acts like a
convex mirror
Concave Convex
55. Light
b) Image formed by Concave mirror :-
i) The image formed by a concave mirror may be smaller or larger than
the object.
ii) The image may also be real (can be obtained on a screen) or virtual
(cannot be obtained on a screen).
iii) The image may inverted or erect.
Activity :- Fix a concave mirror on a screen. Light a candle and keep it at a
distance of 50 cm from the mirror. Try to obtain the image of the candle flame
on a screen by moving the screen. Observe the image. Then move the
candle closer to the mirror at different distances and observe the images.
Distance of object from the mirror Smaller / Larger than the object Inverted / Erect Real / Virtual
50 cm
40 cm
30 cm
20 cm
10 cm
5 cm
56. Light
c) Uses of Concave mirrors :-
Concave mirrors are used as reflectors in torches,
headlights of cars, scooters etc.
Concave mirrors are used by dentists to see enlarged
images of teeth.
Concave mirrors are used by doctors for examining eyes,
ears, nose and throat.
57. Light
d) Image formed by Convex mirror :-
i) The image formed by a convex mirror is virtual (cannot
be obtained on a screen).
ii) The image is smaller in size than the object.
e) Uses of Convex mirror :-
Convex mirrors are used as side mirrors in cars, scooters etc.
Convex mirror has a wider view to help drivers to see the
traffic behind them.
58. Light
5a) Lenses :-
Lenses are of two main types. They are Convex lenses and concave
lenses.
i) Convex lens is thick in the middle and thin at the
edges. A convex lens bends light inwards. So it is called
converging lens.
ii) Concave lens is thin in the middle and thick at the edges.
A concave lens bends light outwards. So it is called
diverging lens.
59. Light
b) Image formed by Convex lens :-
i) The image formed by a convex may be smaller or larger
than the object.
ii) The image may also be real (can be obtained on a screen)
or virtual (cannot be obtained on a screen).
iii) The image may inverted or erect.
c) Image formed by Concave lens :-
i) The image formed by a convex mirror is virtual (cannot
be obtained on a screen).
ii) The image is smaller in size than the object.
d) Uses of lenses :-
Lenses are used in spectacles, microscopes, telescopes,
cameras etc.
60. Light
6a) Sunlight – White or coloured ?
A rainbow is usually seen in the sky after a rain when the sun
is low in the sky. A rainbow has seven colours. They are – red,
orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.
Activity :-
Take a glass prism and allow a narrow beam of sunlight to fall
on one side of the prism. Keep a screen on the other side of the
prism. We can see that seven rainbow colours on the screen.
This shows that sunlight or white light is a mixture of seven
colours.
61. Light
b) Mixing the rainbow colours produces white light :-
If the seven rainbow colours are mixed together, it produces
white light.
Activity :- Take a circular cardboard and divide it into seven
segments. Paint the seven rainbow colours on it. Make a small
hole in the centre of the disc. Fix the disc on the tip of a refill of
a ball pen. When the disc is rotated fast, the colours get mixed
and appears white in colour. This disc is known as Newton’s
colour disc.
63. Water: A Precious Resource
1) World water day :-
The year 2003 was observed as the INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF
FRESHWATER to make people aware of this dwindling natural resource.
22 MARCH is celebrated as the WORLD WATER DAY.
64. Water: A Precious Resource
2) Water on the earth’s surface :-
About 71 % of the earth’s surface is covered with water. Water is present
in the oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, ice caps, as ground water and in the
atmosphere.
Most of this water is not fit for human consumption. The water that is fit for
human use is freshwater.
65. Water: A Precious Resource
3) Water cycle :-
The water from the oceans and surface of the earth evaporates and rises up in the air. It cools
and condenses to form clouds and then falls back to the earth as rain, snow or hail. This
circulation of water between the oceans and land is called water cycle.
In the water cycle, water is found in three different forms as solid, liquid and gas.
The solid forms of water are ice, and snow is found as ice caps at the poles and snow covered
mountains and glaciers.
The liquid form of water is found in oceans, lakes, rivers and as underground water.
The gaseous form of water is found as water vapour in the air around us.
67. Water: A Precious Resource
4) Groundwater :-
Water is present underground as groundwater. The upper layer of the groundwater is called
the water table. The water table may be at a depth of one metre or at a depth of several metres
below the ground.
The water from rain, rivers, lakes and ponds seeps through the soil and fills the space below
the ground. The process of seeping of water through the soil is called infiltration.
At some places groundwater is stored between layers of hard rock. This is called aquifier.
Water from aquifiers is pumped and taken out through hand pumps and tube wells.
68. Water: A Precious Resource
5) Depletion of water table :-
If we draw more water from the ground than the amount of
water which seeps into the ground, then the water table goes
down and gets depleted.
Water table gets depleted due to :-
i) Increase in population
ii) Industrial activities
iii) Agricultural activities
iv) Decrease in rainfall
v) Deforestation
69. Water: A Precious Resource
6) Distribution of water :-
- The distribution of water is not the same at all places on
the earth.
- Some places have more rain and are rich in water and
some places like deserts have less rainfall.
- Excess rain cause floods and lack of rain causes
drought.
Drought Flood
70. Water: A Precious Resource
7) Water management :-
Water management is preventing wastage of water, using water carefully and recharging
ground water.
Water management can be done by :-
i) Repairing leaking pipes and taps.
ii) Not wasting water during brushing teeth, shaving, bathing, washing
clothes and during other activities.
iii) Rainwater harvesting.
iv) By drip irrigation of plants.
Drip irrigation :- is a method of watering plants using narrow pipes
through which water drips into the base of the plants.
73. Forests : Our lifeline
1) Forest :-
Forest is a natural habitat for many different kinds of plants
and animals. Forests provide food and shelter for animals.
Some common animals found in a forest are :- lion, tiger,
elephant, monkey, deer, zebra, jackal, bison, boar, snake,
porcupine, crocodile etc.
74. Forests : Our lifeline
Some common types of plants found in forests
are :- trees like teak, bamboo, fig, saal, sesham,
semal, neem, palash, khair, amla, kachnar etc.
Forests also have several kinds of shrubs, herbs
and grasses, climbers, creepers etc.
TEAK BAMBOO FIG SHEESHAM
SAL NEEM AMLA KACNAR
75. Forests : Our lifeline
2) Products we get from forests :-
We get several useful products from forests like wood, spices, gum, oils, honey, sealing wax,
catechu, fodder for animals, medicinal plants etc.
76. Forests : Our lifeline
3) Characteristics of trees in forests :-
The branchy part of a tree above the stem is called the crown of the tree.
The crown of trees have different shapes.
.
Some crown shapes of trees
Trees have different heights, crowns,
shapes of leaves, flowers and fruits.
The branches of tall trees look like a roof over the other
plants in the forest. This is called a canopy.
77. Forests : Our lifeline
4) Interdependence of components of forest :-
Forest has different types of plants and animals. They are
autotrophs, heterotrophs, saprotrophs and decomposers.
Autotrophs:- are green plants which prepare food by
photosynthesis.
Heterotrophs:- are animals which get their food directly or
indirectly from plants.
Saprotrophs:- are animals which feed on dead animals.
Decomposers:- are micro organisms which decompose dead
plants and animals into humus.
Food chain:- Organisms which feed on plants are eaten by
other organisms and so on to form food chains.
Eg : Grass Insects Frog Snake Eagle
There are many food chains in the forest. All food chains are linked together.
If any food chain is disturbed, it affects other food chains.
Every component of forest depends on one another. If we remove one
component like trees, all the other components are affected.
78. Forests : Our lifeline
5) Balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere :-
During respiration plants and animals take in oxygen and release carbon dioxde.
During photosynthesis plantstake in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. So plants
help to maintain the oxygen and carbon dioxide balance in the atmosphere.
This is why forests are called green lungs.
79. Forests : Our lifeline
6) Importance of forests :-
i) Forest is a natural habitat for a large number of plants
and animals.
ii) Forest help in maintaining the oxygen and carbon
dioxide balance in the atmosphere.
iii) Forests help in bringing good rainfall.
iv) Forest help to protect soil from erosion.
v) Forest absorb rainwater and helps to maintain water
table.
vi) We get medicinal plants, timber and many other useful
products from forests.
vii) Many people live in forests and forest provide them
with food, water, shelter and medicines.
This template can be used as a starter file for presenting training materials in a group setting.SectionsRight-click on a slide to add sections. Sections can help to organize your slides or facilitate collaboration between multiple authors.NotesUse the Notes section for delivery notes or to provide additional details for the audience. View these notes in Presentation View during your presentation. Keep in mind the font size (important for accessibility, visibility, videotaping, and online production)Coordinated colors Pay particular attention to the graphs, charts, and text boxes.Consider that attendees will print in black and white or grayscale. Run a test print to make sure your colors work when printed in pure black and white and grayscale.Graphics, tables, and graphsKeep it simple: If possible, use consistent, non-distracting styles and colors.Label all graphs and tables.
This template can be used as a starter file for presenting training materials in a group setting.SectionsRight-click on a slide to add sections. Sections can help to organize your slides or facilitate collaboration between multiple authors.NotesUse the Notes section for delivery notes or to provide additional details for the audience. View these notes in Presentation View during your presentation. Keep in mind the font size (important for accessibility, visibility, videotaping, and online production)Coordinated colors Pay particular attention to the graphs, charts, and text boxes.Consider that attendees will print in black and white or grayscale. Run a test print to make sure your colors work when printed in pure black and white and grayscale.Graphics, tables, and graphsKeep it simple: If possible, use consistent, non-distracting styles and colors.Label all graphs and tables.
This template can be used as a starter file for presenting training materials in a group setting.SectionsRight-click on a slide to add sections. Sections can help to organize your slides or facilitate collaboration between multiple authors.NotesUse the Notes section for delivery notes or to provide additional details for the audience. View these notes in Presentation View during your presentation. Keep in mind the font size (important for accessibility, visibility, videotaping, and online production)Coordinated colors Pay particular attention to the graphs, charts, and text boxes.Consider that attendees will print in black and white or grayscale. Run a test print to make sure your colors work when printed in pure black and white and grayscale.Graphics, tables, and graphsKeep it simple: If possible, use consistent, non-distracting styles and colors.Label all graphs and tables.
This template can be used as a starter file for presenting training materials in a group setting.SectionsRight-click on a slide to add sections. Sections can help to organize your slides or facilitate collaboration between multiple authors.NotesUse the Notes section for delivery notes or to provide additional details for the audience. View these notes in Presentation View during your presentation. Keep in mind the font size (important for accessibility, visibility, videotaping, and online production)Coordinated colors Pay particular attention to the graphs, charts, and text boxes.Consider that attendees will print in black and white or grayscale. Run a test print to make sure your colors work when printed in pure black and white and grayscale.Graphics, tables, and graphsKeep it simple: If possible, use consistent, non-distracting styles and colors.Label all graphs and tables.
This template can be used as a starter file for presenting training materials in a group setting.SectionsRight-click on a slide to add sections. Sections can help to organize your slides or facilitate collaboration between multiple authors.NotesUse the Notes section for delivery notes or to provide additional details for the audience. View these notes in Presentation View during your presentation. Keep in mind the font size (important for accessibility, visibility, videotaping, and online production)Coordinated colors Pay particular attention to the graphs, charts, and text boxes.Consider that attendees will print in black and white or grayscale. Run a test print to make sure your colors work when printed in pure black and white and grayscale.Graphics, tables, and graphsKeep it simple: If possible, use consistent, non-distracting styles and colors.Label all graphs and tables.
This template can be used as a starter file for presenting training materials in a group setting.SectionsRight-click on a slide to add sections. Sections can help to organize your slides or facilitate collaboration between multiple authors.NotesUse the Notes section for delivery notes or to provide additional details for the audience. View these notes in Presentation View during your presentation. Keep in mind the font size (important for accessibility, visibility, videotaping, and online production)Coordinated colors Pay particular attention to the graphs, charts, and text boxes.Consider that attendees will print in black and white or grayscale. Run a test print to make sure your colors work when printed in pure black and white and grayscale.Graphics, tables, and graphsKeep it simple: If possible, use consistent, non-distracting styles and colors.Label all graphs and tables.
This template can be used as a starter file for presenting training materials in a group setting.SectionsRight-click on a slide to add sections. Sections can help to organize your slides or facilitate collaboration between multiple authors.NotesUse the Notes section for delivery notes or to provide additional details for the audience. View these notes in Presentation View during your presentation. Keep in mind the font size (important for accessibility, visibility, videotaping, and online production)Coordinated colors Pay particular attention to the graphs, charts, and text boxes.Consider that attendees will print in black and white or grayscale. Run a test print to make sure your colors work when printed in pure black and white and grayscale.Graphics, tables, and graphsKeep it simple: If possible, use consistent, non-distracting styles and colors.Label all graphs and tables.
This template can be used as a starter file for presenting training materials in a group setting.SectionsRight-click on a slide to add sections. Sections can help to organize your slides or facilitate collaboration between multiple authors.NotesUse the Notes section for delivery notes or to provide additional details for the audience. View these notes in Presentation View during your presentation. Keep in mind the font size (important for accessibility, visibility, videotaping, and online production)Coordinated colors Pay particular attention to the graphs, charts, and text boxes.Consider that attendees will print in black and white or grayscale. Run a test print to make sure your colors work when printed in pure black and white and grayscale.Graphics, tables, and graphsKeep it simple: If possible, use consistent, non-distracting styles and colors.Label all graphs and tables.