Schmall crim today8e_ppt_ch11

Criminology Today
An Integrated Introduction
CHAPTER
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Crimes Against
Persons
11

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Frank Schmalleger
Murder
• Homicide
 Willful killing of one human being by
another
• Murder
 Criminal homicide
 The causing of the death of another
person without legal justification or
excuse

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Types of Murder
• First degree
 Planned, malice aforethought
• Second degree
 Crime of passion
• Third degree
 Negligent homicide
• Felony murder
 Killing during another crime

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The Subculture of Violence Thesis
• Wolfgang and Ferracuti's subculture of
violence thesis
 Certain groups share norms/values in
lifestyles of violence.
 Main theoretical perspective used to
explain similarities between homicide
victims and offenders
continued on next slide

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The Subculture of Violence Thesis
• The racial composition of an area alone
does not have a significant effect on
homicide rates.

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Victim-Offender Relationship
• Parker and Smith's typology
 Primary homicides
• Most frequent, prior victim/offender
relationship
• Expressive crimes
 Nonprimary homicides
• No prior victim/offender relationship
• Instrumental crimes

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• Williams and Flemming
 Factors predicting homicide vary by
homicide type.
 Poverty better predictor of family
homicide
 Population size better predictor of
stranger homicide

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• Williams and Flemming
 Victim/offender relationship and
homicide context explain patterns of
homicide.
• Exposure-reduction theory of intimate-
partner homicide

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Sibling Offenses
• Not all homicide offenders intend to kill
their victims.
 Instrumental homicide may begin as a
robbery motivated by instrumental
ends.
 Expressive homicide may be preceded
by an argument.
• Sibling offense
 Incident that initiates the homicide

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Weapon Use
• Instrumentality
 The type of weapon used in an
encounter can affect whether the
encounter becomes lethal.
• Availability
 Issues surrounding how access to guns
may increase their presence in all types
of interactions, including criminal ones.

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Alcohol and Drug Use
• Goldstein
 Association of alcohol/drugs with violent
crimes takes 1 of 3 forms.
• Psychopharmacological use
• Economic compulsion
• Systemic violence

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Alcohol and Drug Use
• Parker
 Selective disinhibition
• Loss of self-control due to social setting
and/or drugs or alcohol

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Serial Killers
• Criminal homicide involving the killing
of several victims in three or more
events
• Most serial killers are not legally insane
or medically psychotic, although many
are diagnosed as sociopaths.

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Typologies of Serial Killers
• Four-part typology
 Visionary serial killers
 Comfort serial killers
 Hedonistic serial killers
 Power seekers
• Fox and Levin typology
 Thrill-motivated
• Sexual sadists
• Dominance killers

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Typologies of Serial Killers
• Fox and Levin typology
 Mission-oriented
• Reformists
• Visionaries
 Expedience-driven
• Profit-driven
• Protection-oriented

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Female Serial Killers
• Typically target people known to them
 Different from male serial killers, who
tend to target strangers
• Disciple killer
 Murders as the result of the influence of
a charismatic personality

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• Generally characterized by geographic
stability
 Male serial killers often commit crimes
some distance from their homes.

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• Kelleher and Kelleher's typology of
female serialists
 Black widow
 Angel of death
• Tend to be more systematic then men
• Typical career of female serial killer is
longer than that of male counterparts.

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Apprehending Serial Killers
• FBI's Violent Criminal Apprehension
Program (VICAP)
• Profiling
 Organized nonsocial killers
 Disorganized asocial killers
• Geomapping

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Mass Murder
• Killing more than three people at the
same time
• Levin and Fox's typology differentiates
crime by motive.
 Revenge
 Love
 Profit
 Terror

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Mass Murder
• Contributing factors that may lead to
mass murder
 Predisposers
 Precipitants
 Facilitators
• Majority of mass killers target specially
chosen victims.
• Easier to apprehend than serial killers

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Rape
• FBI adopted new gender-neutral
definition of rape in 2012.
• Old definition biased
 Did not allow for rape of male victims
 Did not count nonvaginal sexual
intercourse
 Did not count rapes that omitted direct
physical force

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Rape
• New gender-neutral definition
 The penetration, no matter how slight,
of the vagina or anus with any body
part or object, or oral penetration by a
sex organ of another person, without
the consent of the victim
• Police reports rarely reveal the true
incidence of rape.

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Feminist Perspectives
• Multiple perspectives
 Some common elements
• View gender as a social (not biological)
construct
• Patriarchal structures within society that
contribute to the privileged status of men
are inseparable from rape
• Rape seen as act of power/domination

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Feminist Perspectives
• Rape culture
 Views male aggression as normal, even
in sexual relations
 Women blamed for their own rapes
• Contribution of pornography
 Objectification of women
• Feminist perspectives have been
criticized for their often one-
dimensional view of masculinity.

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Psychopathological Perspective
• Based on two assumptions
 Rape is the result of idiosyncratic
mental disease.
 Rape often includes uncontrollable
sexual impulses.
• Groth suggests that rape is connected
to issues like power and anger.

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Integrated Theory of Rape
• Model posits that support for legitimate
violence, higher levels of gender
inequality, and social disorganization
combine to produce higher rape rates
at the state level.
• Researchers have found support for
direct effect of gender inequality on
rape rates.

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Evolutionary/Biological
Perspectives
• Focuses on motives and ends conducive
to rape
• Different traits relating to mating that
developed in males and females may
have evolved through sexual selection
• Criticized for justifying rape as natural
• Argues that feminist position of rape
ignores existence of a biologically
based sexual motivation

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Typologies of Rapists
• Hazelwood and Burgess' typology is
based on offender motivation.
 Power-assertive
 Power-reassurance
 Anger-retaliatory
 Anger-excitation

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Typologies of Rapists
• Stevens' typology based on motivations
 Role of lust a primary motive for a large
proportion of rapists
• Scully's typology based on patterns of
rationalizations used by offenders
 Admitters
 Deniers

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Acquaintance Rape
• Majority of rapes occur when victim and
offender have some prior relationship.
• Date rape
 Acquaintance rape among adults often
occurs within the context of a dating
relationship.
• Issue of concern on college campuses

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Spousal Rape
• Spousal rape now illegal in all states
• Russell's typology
 Husbands who prefer raping their wives
to having consensual sex with them
 Husbands who enjoy both rape and
consensual sex with their wives

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Spousal Rape
• Russell's typology
 Husbands who prefer consensual sex
but are willing to rape their wives
 Husbands who might like to rape their
wives but do not act on those desires

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Rape in Prison
• 2003 Prison Rape Elimination Act
mandates the collection of statistics on
prison rape.
• Victims frequently reluctant to report
incidents to correctional authorities
• Sexual assaults in prison likely to have
long-term psychological effects on
victims.

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The Sexual Victimization of Men
• Issue largely ignored until recently
 Victims often significantly stigmatized
 Data sources ignore settings where men
are likely to be victimized.
• Sexual victimization of men common
 Public still sees sexual victimization as
primarily a women's issue.

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The Sexual Victimization of Men
• Traditional notions contribute to
dismissive attitudes towards male
victims.

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Child Sexual Abuse
• Includes a variety of criminal and civil
offenses in which an adult:
 Engages in sexual activity with a minor
 Exploits a minor for purposes of sexual
gratification, or
 Exploits a minor sexually for purposes
of profit

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Child Sexual Abuse
• Greatly despised but little understood
• Self-reports reveal far more abuse than
officially reported.

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Types of Child Sex Abusers
• Almost all pedophiles are male, with
few other similarities.
• Groth's two-part typology
 Regressed offenders
 Fixated offenders
• Commercial sexual exploitation of
children
 Adult victimizes child sexually for profit.
 Includes child pornography

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Robbery
• Combines elements of violence and
property crime
• Personal robberies
 Robberies and muggings occurring in
residences
• Institutional robberies
 Robberies in commercial settings
(banks, gas stations, etc.)

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The Lethal Potential of Robbery
• Robbery carries threat of lethal injury
to the victim
 Robbery is the most likely felony to
result in a homicide.
• Most frequently used weapon is a
firearm, primarily a handgun.

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Criminal Careers of Robbers
• Most robbers are generalists with
lengthy but varied careers.
• Few inmates specialize exclusively in
robbery.
• Diversity of offense type appears to be
the norm for most offenders.

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Robbery and Public Transportation
• Crime prevention strategies can be
very effective in public transport
settings.
• Robbery on mass transit is fairly rare.
• Among transit workers, taxi drivers are
at greatest risk of robbery.

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The Motivation of Robbers
• Most robberies involve little planning.
• Alternatives to robbery include:
 Legal work, borrowing, other crimes
 Most not viable options for convicted
robbers

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The Motivation of Robbers
• Motivations for robbery include financial
gain, desire to fight, desire to set right
a perceived injustice, desire to enhance
street credibility, or "just for kicks."

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Drug Robberies
• Majority of offenders specializing in
street robberies have targeted minor
drug dealers.
 Acquire both money and drugs
 Drug dealers were unlikely to report the
victimization to the police.

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Drug Robberies
• Targeting drug dealers risky because of
possibility of violent retaliation.
• Strategies used to minimize risk
involved in targeting drug dealers
 Intimidation
 Anonymity maintenance
 Hypervigilance

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The Gendered Nature of Robbery
• Other than rape, robbery is the most
gender-differentiated crime in the US.
• Men/women motivated by money, differ
in how they carry out street robberies

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The Gendered Nature of Robbery
• Female robbers' common patterns
 Rob other women using physical
confrontation
 Use sexuality to attract male victims
 Accomplice to male robbers targeting
men

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Frank Schmalleger
Aggravated Assault
• The unlawful attack by one person
upon another wherein the offender uses
a weapon or displays it in a threatening
manner, or the victim suffers obvious
or severe bodily injury
• Typical offender profile mirrors that of
homicide offenders.
• Most aggravated assaults are
spontaneous.

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Stranger Assault
• Possibility of stranger violence creates
much fear and concern
• Probability of serious victimization by
strangers very low
• Likelihood varies by demographic
characteristics.

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Assault within Families
• Majority of assaults involve victims and
offenders known to each other, often in
familial or intimate relationships.
• Family privacy
 Family violence is difficult to research
because the family as a social institution
is private.
 Discussion of violence among family
members violates this privacy.

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• Early research found women much
more likely than men to be victims of
domestic violence
• NIBRS data suggest that slightly over
half of all violent crimes involved
victims and offenders who were
related.
 Most were assaults

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Intimate-Partner Assault
• Assaultive behavior between individuals
involved in an intimate relationship
• Vast majority of victims are women.
• Separation assault
 A particularly violent response by the
male partner that occurs after a woman
leaves a violent relationship
• Cycle of violence

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Frank Schmalleger
Workplace Violence
• Includes murder, rape, robbery, and
assault committed against persons at
work or on duty
• Significant problem in U.S. today
• Police experience highest rates of
workplace violence, college/university
professors among those least likely to
be victimized.

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Frank Schmalleger
Types of Workplace Violence
• Violence by criminals with no other
connection to the workplace
• Violence directed at employees by
those for whom organization provides
services

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Types of Workplace Violence
• Violence against coworkers,
supervisors, or managers by a present
or former employee
• Violence by someone who does not
work there but who has a personal
relationship with an employee

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Frank Schmalleger
Hate Crimes
• Crimes motivated by hatred, bias, or
prejudice based on the actual/perceived
race, color, religion, national origin,
ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation
of another individual or group
• 1990 Hate Crime Statistics Act
• Includes violent and property crimes

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Role of Hate Groups
• Hate groups
 KKK, Aryan Nations, National Alliance,
etc.
 Most hate crimes not committed by hate
groups
• Majority of hate crimes are committed
by teens, primarily white males, acting
alone or in groups.

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Stalking
• Course of conduct directed at a specific
person that involves repeated visual or
physical proximity, nonconsensual
communication, and/or verbal, written
or implied threats, or a combination
thereof, that would cause a reasonable
person fear
• Antistalking laws consider the totality of
the circumstances.

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Frank Schmalleger
Victim-Offender Relationships in
Stalking
• Majority of victims are women, majority
of stalkers are men.
• Most victims between ages of 18–39
• Majority of victims know their stalkers.
 Women more likely to be stalked by
intimate partner
 Men more likely to be stalked by
stranger or acquaintance

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Frank Schmalleger
Stalking in Intimate-Partner
Relationships
• Can occur before and/or after
relationship ends
• Other forms of violence often
accompany stalking
• Men who stalked their former wives
more likely than non-stalkers to engage
in emotionally abuse and controlling
behavior towards wife

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Frank Schmalleger
Consequences of Stalking
• Consequences can negatively affect
victims' lives.
 Increased concern about personal safety
 Need for counseling
 Time lost from work
 Need for extra self-protective measures
• Women more likely to report stalking to
police than men

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Frank Schmalleger
Cyberstalking
• Recommendations to help control
cyberstalking include:
 Review of state stalking laws to ensure
they include provisions for cyberstalking
 Amendments to federal laws
 Training for law enforcement
 Web site with cyberstalking information

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