Schmall crim today8e_ppt_ch15

Criminology Today
An Integrated Introduction
CHAPTER
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e
Frank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Technology and
Crime
15

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Frank Schmalleger
Technology and Crime
• Technology and crime have always
been closely linked.
• Technology can be used by both crime
fighters and lawbreakers.
• As technology progresses, it facilitates
new forms of behavior, including new
crimes.

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Frank Schmalleger
High Technology and Criminal
Opportunity
• Routes to illegitimate access to
computerized information
 Direct access
 Computer trespass
• Cybercrime/computer crime
 Any violation of a federal or state
computer-crime statute
continued on next slide

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Frank Schmalleger
Opportunity
• FBI typology of cybercrimes
 Internal cybercrimes
 Internet/telecommunications crimes
 Support of criminal enterprises
 Computer-manipulation crimes
 Hardware, software, and information
theft

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Frank Schmalleger
Opportunity
• Most financial transactions are
computerized.
 Money is information.

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Frank Schmalleger
The Extent of Cybercrime
• Annual cost of cybercrime in the U.S.
estimated at $666 million
• 2014 global report on cybercrime cost
 Cybercrimes and associated costs
continue to increase.
 Most costly cybercrimes caused by
malicious insiders
 Business disruption represents the
highest cost.

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Frank Schmalleger
The Extent of Cybercrime
• Software piracy
 Unauthorized and illegal copying of
software programs
• Phishing
 Scam using official-looking e-mails to
steal valuable information
 May threaten viability of e-commerce
• Not all cybercrime is committed for
financial gain.

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Frank Schmalleger
Cybercrime and the Law
• Communications Decency Act (1996)
 Reno v. ACLU
• No Electronic Theft Act (1997)
• Digital Theft Deterrence and Copyright
Damages Improvement Act (1999)
• Cyber Security Enhancement Act
(2002)

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Frank Schmalleger
Cybercrime and the Law
• Computer-related crime
 Any illegal act for which knowledge of
computer technology is involved for its
investigation, perpetration, or
prosecution
• Computer abuse
 Any incident associated with computer
technology in which a victim suffered
loss and perpetrator intentionally gained

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Frank Schmalleger
The History and Nature of Hacking
• Computer hacking began in late 1950s
with creation of interstate phone
system and direct distance dialing.
• Phone phreaks
 Used special telecommunications access
codes and other restricted information
to avoid paying long-distance charges
• DHS identified modern threats to
handheld devices like mobile phones.

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Frank Schmalleger
A Profile of Cybercriminals
• Cybercriminals tend to come from
hacker subculture.
• Average hacker
 Male between 16–25 who lives in the US
 Computer user but not programmer
 Hacks with software written by others
 Primary motivation is to gain access to
Web sites and computer networks.

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Frank Schmalleger
A Profile of Cybercriminals
• Hacker typology
 Pioneers
 Scamps
 Explorers
 Game players
 Vandals
 Addicts
• Some hackers are high-tech operators.

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Frank Schmalleger
Cybercrime as a Form of White-
Collar Crime
• Many similarities between computer
and white-collar crime
 Committed through nonviolent means
 Access to computers or storage media
often needed
 Involve information manipulations
creating profits or losses
 Can be committed by individuals or
organizations

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Frank Schmalleger
Cybercrime as a Form of White-
Collar Crime
• Other similarities include:
 Crimes are difficult to detect.
 Public sees them as less serious than
violent crimes.
 Cost victims and society large amounts
of money and other resources
 Prevention requires a combination of
legal, technical, managerial, security,
and audit-monitoring controls.

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Frank Schmalleger
Technology in the Fight against
Crime
• Technology is a double-edged sword.
 Provides criminals new weapons to
commit crimes
 Provides the criminal justice system
with new tools to fight crime
• Criminally useful or evasive
technologies and law enforcement
capabilities commonly leapfrog one
another.

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Frank Schmalleger
DNA Technology
• DNA profiling
 The use of biological residue found at a
crime scene for genetic comparisons to
help identify suspects
 DNA evidence long-lasting
 Highly reliable but not infallible
• The greatest threat to reliable results is
human error in conducting the tests.

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Frank Schmalleger
DNA Technology
• Daubert standard
 Test to determine whether a form of
scientific evidence is reliable
 Key factors
• It has been subjected to testing.
• It has been subjected to peer review.
• It has known/potential rates of error.
• It has standards controlling application of
the techniques involved.

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Frank Schmalleger
DNA Technology
• Federal government, most states have
digitized forensic DNA databases
 National DNA Index System (NDIS)
• All states have legislation requiring
convicted offenders to provide samples
for DNA databases.
• DNA Identification Act of 1994
• CODIS/NDIS

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Frank Schmalleger
Computers as Crime-Fighting
Tools
• Computers connect people.
 Provide many law and law-enforcement
related resources
• Expert systems
 Computer systems that try to duplicate
decision-making processes used by
investigators in analyzing evidence and
recognizing patterns

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Frank Schmalleger
Combating Cybercrime
• Threat analysis (risk analysis)
 Complete and thorough assessment of
the kinds of perils facing an organization
• Once threats identified, can introduce
strategies to deal with:
 Audit trail traces/records computer
operator activities, lets auditors
examine sequence of events relating to
any transaction

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Frank Schmalleger
Police Investigation of Computer
Crime
• Many police departments lack
personnel skilled in the investigation of
computer crimes.
• May intentionally avoid computer-crime
investigations
• Many departments place a low priority
on computer crime.

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Frank Schmalleger
Police Investigation of Computer
Crime
• FBI's National Computer Crime Squad
investigates violations of federal
computer crime laws.
• DCS-3000 network "sniffer" focuses on
intercepting suspect personal
communications delivered via wireless
services

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Frank Schmalleger
Cybercrime and Internet Security
• Information is the lifeblood of the
modern age.
 Needs to be moved safely and securely
• Commission on Critical Infrastructure
Protection
• National Infrastructure Protection
Center (1998)
 Succeeded by the Office of
Infrastructure Protection (part of DHS)

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Frank Schmalleger
Cybercrime and Internet Security
• President's Working Group on Unlawful
Conduct on the Internet (2000)
• U.S.-CERT (2003)
• Pres. Obama has identified
cybersecurity as one of the most
serious economic and national security
challenges facing the U.S.
• DHS Cyber Security Division

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Frank Schmalleger
Policy Issues: Personal Freedoms
in the Information Age
• First Amendment
 Freedom of speech
 Are electronic communications
protected?
• Fourth Amendment
 Freedom from unreasonable searches
and seizures
 Does this include electronic information?

Schmall crim today8e_ppt_ch15

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