The document discusses Shahid Mehmood's presentation on schema analysis. It defines schemas as patterns of thought or behavior that organize information. Schemas help interpret new situations based on prior experiences. The presentation covers the history of schema analysis, types of schemas, methods of studying schemas, and folk theories. Bartlett's work in the 1920s established that schemas influence how stories are remembered and retold over time.

1. PRESENTATION ON
SCHEMAS ANALYSIS
BY
SHAHID MEHMOOD
PhD SCHOLAR
UNIVERSITY OF OKARA

2.  Introduction
 History of Schemas Analysis
 Mental Models
 Kind of Schemas
 Methods of Studying Schemas
 Folk theories
OUTLINE

3.  A schema or schemas describes a pattern of thought
or behavior that organizes categories of information
and the relationships among them.
 A schema is a high-level conceptual structure or
framework that organizes prior experience and helps
us to interpret new situations.
Definition of Schema

4.  Piaget called the schema the basic building block of
intelligent behavior . A way of organizing knowledge.
Indeed, it is useful to think of schemas as “units” of
knowledge, each relating to one aspect of the world,
including objects, actions, and abstract concepts.
Conti…

6.  Schema analysis is based on the idea that people
must use cognitive simplifications to help make sense
of complex information.
 Schemas lead us to interpret the situation, for
example Mona Lisa’s smile is as evidence of her
perplexity of her desperation.
(Wodak 1992)
Introduction of Schema Analysis

7. Contemporary work on schemas was initiated F. Bartlett
( 1932 ), who was interested in the role that prior
knowledge played in the interpretation and memory for
stories. His work largely challenged the perspective of
behaviorism by emphasizing the role of internalized
representations in the control of behavior and thought.
Bartlett argued that meaning was integral to memory
and sought a different experimental technique.
History of Schema Analysis

8.  In one set of studies, participants were told a Native
American folktale that included a number of unfamiliar cultural
elements. On subsequent occasions, participants were brought
back to the lab and asked to retell the story. Over time,
participants’
account of the story drifted in systematic ways, including
the omission of information that did not make sense to them
and
the reinterpretation of certain facts in order to match their own
cultural backgrounds.
Conti…

9. A mental model is an explanation of how something
works. It is a concept, framework, or worldview that
you carry around in your mind to help you interpret the
world and understand the relationship between things.
Mental models are deeply held beliefs about how the
world works.
Mental models

10. Conti…

11.  Bartlett sought a theory to explain the systematic
directions over time in retelling of stories. Bartlett
reasoned that our experience of this reality is far too
complex to deal with on an image by image. There
must be some underlying structures, some
simplifications that help us make sense of the
information to which we are exposed.
Conti…

12.  When we run into a new situation an object, a person,
or an interaction we compare it to the schemas we
have already stored in the memory.
Conti…

13.  A shortened form of a written word or phrase used in place of
the whole word or phrase.
 Schemas or scripts make it possible for culturally skilled people
to fill in the details of story.
Example:
 Alice had to go out to Los Angles last week and deals with this
client’s ego. Now think about all the information you need to
understand sentence . For example if you are in New York when
you hear this sentence than you know that Alice travelled by
plane, last week is less than 7 days ago & LA is 2753 miles from
NY that is much too far for Alice to drive or get train coming
back with in time and spending a lot of time and money on this
client.
Abbreviating

14. Followings are common types of Schemas
1. Universal Schema
2. Individual Schema
3. Cultural Schema
Kind of Schemas

15. Some schemas may be universal, reflecting the fact that
there are some experience that are common to all
humanity.
For example
Observed that all human beings experience the World
as a set of binary categories like male and female.
Universal Schema

16. Every human being grows up with a unique set of
experiences, some schemas are based on unique and
personal experience that each of us has on something.
A few examples of Individual-schemas are; exciting/
dull, quiet/ loud, healthy/ sickly etc.
Individual Schema

17. Somewhere between the universal and individual
schemas are cultural schemas. They are developed by
experience but are held by population.
For example, going out to a restaurant, this sentence
has four main components Entering, Ordering, Eating
and Exciting.
Each of these main components has more scripts for
example Existing schema has paying the bill, tipping and
leaving.
Cultural Schemas

18. There are three widely methods of studying schemas
1. Experiments
2. Interviewing
3. Analyzing Metaphors
Methods of Studying Schemas

19. In one experiment Rice (1980) made two version of Eskimo
stories. One version was the complete Eskimo version in
English. The other version was adapted to make it fit to the
American story schema. The participants in this experiment
read the story and than wrote it out from recall. They also
came back a week later and recalled the story again. Rice’s
work provides strong support to Bartlett’s earlier findings as
people add the American schema structure to the stories.
When the passage fit to American story schema people
agreed about which events they remembered.
Experiments

20. And people recalled more exactly from the
Americanized version of stories than from the Eskimo
versions.
Thus as Bartlett has found in his early work, people
distort stories in recall to fit their cultural expectations
about what stories ought to be like.
Conti…

21.  Naomi Quinn and her students collected and
transcribed interviews about marriage from 11 North
American couples. Some of the couples were recently
married; others had been married a long time. The
couples came from the different parts of the country
and represented different occupations, educational
levels, ethnic and religious groups. Each of 22 people
was interviewed separately for 15-16 hours and
interviews were transcribed.
Interviewing

22. Quinn analyzed this body of text to discover and
document the concepts underlying American marriage
and to show how these concepts are tied together.
A schema shared by people from different backgrounds
about what constitutes the success and failure in
marriage. She begins by looking at patterns of speech,
repetition of keywords, phrases, paying particular
attention to the informant’s metaphors and
commonalities in their reasoning about marriage.
Conti…

23.  A metaphor is a figure of speech that is used to make
a comparison between two things that aren't alike
but do have something in common. Unlike a simile,
where two things are compared directly using like or
as, a metaphor's comparison is more indirect by
stating something is something else.
Analyzing Metaphors

24.  Listen carefully to everybody speech as if some one says
“Debt can sink you” or “He is drowning in debt” the image
of person drowning not meant literally but the metaphor
works as a figure of speech (an image made with words).
 One way to get a list of metaphor is get a large amount of
text as Quinn did, on a particular topic and comb through
it. For many languages today, however, there are
compilations of metaphor and proverbs, short phrases or
sayings that encapsulate the cultural wisdom of people.
Those archival resources provides the opportunity for
schema analysis.
Conti…

25.  Folk theories or folk models are everyday theories
about how things work or why things exist. Why do
so few women go to physics? Why have American
automobile manufacturers lost ground to Japanese
and European manufacturers?
 To understand these theories we need to study, “
Cognition in the wild”.
Folk Theories

26.  Kempton (1987) interviewed 12 people in Michigan
about how they controlled heat in their homes during
the winter. He inferred from the interviews that
people were applying one of two possible theories,
the THERMOSTAT as Feedback theory or
THERMOSTAT as VALVE theory about heat control.
Conti…