SCADA forensic tools open source. What are they What they doSo.pdf

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SCADA forensic tools open source. What are they? What they do? Solution SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. This technology is used to mainly ensure the operations and functionality of the control systems used in many industries. It is a software application program which is used to gathering of the data in real time from remote locations so as to control the equipment and conditions in such device environments. SCADA is mainly used in Transportation, Telecommunications, power plants, Gas refining industries and as well in water and waste control by government agencies too. they include software and hardware components, which gather and inputs the data into a computer machine and processes it. It also records all the log events into a file and stores in the local hardisk/server. These SCADA Systems/applications also warn when conditions become hazardous by sounding alarams. As these systems are operated in huge network environments there is a very high possibility of attacks. In recent years there has been an increasing number of attacks directly targeting these systems including the well published networks. Therefore , there is a need to have forensic analysis of these systems to determine, if breah has occured and the extent to which the system is compromised and also the details of how the functional operations and assets are affected. Apart from normal threats there are many cyber threats against SCADA systmes with sophisticated malware attacks, SQL Injection, cross-site scripting, and the buffer overflow attacks being the most common type of vulnerability. Digital forensic is an important part of an incident response strategy in an IT forensic investigation following an incident and will provide an effective response in a forensic manner. Investigative Steps: 1 Examination: Deals with the identitfy of potential sources of evidence, including the systems, the network and connected devices. 2 Identification: identify the types of systems to be investigated, which includes OS, serail numbers and model types of the PLC\'s, the network design and the implementation. 3 Collection: Collect the potential evidence from the memory systems that are suspected to be part of the SCADA system which is being investigated. 4 Documentation: It is very critcial to keep accurate documentation of the investigation to ensure chain of custody. Records need to be kept of the evidence. The existing tools for SCADA Systems are:.

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4 Documentation: It is very critcial to keep accurate documentation of the investigation to ensure
chain of custody. Records need to be kept of the evidence.
The existing tools for SCADA Systems are:

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SCADA Networks is a supervisory control data acquisition network contains computers and applications that perform in providing essential services and commodities like gasoline , electricity , natural gas , water waste treatment transportation etc to all americans as they are part of national critical security as they require protection from threats that are present in cyber space and this network is widely used but it is very weak in providing security to the required information and scada networks are harmful that could result in public safety concerns . There are 21 steps to improve cyber security in scada networks - 1)identify all connections to the scada networks 2) disconnect unnecessary connections to the scada network 3)evaluate and strengthen the security of any remaining connections to the scada network 4)harden scada networks by removing or disabling unnecessary services . 5) do not rely on properietry protocols to protect your system 6)implement the security features provided by the system and system vendors 7) establish strong controls over any medium that is used as backdoor into the scada network 8) implement internal external intrusion detection systems and establish 24 hour day incident monitoring 9) perform technical audits of scada devices and networks and any other connected networks to identify security concerns 10) conduct physical security surveys and asses all remote sites connected to the scada network to evaluate the security . 11) establish scada red teams to identify and evaluate possible attack scenarios 12) clearly define cyber security roles , responsibilities and authorities for managers , system administrators and users 13) document network archietecture 14) eastablish rigorous and ongoing risk management process 15)establish network protection strategy 16) clearly certify cyber security requirements 17) establish effective configuration management process 18) condect routine self assessments 19) establish system backups and disastor recovery plans 20)senior organization leadership should establish expectations for cyber security performances 21) eastablish policies Among these 21 steps to improve cyber security in scada network the 8th step ie IMPLEMENT INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM AND ESTABLISH 24 HOUR A DAY INCIDENT MONITORING - the security scanner can correlate events from a wide variety of network intrusion detection system and the correlation includes real time vulnerablity to event correlation such that only intrusion detection system which target vulnerable servers are alerted on and it also include pre asset analysis such that all IDS events going to or from a particular asset group are considered this makes analysis of any threat to a specific scada network much easier lastly the log correlation engine can also accept logs from many different NIDS as well as other sources of data include netflow , network monitoring , firewall logs and application logs and the LCE perform anomaly .

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Modern information security management best practices dictate that an enterprise assumes full configuration control of end user computer systems (laptops, deskside computers, etc.). The benefit of this explicit control yields lower support costs since there are less variation of machines, operating systems, and applications to provide support on, but more importantly today, dictating specifically what software, hardware, and security configurations exist on an end user's machine can help reduce the occurrence of infection by malicious software significantly. If the data pertaining to end user systems is organized and catalogued as part of normal information security logging activities, an extended picture of what the end system actually is may be available to the investigator at a moment's notice to enhance incident response and mitigation. The purpose of this research is to provide a way of cataloguing this data by using and augmenting existing tools and open source software deployed in an enterprise network.

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This paper deals with the inevitable consequence of the convenience and efficiency we benefit from the open, networked control system operation of safety-critical applications: vulnerability to such system from cyber-attacks. Even with numerous metrics and methods for intrusion detection and mitigation strategy, a complete detection and deterrence of internal code flaws and outside cyber-attacks has not been found and would not be found anytime soon. Considering the ever incompleteness of detection and prevention and the impact and consequence of mal-functions of the safety-critical operations caused by cyber incidents, this paper proposes a new computer control system architecture which assures resiliency even under compromised situations. The proposed architecture is centered on diversification of hardware systems and unidirectional communication from the proposed system in alerting suspicious activities to upper layers. This paper details the architectural structure of the proposed cyber defensive computer control system architecture for power substation applications and its validation in lab experimentation and on a cybersecurity testbed.

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The security of critical networks is at the center of attention of industry and government regulators alike. Check Point and RAD offer a joint end-to-end cyber security solution that protects any utility operational technology (OT) network by eliminating RTU and SCADA equipment vulnerabilities, as well as defends against cyber-attacks on the network’s control and data planes. This solution brief explains how the joint solution enables compliance with NERC-CIP directives, provides deep visibility and control of ICS/SCADA communications, and allows secure remote access into OT networks.

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Background: Sometimes the standard C libraries (stdio.h, stdlib.h, etc) are not extensive enough to handle every programming need. If you find yourself rewriting or reusing functions you’ve written earlier like those used to calculate statistical parameters (mean, variance etc), copying the code again and again is inefficient. If you could write the code once, troubleshoot it so it works, and have it compiled in its own object file, you could then link these object files to your source code object file and not have to rewrite all the functions. ------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 2 Part I – [100 points] Description Your task is to create a personal library to implement a statistic package on any given data (assume that the data is always of type float). To do this you must create: 1. a header file (stats.h) with 5 function prototypes: § maximum() § minimum() § mean() – equation: = = 1 0 [ ] 1 N i x i N x § variance() – equation: 2 1 0 2 ( [ ] ) 1 1 x i x N N i = = § histogram() 2. five (5) implementation files with each of functions listed above – min.c, max.c, mean.c, variance.c, and histogram.c You will then write C code (main.c) that asks the user for the data file he/she wishes to compute the statistics for and displays the results to the user. YOU WILL NOT WRITE ANY STATISTICS FUNCTIONS IN main.c – you will simply call the functions prototyped in stats.h and coded in min.c, max.c, mean.c, variance.c, and histogram.c!!! Procedure: (Refer to textbook pg 669-677) 1. Create the header file stats.h: a. Start with a block comment summarizing the purpose of the header file b. # define any constant that you need for the header file (NOT YOUR CODE) c. Individual function prototypes (with introductory comments stating purpose of each function) d. Save e. Below is the template for stats.h #ifndef STATS_H #define STATS_H float minimum(…); // NOTE: You need to complete the prototypes float maximum(…); float mean(…); float variance(…); void histogram(…); #endif // STATS_H_INCLUDED EGR 107 Page 3 2. Create 5 implementation files (min.c, max.c, mean.c, variance.c, histogram.c) a. Start with a block comment summarizing the purpose of each implementation file b. #include the necessary standard C libraries for each function c. #include “stats.h” – the angular brackets (< >) are used for standard C libraries found in the system directory, the quotation marks (“ ”) indicate a custom library found in the SAME directory as your code. d. #define – any constants for that particular implementation file e. Each file will contain one function as you would normally write it. i. The first four files will calculate maximum, minimum, mean, and variance and return one value each time (so they can be regular call-by-value functions) ii. Your histogram function will count the number of occurrences of data within a certain range; each range is commonly referred to as a.

Background Sometimes the standard C libraries (stdio.h, stdlib.h, e.pdf

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a. Modify the C program ex.9 so that it simulates the Unix pipe command: ls | grep .c | tail -4 b.. Implement following programs to exhibit UNIX Process Control: A program where parent process sorts array elements in descending order and prints them out and child process sorts array elements in ascending order and prints them out. A program where parent process counts number of vowels in the given sentence and child process will count number of words in the same sentence. The above programs should use system calls like fork, exec and wait. ex.9: /* simulates unix pipe ls | grep .c */ #include #include #include #define RD 0 #define WT 1 int main() { int fd[2]; pipe(fd); switch(fork()) { // parent forks case -1: perror(\"Fork error\"); break; case 0: // child does the ls close(fileno(stdout)); // no need for stdout here dup(fd[WT]); // duplicate the descriptor for writing close(fd[WT]); close(fd[RD]); execlp(\"ls\", \"ls\", NULL); break; default: // parent does the grep close(fileno(stdin)); // no need for stdin here dup(fd[RD]); // duplicate the descriptor for reading close(fd[WT]); close(fd[RD]); execlp(\"grep\", \"grep\", \".c\", NULL); break; } return 0; } Solution #include #include #include #define RD 0 #define WT 1 int main() { int fd1[2]; int fd2[2]; pipe(fd1); switch(fork()) { case -1: perror(\"Fork error\"); break; case 0: // child does the ls close(fileno(stdout)); dup(fd[WT]); close(fd1[WT]); close(fd1[RD]); execlp(\"ls\", \"ls\", NULL); break; default: pipe(fd2); switch(fork()) { case -1: perror(\"Fork error\"); break; case 0: close(fileno(stdin)); dup(fd1[RD]); dup(fd2[RD]; close(fd1[WT]); close(fd1[RD]); close(fd2[WT]); close(fd2[RD]); execlp(\"grep\", \"grep\", \".c\", NULL); break; default: dup(fd2[RD]); close(fd2[WT]); close(fd2[RD]); execlp(\"tail\", \"tail\", \"-4\", NULL); break; } return 0; }.

a. Modify the C program ex.9 so that it simulates the Unix pipe comm.pdf

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A severe B12 deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia but in severe .pdf

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