This study evaluated the relative resistance of 5 safflower cultivars against the black aphid pest Uroleucon compositae. Cultivar PI-40/477 was found to be relatively resistant, with the lowest recorded aphid population of 25.47 insects per 6 plants. Cultivar PI-405994 was highly susceptible, with the highest aphid population of 100.04 insects per 6 plants. The other 3 cultivars PI-26993, PI-292000 and Thori-78 were susceptible but had intermediate aphid populations. The aphid populations generally increased over time on the plants but were consistently lowest on the resistant PI-40/477 cultivar.
Yellow rust seminar by Priyanka (Phd Scholar Genetics and Plant Breeding CSK ...Priyanka Guleria
This seminar explains about the yellow rust disease of wheat: Its genetics and prevention methods as well as molecular techniques to combat yellow rust
Genetics of Yellow Rust Resistance in WheatAnu Naruka
Wheat is a major staple food of world population and occupies about 21.8 % of total cultivated area accounting for 35.5 % of total food grain production at global level. Wheat is the second most important cereal of India. India is a major producer of wheat, accounting for about 13.2 percent of the world tonnage. India’s share in global exports during the year 2014-15 was 1.8 percent (Anonymous, 2016)
ragi (finger millet) is an important staple food in both Eastern and Central Africa and South Asia. There are at least 14 fungal pathogens in addition to blast and two species of Helminthosporium that have been reported infective on ragi. It is also susceptible to at least one bacterial disease and two or three virus diseases causing a mosaic or mottling of the leaves, a freckled yellow, and chlorotic symptoms like maize streak.
Yellow rust seminar by Priyanka (Phd Scholar Genetics and Plant Breeding CSK ...Priyanka Guleria
This seminar explains about the yellow rust disease of wheat: Its genetics and prevention methods as well as molecular techniques to combat yellow rust
Genetics of Yellow Rust Resistance in WheatAnu Naruka
Wheat is a major staple food of world population and occupies about 21.8 % of total cultivated area accounting for 35.5 % of total food grain production at global level. Wheat is the second most important cereal of India. India is a major producer of wheat, accounting for about 13.2 percent of the world tonnage. India’s share in global exports during the year 2014-15 was 1.8 percent (Anonymous, 2016)
ragi (finger millet) is an important staple food in both Eastern and Central Africa and South Asia. There are at least 14 fungal pathogens in addition to blast and two species of Helminthosporium that have been reported infective on ragi. It is also susceptible to at least one bacterial disease and two or three virus diseases causing a mosaic or mottling of the leaves, a freckled yellow, and chlorotic symptoms like maize streak.
Incidence and Severity of Sclerotium rolfsii disease on Tomato Farms in Chile...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
ABSTRACT- Corynespora leaf fall (CLF) disease of rubber incited by the fungal pathogen Corynespora cassiicola is
one of the major threats for natural rubber cultivation in rubber growing regions of India. The CLF disease occurs
regularly in rubber plantation during dry period after re-foliation and intensity rise during March to April and subsides
during wet months. Study was undertaken to investigate on survival mechanism of the pathogen in rubber plantations over
the seasons. The results of the studies revealed that the pathogen survived up to 11 days in infected leaf litter and showed
good growth on potato dextrose agar medium. The pathogen was able to survive on intact infected leaves on the plant and
also on plant debris as thick dark brown dormant mycelium under the bark of dried infected twigs.
Key Words: Corynespora leaf fall, Corynespora cassiicola, Hevea brasiliensis, Survival
ABSTRACT- The present review deals on major Coleopteran beetles of agricultural crop pests include 45 genera and
55 species from 15 families. Most of beetles are pest of cereals and millets (3), oil seed crops (2), fibre crops (4),
vegetables (11), temperate fruits (7), sub-tropical and tropical fruits (9), ornamental plants (2), plantation crop (8),
spices (4) and stored grains (5). Among families; Curculionidae was dominated by 12 (21.8 %) species followed by
Chrysomelidae 10(18.18 %), Cerambycidae 9(16.3 %), Scarabaeridae 6(10.9 %), Coccinellidae 3(5.4 %), Apionidae,
Bostrychidae, Brachidae, Buprestidae and Scolytidae each with two species (3.6 %). Whereas families like
Dermestidae, Lamiidae, Meloidae, Melonithidae and Tenebrionidae contribute each with single species (1.8 %).
Key-words- Coleopteran beetle, Cereals, Spices, Stored grains, temperate fruits.
Impact of wheat-rapeseed perimeter crop and environmental factors on the occu...Innspub Net
The wheat aphid species individually and collectively cause severe damage to the wheat crop qualitatively and quantitatively. The incidence of these aphids is influenced by a number of biotic factors such as host plant resistance, availability of the natural enemies and the major abiotic factors such as temperature, humidity and rainfall. In the present investigation, the incidence and abundance of wheat aphid species were recorded with rapeseed as a perimeter crop. The results showed that wheat was infested by two major aphid species, bird cherry oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi and green peach aphid, Myzus persicae with rapeseed as a perimeter crop. The results further suggested that the level of infestation in wheat with perimeter crop remained low compared to check, influenced by the presence of natural enemies, however, the level of infestation of M. persicae remained highly influenced by the high level of infestation in rapeseed. In light of the above experimental results we concluded that the rapeseed influenced the population of R. padi and deterred S. avenae, however, encouraged M. persicae to infest wheat crop.
An isolate of loose kernel smut obtained from Johnson grass was inoculated unto six BTx643 sorghum plants in the greenhouse to determine its aggressiveness. All the BTx643 sorghum plants inoculated with the Johnson grass isolate were infected. Mean size of the teliospores from the Johnson grass, infected BTx643, and naturally infected sorghum was similar, measuring 0.79, 0.75, and 0.82 µm, respectively. This short communication shows that loose smut on Johnson grass if not controlled around production areas could pose a serious threat to sorghum production.
A review on seasonal incidence and insecticidal management of spotted pod bor...swathi kolli
Urdbean or Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) is an important pulse crop in the semi-arid tropics and subtropical farming systems, providing high quality vegetable protein. Among the insect pests attacking on blackgram Spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) is a major constraint for the production of blackgram at critical stages like flowering and pod formation stages. The spotted pod borer is causing serious damage to the crop, leading to huge losses. Because of its extensive host range and destructiveness, it became a persistent pest in pulses, being available throughout the year in different seasons / situations. The efficacy of chemical insecticides belonging to different groups against spotted pod borer was well established on different pulse crops. This review pertains to seasonal incidence at different locations and the most promising conventional and novel insecticidal compounds in the light of their use for the management spotted pod borer in pulses in general and blackgram in particular.
Recently, we got interacted with one “GRID Graduate” and found this quite interesting. GRID Leadership is based on behavioral science principles that integrate people development with organization development. It challenges mental models related to achieving results with people and develops knowledge, skills and attitudes to foster relationship competency, team building and systematic organizational change. Key lessons include “realization on self-deception”, “intention not the same as action” & “wherever a person in the grid is, change is possible”. Mr. Usman Ghani from USA, author, Grid Expert and partner of Grid International Inc. conduct, GPS Sessions in Pakistan.
After this session, we organized iThink sessions with out team, to find the implement-ability of these concepts in our organization. Many new thoughts are coming and being added in this concept.
One of the core is, concern for People. The concept explained in GRID offered a particular value of Individuals.
But, we have found that concern for people should be divided in two parts. Different parts (Individuals, Systems & Processes) are the factors involves. We should count them as variables. Being experts, we should find the correct relationships between these variables. So, the better we are in finding the relationships b/w these variable and closest to the results can give us the leverage to be 9x9. Hope, these presentations will serve the purpose, to add more value in GRID concepts.
Regards
M. Ali Hassni
Incidence and Severity of Sclerotium rolfsii disease on Tomato Farms in Chile...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
ABSTRACT- Corynespora leaf fall (CLF) disease of rubber incited by the fungal pathogen Corynespora cassiicola is
one of the major threats for natural rubber cultivation in rubber growing regions of India. The CLF disease occurs
regularly in rubber plantation during dry period after re-foliation and intensity rise during March to April and subsides
during wet months. Study was undertaken to investigate on survival mechanism of the pathogen in rubber plantations over
the seasons. The results of the studies revealed that the pathogen survived up to 11 days in infected leaf litter and showed
good growth on potato dextrose agar medium. The pathogen was able to survive on intact infected leaves on the plant and
also on plant debris as thick dark brown dormant mycelium under the bark of dried infected twigs.
Key Words: Corynespora leaf fall, Corynespora cassiicola, Hevea brasiliensis, Survival
ABSTRACT- The present review deals on major Coleopteran beetles of agricultural crop pests include 45 genera and
55 species from 15 families. Most of beetles are pest of cereals and millets (3), oil seed crops (2), fibre crops (4),
vegetables (11), temperate fruits (7), sub-tropical and tropical fruits (9), ornamental plants (2), plantation crop (8),
spices (4) and stored grains (5). Among families; Curculionidae was dominated by 12 (21.8 %) species followed by
Chrysomelidae 10(18.18 %), Cerambycidae 9(16.3 %), Scarabaeridae 6(10.9 %), Coccinellidae 3(5.4 %), Apionidae,
Bostrychidae, Brachidae, Buprestidae and Scolytidae each with two species (3.6 %). Whereas families like
Dermestidae, Lamiidae, Meloidae, Melonithidae and Tenebrionidae contribute each with single species (1.8 %).
Key-words- Coleopteran beetle, Cereals, Spices, Stored grains, temperate fruits.
Impact of wheat-rapeseed perimeter crop and environmental factors on the occu...Innspub Net
The wheat aphid species individually and collectively cause severe damage to the wheat crop qualitatively and quantitatively. The incidence of these aphids is influenced by a number of biotic factors such as host plant resistance, availability of the natural enemies and the major abiotic factors such as temperature, humidity and rainfall. In the present investigation, the incidence and abundance of wheat aphid species were recorded with rapeseed as a perimeter crop. The results showed that wheat was infested by two major aphid species, bird cherry oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi and green peach aphid, Myzus persicae with rapeseed as a perimeter crop. The results further suggested that the level of infestation in wheat with perimeter crop remained low compared to check, influenced by the presence of natural enemies, however, the level of infestation of M. persicae remained highly influenced by the high level of infestation in rapeseed. In light of the above experimental results we concluded that the rapeseed influenced the population of R. padi and deterred S. avenae, however, encouraged M. persicae to infest wheat crop.
An isolate of loose kernel smut obtained from Johnson grass was inoculated unto six BTx643 sorghum plants in the greenhouse to determine its aggressiveness. All the BTx643 sorghum plants inoculated with the Johnson grass isolate were infected. Mean size of the teliospores from the Johnson grass, infected BTx643, and naturally infected sorghum was similar, measuring 0.79, 0.75, and 0.82 µm, respectively. This short communication shows that loose smut on Johnson grass if not controlled around production areas could pose a serious threat to sorghum production.
A review on seasonal incidence and insecticidal management of spotted pod bor...swathi kolli
Urdbean or Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) is an important pulse crop in the semi-arid tropics and subtropical farming systems, providing high quality vegetable protein. Among the insect pests attacking on blackgram Spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) is a major constraint for the production of blackgram at critical stages like flowering and pod formation stages. The spotted pod borer is causing serious damage to the crop, leading to huge losses. Because of its extensive host range and destructiveness, it became a persistent pest in pulses, being available throughout the year in different seasons / situations. The efficacy of chemical insecticides belonging to different groups against spotted pod borer was well established on different pulse crops. This review pertains to seasonal incidence at different locations and the most promising conventional and novel insecticidal compounds in the light of their use for the management spotted pod borer in pulses in general and blackgram in particular.
Recently, we got interacted with one “GRID Graduate” and found this quite interesting. GRID Leadership is based on behavioral science principles that integrate people development with organization development. It challenges mental models related to achieving results with people and develops knowledge, skills and attitudes to foster relationship competency, team building and systematic organizational change. Key lessons include “realization on self-deception”, “intention not the same as action” & “wherever a person in the grid is, change is possible”. Mr. Usman Ghani from USA, author, Grid Expert and partner of Grid International Inc. conduct, GPS Sessions in Pakistan.
After this session, we organized iThink sessions with out team, to find the implement-ability of these concepts in our organization. Many new thoughts are coming and being added in this concept.
One of the core is, concern for People. The concept explained in GRID offered a particular value of Individuals.
But, we have found that concern for people should be divided in two parts. Different parts (Individuals, Systems & Processes) are the factors involves. We should count them as variables. Being experts, we should find the correct relationships between these variables. So, the better we are in finding the relationships b/w these variable and closest to the results can give us the leverage to be 9x9. Hope, these presentations will serve the purpose, to add more value in GRID concepts.
Regards
M. Ali Hassni
Your contact database is arguably your most precious asset, but it can't realize its full potential unless it is properly organized, managed, and tracked. In this class, we will cover various tools and methods that will help you create a comprehensive contact management process. You will learn how to make the most out of your business contacts by effectively using programs like Mailchimp and Social Media to track e-mail campaigns, lead generation, and conversion rates.
TAKEAWAYS
• Identify and evaluate various tools/methods for managing your contact database
• Understand how Mail Chimp integrates contact management and e-mail campaigns
• How to market to targeted contacts via Social Media
This article, published in Safe Skies Magazine, looks back 100 years into the cause of the first aircraft accident and finds commonality with accidents of today. Copies are available on request.
Incidence of the bean bug Chauliops fallax Sweet and Schaeffer (Hemiptera: Malcidae) was recorded on soybean and pulses grown during Kharif at five different locations under low and mid hills of Himachal Pradesh during 2016. Its incidence varied from 0.20 to 28.8 bugs per 10 plants on soybean and pulses at different locations. The maximum incidence was recorded at Sundernagar on soybean crop (28.80 bugs/ 10 plants) whereas minimum incidence was observed at Una (0.20 bugs/ 10 plants). Seasonal abundance of the bug was studied on soybean, cowpea and black gram (mash) at Palampur starting from third week of June, 2016 till last week of September, 2016. The bug appeared just after germination of the crops and remained feeding on them up to their maturity or harvesting. Peak population on soybean (188 bugs/ 10 plants) was observed during 1st week of August. Peak population on cowpea (68 bugs/ 10 plants) and mash (40 bugs/ 10 plants) was observed during 2nd week of August. Among weather parameters, rainfall and relative humidity had a significant positive correlation with bug population on the three hosts.
In the laboratory of plant physiology of the University of Queensland (Gatton Campus), a seed germination experiment was undertaken on seeds of two Australian native plant species – Rhodanthe floribundato and Acacia aneura. Most Acacia, including A. aneura exhibit a physical dormancy due to the waxy coat covering the seed. Comparably, just a few species of Rhodanthe are studied as to their dormancy. However, they are also known to present different forms of dormancy. To understand and describe these dormancy mechanisms, a seed germination experiment was conducted on Acacia aneura and Rhodanthe floribunda. This experiment will either add to the existing knowledge regarding these species’ dormancy or corroborate them. It is expected that both species display some form(s) of dormancy.
This study was carried out on the mycoflora associated with seeds of different citrus species. Citrus seed material was collected from districts of Punjab, i.e. Multan, Sargodha and Khanpur. Standard methods were applied for the isolation and identification of fungi. A total of 11 fungi including Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Dreschslera tetramera, Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata, Macrophomina phaseolina, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizopus and Penicillium spp were isolated from the seeds of citrus. For control of isolated seed-born fungi, 3 recommended fungicides such as Ridomil Gold, Bavistin, Score and two chemical Salicylic acid and Boric acid, were used at 20, 30, 40 mg/10 mL and 5, 6, 7 μL/10 mL, respectively and chemical with 20, 30, 40 mg/10 mL. All these fungicide and chemicals significantly reuced with population of all fungi present in naturally infected seed samples. Ridomil Gold and Salicylic acid were found to be the best for the control of se d-born fungi of citrus seed at 40 mg/10 mL. The isolation and identification of different mycotoxins is essential to study health status of the citrus consumers and to safeguard the standards of WTO.
ABSTRACT- A field trial comprising eight sorghum varieties (as treatments) arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates was conducted in a Striga infested plot for two consecutive seasons (2006/07 and 2007/08) at Damazin (Lat. 11º 47' N, Long. 34º 21' E); Agricultural Research Station farm in the Sudan. Objectives of the trial were to determine resistance, tolerance and susceptibility of five sorghum genotypes on basis of the population of Striga plants and grain yield of the crops. The five sorghum genotypes namely Wad Ahmed, Arfa Gadamak, Sham sham, Korokolo, and Moheireiba were compared in Striga population and sorghum grain yield with those of SRN 39, Um Bineine 7 and Tabat. Sorghum cultivars: SRN 39, Um Bineine 7 and Tabat were the Striga resistant, tolerant and susceptible checks respectively. Soil type of the trial was predominantly vertisol with decreasing nitrogen and organic matter contents corresponding to the consecutive seasons 2006/07 and 2007/08 during which the trial was conducted. Results obtained from correlating the population of Striga plants with sorghum grain yield of the various tested sorghum genotypes (Wad Ahmed, Arfa Gadamak, Sham sham, Korokolo and Moheireiba) with the checks showed that Wad Ahmed, Korokolo and Moheireiba were resistant while Arfa Gadamak was tolerant to the parasite [Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth].
Key-words- Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor); Cultivars; Resistance; Susceptibility; Tolerance; Witch weed (Striga sp)
Involvement Of Insects In The Transmission Of Banana Blood DiseaseIJRES Journal
Blood Diseases bananas in North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi, Indonesia caused by Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype IV has existed for decades, but over the past few decades there has been no data on insect visitors banana flower which acts as a carrier of this pathogen. This study aims to determine the insects visitors banana flower can be a vector of R. solanacearum phylotype IV and the number of propagules of these bacteria carried by these insects. In every garden selected by purposive sampling of five to seven flowering tree, then flower-visiting insects were captured using a modified insect net. Insects were sorted according to species and counted the number of each species. Five individuals of each species of insects were placed in pots. Isolation of Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype IV using spread-plate method, then colony forming units (CFU) of virulent R. solanacearum filotipe IV per milliliter was calculated. Oscinella sp was an insect species most committed feeding on banana cv. kepok inflorescence (42.39 individuals), followed by A. melifera (1.47 individuals), Formicidae (0.65 individual), Blaberidae (0.55 individual), and Chelisoches morio (0.39 individual). Oscinella sp. brought 17636.39 to 75533.33 CFU / ml R. solanacearum phylotype IV, Aphis melifera 23500.00 to 26100.00 CFU / ml, Blaberidae 10300.00 to 23690.00 CFU / ml, Formicidae 3600.00 to 8000.00 CFU / ml, and C. morio 340.00 to 8000.00 CFU / ml.
1. Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.29, No.1, 2013
RELATIVE RESISTANCE OF SAFFLOWER CULTIVARS AGAINST BLACK
APHID, UROLEUCON COMPOSITAE (THEOBALD)
SHAHJAHAN RAJPUT1
, M.A. RUSTAMANI1
, S. ALI HAIDER1
, M.S. KHANZADA1
,
S.R. KHANZADA1
, SAJJAD ANWAR2
, JAN K.S1
and HAYAT BADSHAH3
1
Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam – Pakistan
2
Department of Plant Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam – Pakistan
3
Agricultural Research Institute, Tarnab, Peshawar – Pakistan.
ABSTRACT
Black aphid, Uroleucon compositae (Theobold) is a serious pest of the safflower crop. It attacks on the
tender shoots of the plants and due to its drainage, the plants fade and dry up and heavy damage is caused to the
crop. The study was carried out to observe the relative resistance of 5 safflower cultivars against black aphid,
Uroleucon compositae. It was observed that the population of aphid differed significantly among the cultivars PI-
40/477, PI-292000 and PI-405994, while no significant difference in population of aphid was observed in case of
cultivars PI-26993 and Thori-78. Cultivar PI-40/477 proved relatively resistant against aphid with low population
of pest (25.47 ± 5.95 per 6 plants), while PI-405994 found to be highly susceptible with high population of pest
(100.04 ± 26.11 per 6 plants). Cultivars PI-26993 (63.35 ± 14.51 per 6 plants), PI-292000 (52.87 ± 11.81 per 6
plants) and Thori-78 (50.84 ± 12.36 per 6 plants) were susceptible to aphids.
Key Words: Black Aphid, Safflower, Varietals Resistance.
Citation: Rajput, S., M.A Rustamani, S.A. Haider, M.S. Khanzada, S.R. Khanzada, S. Anwar, K.S. Jan and H.
Badshah. 2013. Relative resistance of safflower cultivars against black aphid, uroleucon compositae (theobald).
Sarhad J. Agric. 29(1): 59-61.
INTRODUCTION
Safflower belongs to family compositae and is an important traditional crop of semi-arid areas of India,
Iran, Egypt and other Mediterranean countries. Safflower was one of the first crops to be grown for oil in the near
East, India, China and Japan. It is an important oil seed crop of rabi season (Khoso, 1990). In parts of California, as
well as in Pakistan safflower is grown frequently after a rice crop, when the soil does not dry out sufficiently to
permit early winter sowing of cereals. Safflower can produce a good crop on such soils with no additional water, and
its ability to dry the soil to considerable depth is actually an advantage, as the drying has beneficial effects
(Anonymous, 2001). Safflower crop has tremendous scope for its cultivation in Sindh province of Pakistan, but at
the same time it is attacked by a large number of insect pests which cause heavy losses to the yield of this crop
(Salim, 1977). Safflower is attacked by a number of insect pests such as aphids, thrips, whitefly, jassids, shoot fly
and lepidopterous larvae which cause heavy losses to the crop. Among them, black aphid is a serious pest of the
tender shoots of the plants and due to its drainage, the plants fade and dry up and heavy damage is caused to the crop
(Abassi, 1976). Aphid can develop high populations on leaves and terminals of plants. Small to medium-sized
groups of plants generally become infested near the margins of fields. As many as 1,200 or more aphids can develop
on one plant and severely stunt or completely destroy it. More moderate infestations, about 500 aphids per plant, can
still cause appreciable stunting. Light infestations, with less than 50 to 60 aphids per plant, can be tolerated. The
nymphs have sub-ovate body with blackish brown colour. Both adults and nymphs suck the cell sap from the leaves,
stem, inflorescence or developing pods. It appears on the crop in the month of February and remains active till first
week of March. Cloudy weather helps in built up of aphid population (Bhatti and Soomro, 1996). During present
investigations, the preference of different cultivars of safflower by black aphid was observed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The studies on relative resistance of safflower cultivars against black aphid were carried out at oilseeds
section, Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam, Pakistan. The crop was sown in a randomized complete block
design with four replications during 3rd
week of December, 2005. Five cultivars of safflower, viz PI-40/477, PI-
292000, PI-405994, PI-26993 and Thori-78 were sown with a distance of 60 cm between row to row. Each cultivar
was grown in four rows. All recommended agronomic practices were carried out as usual. Thinning was done on the
experimental field to maintain plant to plant spacing 12 cm. The observations started with the incidence of attack
and continued till harvesting. Six plants per treatment were randomly observed. For recording the data each plant
was thoroughly observed and number of black aphids present on leaves and shoots were recorded. The data were
recorded at weekly intervals. The data thus collected were subjected to analysis of variance, to discriminate the
superiority of mean values, LSD test was applied.
2. Shahjahan Rajput, et al. Relative resistance of safflower cultivars against black aphid... 60
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results on relative population fluctuation of safflower aphid, Uroleucon compositae recorded on five
safflower varieties from Feb. 03 to March 17, 2005 are presented in the Table-1. The results revealed that the pattern
of population fluctuation of aphid was not similar on cultivars evaluated. PI-40/477 proved resistant with
comparatively low population of aphid (25.47 ± 5.95 per 6 plants), while PI-26993 (63.35 ± 14.51 per 6 plants), PI-
292000 (52.87 ± 11.91 per 6 plants) and Thori-78 (50.84 ± 12.36 per 6 plants) were susceptible against black aphid.
However, variety PI-405994 was highly susceptible (100.04 ± 26.11 per 6 plants) against safflower aphid.
The results further indicated that population of aphid was generally low on all varieties during the
early phase of crop then it increased significantly as crop age increased, only one variety i.e. PI -40/477 showed low
aphid population during third week of March 17, 2005, while other varieties showed peak population of aphid on
same observation date. The analysis of variance carried out demonstrated that the difference in the population of
aphid between observation dates was significant for varieties PI-40/477, PI292000 and PI-405994. Whereas, there
was no significant difference in the population of aphid between observation dates in case of varieties PI-26993 and
Thori-78, indicating that the population of aphid was more or less similar throughout the season as compared to rest
of the safflower varieties tested. Kadam and Thakur (2002) conducted experiment to determine the relative
resistance of safflower cultivars against safflower aphid, Uroleucon compositae. The mechanisms of resistance were
also studied. Safflower cultivars GMU-1251, PI-306983, JLSF-213, JLSF-217, JLSF-291, A-1 and Bhima showed
resistance to Uroleucon compositae, while Co-1 was highly susceptible.
Table 1. Mean Population of black aphid per 6 plants on different safflower cultivars
Observation
date (2005)
Cultivars Mean
PI-40/477 Pi-292000 PI-405994 PI-26993 Thori-78
Feb.,03 5.42cd 4.75 d 7.46b 6.00a 3.13a 5.35 ± 0.53
Feb., 10 8.21 cd 7.67 d 11.79 b 9.92 a 6.08 a 8.73 ± 0.73
Feb., 17 15.59 cd 16.00 bc 23.50 b 19.34 a 13.83 a 17.65 ± 1.28
Feb., 24 26.79 cd 30.21 bc 35.04 b 28.71 a 24.79 a 29.11 ± 2.23
March, 03 33.54 bc 47.54 bc 49.42 b 44.50 a 37.87 a 42.57 ± 2.23
March, 10 87.59 a 99.21 ab 242.63 a 156.09 a 168.30 a 180.76 ± 20.70
March, 17 1.17 d 164.74 a 330.15a 178.88 a 101.88 a 155.36 ± 40.80
Mean 25.47 ± 5.95 52.87 ± 11.81 100.04 ± 26.11 63.35 ± 14.51 50.84 ± 12.36
S.E ± = 15.333 42.020 75.290 75.715 78.092
LSDAT P ≤ 0.05 = 32.199 88.243 158.108 - -
LSDAT P ≤ 0.05 = 44.159 - 216.835 - -
CV % = 85.13 112.39 106.45 169.04 217.23
Values followed by similar letters within columns are not significantly different at 5 % level.
The results indicated that the population of aphid varied between varieties and observation dates. The
population of aphid increased and reached their peak during the end of observation (March 17, 2005). Only one
variety (PI-40/477) was comparatively resistant with lesser population of aphid (25.47 ± 5.95/ 6 plants), while PI-
26993 (63.35 ±14.51/6 plant), PI-292000 (52.87 ± 11.81/6 plants) and Thori-78 (50.84 ±12.36/6 plants) were
susceptible against black aphid; however, PI-405994 was highly susceptible against aphid (100.04 ± 26.11/6 plant).
These differences in the population buildup of aphid were attributed due to change in the morphological characters
of cultivars evaluated. It was observed that PI-40/477 has different morphological characters such as spines on
leaves which may prevents/ resists the accumulation of aphids on cultivar as a result the cultivar PI-40/477 were less
infested by the aphid attack as compare to other cultivars.
Research conducted earlier by Painkara and Yadu (2003) found that the peak population of aphid was
observed on 72 days old safflower crop. While Neharkar et al. (2003) screened 21 safflower cultivars for resistance
to aphid and found that cultivars LATS-2, GMU-1251, GMU-4609, GM-4625, GMU-7191 and A-I were resistant
while Co-1 was highly susceptible, the remaining 14 cultivars were moderately resistant. Mane et al. (2002) reported
that aphids were first noted in the last week of December, when the average temperature and relative humidity were
17.85o
C and 53%, respectively. The aphid activity increased gradually and heavy incidence (190.60 aphids/plants)
was recorded in the first week of February and it decreased subsequently.
Kamath and Hugar (2001) observed that the aphid made its first appearance in the seventh week
when the crop was in elongation phase of growth. Later the population gradually increased and reached the peak
(11.84 aphids per plant) in the third standard week when the crop was 11 weeks old. Bade and Kadam (2001)
reported the firs aphid incidence commenced during the last week of November and continued until January. Cold
3. Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.29, No.1, 2013 61
temperature and moderate relative humidity favoured the pest development. There was a significant and negative
correlation between the aphid population per leaf or plant and minimum temperature.
REFERENCES
Abbasi, Q.D. 1976. Insect pests associated with safflower Carthamus tinctorius crop. M.Sc (Hons) Thesis. Sindh Agric.
Univ. Jamshoro, Pakistan. 39p.
Anonymous. 2001. Agricultural statistics of Pakistan. 2001. Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and
Live stock, Agriculture & Livestock (Economic Wing), Islamabad, Pakistan. pp-97.
Bade, B.A., J.R. Kadam. 2001. Studies on bionomics and population density of safflower in relation to different dates of
sowing. J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ. 26 (2): 166-169.
Bhatti, I.M. and A.H. Soomro. 1996. Agric. inputs and field crop production in Sindh. 2nd
Rev. Ed.. Directorate General,
Agric. Res. Sindh, Hyderabad, Pakistan. pp.95-107.
Kadam, J.R. and S.K. Thakur. 2002. Investigations on safflower resistance to aphid, Uroleucon compositae (Theobald). J.
Entomol. Res. 26 (2): 125-131.
Kamath, S.P., P.S. Hugar. 2001. Population dynamics of aphid, Uroleucon compositae Theobald (Aphididae: Hemiptera)
on safflower. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 14 (1): 154-156.
Khoso, A.W. 1990. Crops of Sindh. ASRA Printing press. Hyderabad. Ravinder, T., Rao, N.G. and K.S. Sastry. 1990.
Relationship of safflower mosaic with the aphid, Ureleucon compositae Theobald. J. Insect Sci. 3(2): 177-179.
Mane, P.D., S.N. Kulkarni, A.T. Munde and D.G. More. 2002. Population dynamics of safflower aphid. J. Soils Crops. 12
(2): 325-328.
Neharkar, P.S., D.S. Suryawanish, P.D. Suryawanshi and P.R. Zanwar. 2003. Screening of safflower germplasm to aphid,
Uroleucon compositae. J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ. 28 (2): 221-222.
Painkara, G.P., V.K. Yadu. 2003. Population dynamics of safflower aphid (Dactynotus carthami HRL) and its predators. J.
Appl. Zool. Res. 14 (2): 178-180.
Salim, A.A. 1977. Insect pests of safflower Carthamus tinctorius, in Mosul northern Iraq. Mesoplimia J. Agric. 12: 75-78.