A review on seasonal incidence and insecticidal management of spotted pod bor...swathi kolli
Urdbean or Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) is an important pulse crop in the semi-arid tropics and subtropical farming systems, providing high quality vegetable protein. Among the insect pests attacking on blackgram Spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) is a major constraint for the production of blackgram at critical stages like flowering and pod formation stages. The spotted pod borer is causing serious damage to the crop, leading to huge losses. Because of its extensive host range and destructiveness, it became a persistent pest in pulses, being available throughout the year in different seasons / situations. The efficacy of chemical insecticides belonging to different groups against spotted pod borer was well established on different pulse crops. This review pertains to seasonal incidence at different locations and the most promising conventional and novel insecticidal compounds in the light of their use for the management spotted pod borer in pulses in general and blackgram in particular.
ABSTRACT- Survey conducted in two summer season. 24 coccoidean species were recorded. They are belonging to the family Pseudococidae (5 species) and Monophlebidae (19 species). Among these Dysmicoccus brevipes, Dysmicoccus neobrevipes and Geococcus coffeae were three root mealybug species recorded. Associate incidence was found among certain species range i.e., Ferrisia virgata, Paracoccus marginatus, Pseudococcus longispinus, Icerya seychellarum and Coccidohystrix insolita from different spots of the district. Anoplolepis gracilipes and Solenopsis geminata and Oecophylla smaragdina were ants observed with different mealybugs colony.
Key-words- Season, Mealybug, Polyphagous, Floral diversity, Thrissur district
Integrated management of Helicoverpa armigera on different genotypes of Kabul...Innspub Net
Gram Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) is the most imperative constraint in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production causing severe losses or there may be complete crop failure in spite of several rounds of insecticidal applications. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of neem application in controlling Pod borer on six different genotypic varieties (AZ-CM2, AZ-CM4, AZ-CM6, AZ-CM10, AZ-CM12 and Noor-91). The experiment was designed in a Split-Plot Design with three replicates. Different agronomic traits were recorded such as plant population, plant height, percentage flowering, physical maturity, number of pod per plant, infestation of pod borer and yield of chickpea. The results showed that plants treated with neem have high population (maximum in Noor-91 with 16.8 plants/m2 and minimum in AZ-CM12 with 2.9 plants/m2, plant height (46.7 cm in AZ-CM4 and 34.7cm in Noor-91), flowering (AZ-CM10 gave 50% flowers after 100.3 days), physical maturity (AZ-CM4 took maximum time (139.7 days) to attain 90% physical maturity while AZ-CM2 and AZ-CM4 took only 136.0 days to attain 90% physical maturity), average number of pods (Noor 91 has higher 19.4 and AZ-CM2 has lowest 12.1). Infestation of pod borer and % damage was found lower in neem sprayed plant. Overall highest yield was observed in plants treated with neem as compared to control and genotype dependent. It is concluded from the results that neem application has a significant effect in controlling pod borer and this effect varies from genotype to genotype. Noor-91 was found to be more resistant towards pod borer.
Assessment of Pest Severity and Biological Parameters of Bactrocera minax in ...AI Publications
Chinese Citrus fly, Bactrocera(Tetradacus) minax(Enderlein), univoltine fruit fly species, is a serious insect pest in Nepal, Bhutan, China, India causing 100% fruit drop in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) orchards in severe case. Four elevation ranges: 1400-1474masl, 1475-1549masl, 1550-1624masl and >1624masl of Ramechhap district were taken for the study of severity of infestation by this fly species in November 2018. A subsequent rearing was conducted at Agriculture and Forestry University, Chitwan, Nepal upto April 2019 to assess various developmental parameters of Bactrocera minax starting from larval stage in infested sweet oranges to the adult flies. Elevation range had the most significant effect (P<0.05) on pest severity (2017/18). Pest severity had strong relationship on elevation of orchards (R2=0.6638). Maximum pest severity (37.12%) was found in 1550-1624masl and minimum (2.90%) in 1400-1474masl. Maximum mean maggots/fruit (6.40±1.25) at 1550-1624masl and minimum (3.95±0.92) at 1475-1549masl were recorded. Post-pupal mortality was higher than pre-pupal mortality. Maximum pre-pupal mortality (11.13±5.24%) at >1624masl and the minimum (2.08±1.46%) at 1550-1624masl were recorded while 1475-1549masl and 1400-1474masl had the respective minimum (25.81±7.59%) and maximum (36.08±9.17%) post-pupal mortality. Most adult flies emerged by 2nd week of March lasting 115 days for adult eclosion. Sex ratio (male: female) was maximum (2.5) at 1400-1474masl and minimum (1.2) at >1624masl. Without feeding an adult fly survived upto 3 days. It can be speculated that besides other meteorological factors, elevation affects geographical distribution of fly and its subsequent biological parameters.
A review on seasonal incidence and insecticidal management of spotted pod bor...swathi kolli
Urdbean or Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) is an important pulse crop in the semi-arid tropics and subtropical farming systems, providing high quality vegetable protein. Among the insect pests attacking on blackgram Spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) is a major constraint for the production of blackgram at critical stages like flowering and pod formation stages. The spotted pod borer is causing serious damage to the crop, leading to huge losses. Because of its extensive host range and destructiveness, it became a persistent pest in pulses, being available throughout the year in different seasons / situations. The efficacy of chemical insecticides belonging to different groups against spotted pod borer was well established on different pulse crops. This review pertains to seasonal incidence at different locations and the most promising conventional and novel insecticidal compounds in the light of their use for the management spotted pod borer in pulses in general and blackgram in particular.
ABSTRACT- Survey conducted in two summer season. 24 coccoidean species were recorded. They are belonging to the family Pseudococidae (5 species) and Monophlebidae (19 species). Among these Dysmicoccus brevipes, Dysmicoccus neobrevipes and Geococcus coffeae were three root mealybug species recorded. Associate incidence was found among certain species range i.e., Ferrisia virgata, Paracoccus marginatus, Pseudococcus longispinus, Icerya seychellarum and Coccidohystrix insolita from different spots of the district. Anoplolepis gracilipes and Solenopsis geminata and Oecophylla smaragdina were ants observed with different mealybugs colony.
Key-words- Season, Mealybug, Polyphagous, Floral diversity, Thrissur district
Integrated management of Helicoverpa armigera on different genotypes of Kabul...Innspub Net
Gram Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) is the most imperative constraint in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production causing severe losses or there may be complete crop failure in spite of several rounds of insecticidal applications. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of neem application in controlling Pod borer on six different genotypic varieties (AZ-CM2, AZ-CM4, AZ-CM6, AZ-CM10, AZ-CM12 and Noor-91). The experiment was designed in a Split-Plot Design with three replicates. Different agronomic traits were recorded such as plant population, plant height, percentage flowering, physical maturity, number of pod per plant, infestation of pod borer and yield of chickpea. The results showed that plants treated with neem have high population (maximum in Noor-91 with 16.8 plants/m2 and minimum in AZ-CM12 with 2.9 plants/m2, plant height (46.7 cm in AZ-CM4 and 34.7cm in Noor-91), flowering (AZ-CM10 gave 50% flowers after 100.3 days), physical maturity (AZ-CM4 took maximum time (139.7 days) to attain 90% physical maturity while AZ-CM2 and AZ-CM4 took only 136.0 days to attain 90% physical maturity), average number of pods (Noor 91 has higher 19.4 and AZ-CM2 has lowest 12.1). Infestation of pod borer and % damage was found lower in neem sprayed plant. Overall highest yield was observed in plants treated with neem as compared to control and genotype dependent. It is concluded from the results that neem application has a significant effect in controlling pod borer and this effect varies from genotype to genotype. Noor-91 was found to be more resistant towards pod borer.
Assessment of Pest Severity and Biological Parameters of Bactrocera minax in ...AI Publications
Chinese Citrus fly, Bactrocera(Tetradacus) minax(Enderlein), univoltine fruit fly species, is a serious insect pest in Nepal, Bhutan, China, India causing 100% fruit drop in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) orchards in severe case. Four elevation ranges: 1400-1474masl, 1475-1549masl, 1550-1624masl and >1624masl of Ramechhap district were taken for the study of severity of infestation by this fly species in November 2018. A subsequent rearing was conducted at Agriculture and Forestry University, Chitwan, Nepal upto April 2019 to assess various developmental parameters of Bactrocera minax starting from larval stage in infested sweet oranges to the adult flies. Elevation range had the most significant effect (P<0.05) on pest severity (2017/18). Pest severity had strong relationship on elevation of orchards (R2=0.6638). Maximum pest severity (37.12%) was found in 1550-1624masl and minimum (2.90%) in 1400-1474masl. Maximum mean maggots/fruit (6.40±1.25) at 1550-1624masl and minimum (3.95±0.92) at 1475-1549masl were recorded. Post-pupal mortality was higher than pre-pupal mortality. Maximum pre-pupal mortality (11.13±5.24%) at >1624masl and the minimum (2.08±1.46%) at 1550-1624masl were recorded while 1475-1549masl and 1400-1474masl had the respective minimum (25.81±7.59%) and maximum (36.08±9.17%) post-pupal mortality. Most adult flies emerged by 2nd week of March lasting 115 days for adult eclosion. Sex ratio (male: female) was maximum (2.5) at 1400-1474masl and minimum (1.2) at >1624masl. Without feeding an adult fly survived upto 3 days. It can be speculated that besides other meteorological factors, elevation affects geographical distribution of fly and its subsequent biological parameters.
Effect of Sowing Dates and Varieties on the Incidence of Insect Pests on Mung...ijtsrd
Experiments were carried out in farmer’s field of Latpankone village in Nyaunglebin Township, Bago Region in Myanmar, during winter seasons in 2017 2018 and 2018 2019. A field trial was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. Five sowing dates as main plot factor and three mungbean varieties as subplot factor were set up. The maximum percentage of bean fly infested plants was 50 and 70.44 in S5 16th Dec during the first experiment and the second experiment, respectively. The highest mean number of thrips per flower 3.72 and 4.69 were found in S4 9th Dec in first experiment and second experiment, respectively. The maximum percentage of aphid infested plants 13.22 and 28.27 was found in S1 18th Nov in the first and in the second experiment, respectively. All sowing dates had significant effect on insect pests in both years except thrips in 2018 2019.The varieties were found to have significant effect on aphid in 2017 2018. The varieties were also found to have significant effect on bean fly infested plant sand thrips in 2018 2019. The pod borer larvae were only observed in 2018 2019 and lowest number in S1 18th Nov . It is inferred that early sowing resulted in lower incidence of bean fly and thrips except aphid. The results suggest that for ensuring reduced infestation of majority of insect pests, mungbean in winter season should be sown in mid November, in the study area. Myothan Tun | Ami Aung | Htarhtar Naing | Kyawkyaw Win | Thi Tar Oo "Effect of Sowing Dates and Varieties on the Incidence of Insect Pests on Mungbean in Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37948.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/ecology/37948/effect-of-sowing-dates-and-varieties-on-the-incidence-of-insect-pests-on-mungbean-in-myanmar/myothan-tun
ABSTRACT- Corynespora leaf fall (CLF) disease of rubber incited by the fungal pathogen Corynespora cassiicola is
one of the major threats for natural rubber cultivation in rubber growing regions of India. The CLF disease occurs
regularly in rubber plantation during dry period after re-foliation and intensity rise during March to April and subsides
during wet months. Study was undertaken to investigate on survival mechanism of the pathogen in rubber plantations over
the seasons. The results of the studies revealed that the pathogen survived up to 11 days in infected leaf litter and showed
good growth on potato dextrose agar medium. The pathogen was able to survive on intact infected leaves on the plant and
also on plant debris as thick dark brown dormant mycelium under the bark of dried infected twigs.
Key Words: Corynespora leaf fall, Corynespora cassiicola, Hevea brasiliensis, Survival
Impact of wheat-rapeseed perimeter crop and environmental factors on the occu...Innspub Net
The wheat aphid species individually and collectively cause severe damage to the wheat crop qualitatively and quantitatively. The incidence of these aphids is influenced by a number of biotic factors such as host plant resistance, availability of the natural enemies and the major abiotic factors such as temperature, humidity and rainfall. In the present investigation, the incidence and abundance of wheat aphid species were recorded with rapeseed as a perimeter crop. The results showed that wheat was infested by two major aphid species, bird cherry oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi and green peach aphid, Myzus persicae with rapeseed as a perimeter crop. The results further suggested that the level of infestation in wheat with perimeter crop remained low compared to check, influenced by the presence of natural enemies, however, the level of infestation of M. persicae remained highly influenced by the high level of infestation in rapeseed. In light of the above experimental results we concluded that the rapeseed influenced the population of R. padi and deterred S. avenae, however, encouraged M. persicae to infest wheat crop.
Invasive pest species have the potential to develop rapidly and spread in a new area to cause significant crop loss and can adversely affect food security. In India, a total of 25 species of invasive pests are recorded from 1889 to till date. Most of the invasive pests had an outbreak and destroyed the crops because they came into India without their natural enemies. Therefore, exploration should be made in the areas of origin of the pests or efforts should be made to search some effective natural enemies in the invaded area so that the pest population could be curtailed within Economic Threshold Level There is a need for interdisciplinary coordinated work among scientists, in identifying invaded organisms and in assessing their ecological problems, environmental concerns in different ecosystems, economic damage and sustainable management by prevention, eradication and control. Hence, it is necessary to know the recent invasive pests to protect the crops from economic loss.
The pattern of field infestation by the flea beetles, Podagrica spp., was assessed in okra-kenaf intercrop system with a view to determining a cropping pattern that would assist in controlling the pest problem. Okra and kenaf were intercropped in row combinations of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 2:2 while sole-cropped okra and kenaf served for comparison. Field sampling for flea beetles commenced three weeks after planting and it lasted till the 12th week, a period that extended to the postharvest stage of okra. There was a significant difference (P Ë‚ 0.01) between the population of the two Podagrica spp. (with P. uniforma being more abundant than P. sjostedti) and among the six planting patterns. The pest population also differed (P Ë‚ 0.05) between the two crops and among (P Ë‚ 0.001) the vegetative, reproductive and postharvest stages of okra. Sole kenaf had a significantly higher level of infestation by the flea beetles followed by sole okra and two rows of okra intercropped with one row of kenaf in descending order. All the other three intercrop patterns had a significantly lower infestation level. Kenaf attracted more flea beetles than okra at the vegetative stage while stumps of okra left in the field after harvesting was over sustained a significantly higher population of flea beetles. Obtained results showed that intercropping could be used, especially by poor rural farmers, as a pest control strategy against Podagrica spp. Due to the considerable population of flea beetles sustained by okra stumps, farmers should be encouraged to get rid of leftovers after harvesting as a way of further controlling Podagrica spp. The combination of intercropping and farm sanitation would assist in reducing reliance on synthetic chemical insecticides.
ABSTRACT- The present review deals on major Coleopteran beetles of agricultural crop pests include 45 genera and
55 species from 15 families. Most of beetles are pest of cereals and millets (3), oil seed crops (2), fibre crops (4),
vegetables (11), temperate fruits (7), sub-tropical and tropical fruits (9), ornamental plants (2), plantation crop (8),
spices (4) and stored grains (5). Among families; Curculionidae was dominated by 12 (21.8 %) species followed by
Chrysomelidae 10(18.18 %), Cerambycidae 9(16.3 %), Scarabaeridae 6(10.9 %), Coccinellidae 3(5.4 %), Apionidae,
Bostrychidae, Brachidae, Buprestidae and Scolytidae each with two species (3.6 %). Whereas families like
Dermestidae, Lamiidae, Meloidae, Melonithidae and Tenebrionidae contribute each with single species (1.8 %).
Key-words- Coleopteran beetle, Cereals, Spices, Stored grains, temperate fruits.
Drought stress is one of the major abiotic factors affecting seed germination and plant growth especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, we investigated the effects of drought stress on seed germination and seedling growth of five varieties of rapeseed. Seven drought stress levels of zero (control), -3, -5, -7, -9, -11 and -13 bars were performed using polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000). A completely randomized design with three replications was used for this experiment. Germination percentage (GP), germination rate (GR), mean germination time (MGT), root length (RL) and shoot length (SL) were measured to evaluate the varieties response to PEG-induced drought stress. Drought stress, variety and the interaction drought × variety had a significant effect on all studied parameters. GP and GR decreased with the increase in stress level, while MGT increased. There were no seeds germinated for all varieties at -11 bars and -13 bars. Shoot length decreased with increasing drought stress but different varieties show different performance under stress environment. Root length decreased with increasing level of severe drought stress. However, the presence of moderate drought stress could even improve the root growth of the investigated varieties. The varieties ‘INRA-CZH2’ and ‘INRA-CZH3’ exhibited the highest germination percentage and the best early seedling growth. Thus, they could be recommended for environments with early cropping cycle drought.
Invasive Alien Plant Species Assessment in Urban Ecosystem: A Case Study from...Surendra Bam
Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are the second most threat to biodiversity after habitat loss and fragmentation. Identifying the non-native species being naturalized in your region is the fundamental step for the upcoming management strategy in future.
Effect of Sowing Dates and Varieties on the Incidence of Insect Pests on Mung...ijtsrd
Experiments were carried out in farmer’s field of Latpankone village in Nyaunglebin Township, Bago Region in Myanmar, during winter seasons in 2017 2018 and 2018 2019. A field trial was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. Five sowing dates as main plot factor and three mungbean varieties as subplot factor were set up. The maximum percentage of bean fly infested plants was 50 and 70.44 in S5 16th Dec during the first experiment and the second experiment, respectively. The highest mean number of thrips per flower 3.72 and 4.69 were found in S4 9th Dec in first experiment and second experiment, respectively. The maximum percentage of aphid infested plants 13.22 and 28.27 was found in S1 18th Nov in the first and in the second experiment, respectively. All sowing dates had significant effect on insect pests in both years except thrips in 2018 2019.The varieties were found to have significant effect on aphid in 2017 2018. The varieties were also found to have significant effect on bean fly infested plant sand thrips in 2018 2019. The pod borer larvae were only observed in 2018 2019 and lowest number in S1 18th Nov . It is inferred that early sowing resulted in lower incidence of bean fly and thrips except aphid. The results suggest that for ensuring reduced infestation of majority of insect pests, mungbean in winter season should be sown in mid November, in the study area. Myothan Tun | Ami Aung | Htarhtar Naing | Kyawkyaw Win | Thi Tar Oo "Effect of Sowing Dates and Varieties on the Incidence of Insect Pests on Mungbean in Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37948.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/ecology/37948/effect-of-sowing-dates-and-varieties-on-the-incidence-of-insect-pests-on-mungbean-in-myanmar/myothan-tun
ABSTRACT- Corynespora leaf fall (CLF) disease of rubber incited by the fungal pathogen Corynespora cassiicola is
one of the major threats for natural rubber cultivation in rubber growing regions of India. The CLF disease occurs
regularly in rubber plantation during dry period after re-foliation and intensity rise during March to April and subsides
during wet months. Study was undertaken to investigate on survival mechanism of the pathogen in rubber plantations over
the seasons. The results of the studies revealed that the pathogen survived up to 11 days in infected leaf litter and showed
good growth on potato dextrose agar medium. The pathogen was able to survive on intact infected leaves on the plant and
also on plant debris as thick dark brown dormant mycelium under the bark of dried infected twigs.
Key Words: Corynespora leaf fall, Corynespora cassiicola, Hevea brasiliensis, Survival
Impact of wheat-rapeseed perimeter crop and environmental factors on the occu...Innspub Net
The wheat aphid species individually and collectively cause severe damage to the wheat crop qualitatively and quantitatively. The incidence of these aphids is influenced by a number of biotic factors such as host plant resistance, availability of the natural enemies and the major abiotic factors such as temperature, humidity and rainfall. In the present investigation, the incidence and abundance of wheat aphid species were recorded with rapeseed as a perimeter crop. The results showed that wheat was infested by two major aphid species, bird cherry oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi and green peach aphid, Myzus persicae with rapeseed as a perimeter crop. The results further suggested that the level of infestation in wheat with perimeter crop remained low compared to check, influenced by the presence of natural enemies, however, the level of infestation of M. persicae remained highly influenced by the high level of infestation in rapeseed. In light of the above experimental results we concluded that the rapeseed influenced the population of R. padi and deterred S. avenae, however, encouraged M. persicae to infest wheat crop.
Invasive pest species have the potential to develop rapidly and spread in a new area to cause significant crop loss and can adversely affect food security. In India, a total of 25 species of invasive pests are recorded from 1889 to till date. Most of the invasive pests had an outbreak and destroyed the crops because they came into India without their natural enemies. Therefore, exploration should be made in the areas of origin of the pests or efforts should be made to search some effective natural enemies in the invaded area so that the pest population could be curtailed within Economic Threshold Level There is a need for interdisciplinary coordinated work among scientists, in identifying invaded organisms and in assessing their ecological problems, environmental concerns in different ecosystems, economic damage and sustainable management by prevention, eradication and control. Hence, it is necessary to know the recent invasive pests to protect the crops from economic loss.
The pattern of field infestation by the flea beetles, Podagrica spp., was assessed in okra-kenaf intercrop system with a view to determining a cropping pattern that would assist in controlling the pest problem. Okra and kenaf were intercropped in row combinations of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 2:2 while sole-cropped okra and kenaf served for comparison. Field sampling for flea beetles commenced three weeks after planting and it lasted till the 12th week, a period that extended to the postharvest stage of okra. There was a significant difference (P Ë‚ 0.01) between the population of the two Podagrica spp. (with P. uniforma being more abundant than P. sjostedti) and among the six planting patterns. The pest population also differed (P Ë‚ 0.05) between the two crops and among (P Ë‚ 0.001) the vegetative, reproductive and postharvest stages of okra. Sole kenaf had a significantly higher level of infestation by the flea beetles followed by sole okra and two rows of okra intercropped with one row of kenaf in descending order. All the other three intercrop patterns had a significantly lower infestation level. Kenaf attracted more flea beetles than okra at the vegetative stage while stumps of okra left in the field after harvesting was over sustained a significantly higher population of flea beetles. Obtained results showed that intercropping could be used, especially by poor rural farmers, as a pest control strategy against Podagrica spp. Due to the considerable population of flea beetles sustained by okra stumps, farmers should be encouraged to get rid of leftovers after harvesting as a way of further controlling Podagrica spp. The combination of intercropping and farm sanitation would assist in reducing reliance on synthetic chemical insecticides.
ABSTRACT- The present review deals on major Coleopteran beetles of agricultural crop pests include 45 genera and
55 species from 15 families. Most of beetles are pest of cereals and millets (3), oil seed crops (2), fibre crops (4),
vegetables (11), temperate fruits (7), sub-tropical and tropical fruits (9), ornamental plants (2), plantation crop (8),
spices (4) and stored grains (5). Among families; Curculionidae was dominated by 12 (21.8 %) species followed by
Chrysomelidae 10(18.18 %), Cerambycidae 9(16.3 %), Scarabaeridae 6(10.9 %), Coccinellidae 3(5.4 %), Apionidae,
Bostrychidae, Brachidae, Buprestidae and Scolytidae each with two species (3.6 %). Whereas families like
Dermestidae, Lamiidae, Meloidae, Melonithidae and Tenebrionidae contribute each with single species (1.8 %).
Key-words- Coleopteran beetle, Cereals, Spices, Stored grains, temperate fruits.
Drought stress is one of the major abiotic factors affecting seed germination and plant growth especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, we investigated the effects of drought stress on seed germination and seedling growth of five varieties of rapeseed. Seven drought stress levels of zero (control), -3, -5, -7, -9, -11 and -13 bars were performed using polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000). A completely randomized design with three replications was used for this experiment. Germination percentage (GP), germination rate (GR), mean germination time (MGT), root length (RL) and shoot length (SL) were measured to evaluate the varieties response to PEG-induced drought stress. Drought stress, variety and the interaction drought × variety had a significant effect on all studied parameters. GP and GR decreased with the increase in stress level, while MGT increased. There were no seeds germinated for all varieties at -11 bars and -13 bars. Shoot length decreased with increasing drought stress but different varieties show different performance under stress environment. Root length decreased with increasing level of severe drought stress. However, the presence of moderate drought stress could even improve the root growth of the investigated varieties. The varieties ‘INRA-CZH2’ and ‘INRA-CZH3’ exhibited the highest germination percentage and the best early seedling growth. Thus, they could be recommended for environments with early cropping cycle drought.
Invasive Alien Plant Species Assessment in Urban Ecosystem: A Case Study from...Surendra Bam
Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are the second most threat to biodiversity after habitat loss and fragmentation. Identifying the non-native species being naturalized in your region is the fundamental step for the upcoming management strategy in future.
Importance and management of fusarium wilt (Fusarium udum Butler) of pigeonpe...Innspub Net
Fusarium wilt (Fusarium udum Butler) is an important soil borne disease of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp], which causes significant yield losses in susceptible cultivars throughout the pigeonpea growing areas. The soil borne fungus enters the host vascular system at root tips through wounds leading to progressive chlorosis of leaves, branches, wilting and collapse of the root system. Temperature, soil type, water retentive nature of the soil and nutrient availability has been shown to affect fusarium population. Disease management strategies have emphasized on integrated disease management practices. Despite extensive pathological and molecular studies, the nature and extent of pathogenic variability in F. udum has not been clearly established. Information on characterization of F. udum is needed to help identify race differentials. In addition, there is limited knowledge on the inheritance of fusarium wilt and other important traits in pigeonpea thus limiting specific cultivar improvement. This paper reviews the literature on the distribution, symptomalogy, factors that affect its development and control strategies of the disease. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-2-number-1-january-2012-4/
Foliar Nematode Problem of Crops in West Bengal & its ManagementPuspendu Samanta
Foliar nematodes are the plant parasitic nematodes of the genera Aphelenchoides, Ditylenchus, Anguina and Subanguina, Nothanguina etc. The most economically important nematode species under the genus Aphelenchoides are A.besseyi, A. ritzemabosi and A. fragariae. Ditylenchus angustus an important causal agent of ‘ufra’ disease of rice. Anguina tritici is also an important nematode causing ‘ear cockle’ disease of wheat. Subanguina agropyri is causing galls to the bases of grasses. Anguina tritici and Subanguina agropyri are not of much concern for their occurrence and crop loss in the West Bengal. Foliar nematodes, Aphelenchoides spp. in particular are becoming a widespread and serious problem for the rice, onion, strawberry, flowering and ornamental crops. It is a severe problem to nursery industry. A. fragariae causes damage on hundreds of different plants including chrysanthemum, begonia, gloxinia, African violet, cyclamen, and a wide variety of bedding plants and ferns, causing brown to black, vein-delimited lesions on leaf tissue, defoliation, and stunting of plants.
Screening Of Different Rice Genotype Against Rice Blast (Pyricularia oryzae)PrabinGhimire4
A field experiment to detect the response of different
rice genotypes against rice blast disease under DSR condition at
Mid hill during rainy season of 2017. Screening of different
genotypes was carried out in a field against rice blast disease and
checked in one factor RCBD with 3 replication and 9 genotype.
The experiment was conducted to impart knowledge about the
response of different genotype against rice blast disease. The
disease severity, AUDPC was found high in Shankharika
genotype while found low in Sabitri genotype. Thus the use of
Sabitri genotype provide proper resistance against rice blast
disease in rice under the hill region of Baitadi district under
Direct Seeded Rice(DSR) condition.
Insect pest diversity of standing crops and traditional pest management in ag...AI Publications
The mountain farming communities of the Garhwal Himalaya rely on a conventional approach to agriculture to meet their subsistence needs. The resilience of local crop varieties plays a significant role in crop productivity in the indigenous agricultural system. In such circumstances, the protection of the crop from insect pests becomes paramount. Traditional ecological knowledge plays a crucial role in safeguarding standing crops from production losses in an environmentally benign and sustainable manner. The investigators in this study have surveyed the Mandakini valley to document the indigenous practices undertaken by the farming folks to protect the crops from pest infestation in the region. These practices are discoursed here and, further, look into the potential of natural predators as bio-control. The findings indicated that pests from the order Coleoptera had the most species, followed by Lepidoptera and Hemiptera. Most of the pests in the study site were serious defoliators, damaging the young foliage of the crops. Some entirely fed upon their roots-stems, while the rest were leaf miners and sapsuckers, thus compromising the overall well-being of the plant. In a developing country like India, there is a lack of reliable data that sheds light on the annual crop losses incurred by these pests. Thus, it becomes pertinent to compute an overall estimate of crop losses at various stages of crop production, from seed storage to post-harvest times.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Types and Percentations of Parasitization Egg Parasitoids Spodoptera frugiper...AI Publications
Corn (Zea mays L) is the main commodity of agricultural crops in Indonesia. There are two groups of corn that are cultivated, namely ordinary corn (food corn) and sweet corn. Food corn is mainly used as a raw material for making food, which is used as a raw material for making animal feed raw materials and other industrial products. Easy cultivation, can grow in various conditions, stable selling prices and easy to market are the main driving force for high interest of the farming community to cultivate it. Spodoptera frugiperda larvae are polyphagous and attack many plant species. S. frugiperda larvae feed on more than 350 species of plants in 76 families. S. frugiperda is a typical migratory pest and this migratory behavior is an adjustment strategy to find a more profitable habitat. S. frugiperda is one of the most dangerous invasive pests due to its short life cycle. An adult female lays 900 – 1200 eggs in her life cycle. The purpose of the study was to inventory and analyze the egg parasitoid of S. frugiperda and the percentage of parasitization The analysis of the types of egg parasitoids of S. frugiperda was carried out through an inventory and identification process, while the percentage of parasitization was carried out using a randomized block design consisting of 5 treatment groups of eggs from 5 regions and three replications. The results of the inventory and identification contained two types of parasitoids, namely: Telenomus sp. and Trichogramma sp. The highest percentage of total parasitization was from Manado City at 85% and the lowest was from Bolaang Mongondow at 5%. Telenomus sp. higher percentage of parasitization than Trichogramma sp. Parasitization percentage of Telenomus sp. on eggs of S. frugiperda the highest came from Manado by 63% and the lowest came from Tomohon by 3%, while the percentage of parasitization of Trichograma sp. The highest came from Manado at 22%, and the lowest came from Bolaang Mongondow Regency at zero percent. In conclusion, there are 2 types of egg parasitoids in S. frugiperda eggs, namely the parasitoid Telenomus sp and the parasitoid Trichogramma sp., the percentage of parasitization of Telenomus sp. on eggs of S. frugiperda the highest sample from Manado and the lowest sample from Tomohon. Percentage of parasitization of Trichograma sp. the highest sample of S. frugiperda eggs from Manado, and the lowest sample from Bolaang Mongondow.
ABSTRACT- Butterflies are the important pollinating agent for wild and crop plants. Despite of its global significance,
studies of butterfly diversity during monsoon and post-monsoon season in agroecosystem of Arjuni/Morgaon taluka of
Maharashtra have not been recently undertaken. Survey was carried out on butterflies of agricultural field during monsoon
and post-monsoon season, Arjuni/Morgaon, Maharashtra, India because it is now clear that in and around agricultural
fields particularly paddy field are unique ecosystems that provide some butterflies to complete their life span. Total 44
species of butterflies were recorded belonging to 32 genera and 5 families. Nymphalidae family is consisting of maximum
number of genera and species and only three species recorded from family Papilionidae. Maximum species richness
reported from July to November month. The present study will encourage the conservation of a wide range of indigenous
butterfly species in an area.
Key-words- Butterfly, Diversity, Fauna, Agricultural field, Monsoon, Post monsoon
Study on insect pest succession of brinjal crop ecosystem in western region of uttar pradesh, india
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.17, 2014
Study on Insect Pest Succession of Brinjal Crop Ecosystem in
Western Region of Uttar Pradesh, India
Raveesh Kumar Gangwar1* D. V. Singh12
1.Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Sardar Vallabhbahi Patel University of Agriculture and
Technology, Meerut, (U.P.) India-250110 raveeshgangwar@ahoo.com
2.Assistant Professor, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Sardar Vallabhbahi Patel University
of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, (U.P.) India-250110-
*raveeshgangwar@ahoo.com
Abstract
The present investigation was carried out during Kharif, 2011 at Crop Research Centre (CRC) of Sardar
Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut (U.P.). During the studies on the insect-pests
succession revealed that a total of eight insect species were found associated with brinjal crop at different
crop growth stages. The first attack on the crop appeared in the one week after transplantation and continued up
to till crop harvested. pests were found attacking on the crop were jassids (Amrasca biguttula biguttula), aphids
(Aphis gossypii), white fly (Bemisia tabaci), leaf roller (Eublemma olivacae), shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes
orbonalis), epilachna beetle (Epilachna vigintioctopunctata), leaf webber (Psara bipunctalis) and grass hopper
(Chrotogonus spp.). Among them, brinjal shoot and fruit borer (L. orbonalis) was recorded as major pest. Jassids
(A. biguttula biguttula Ishida), aphid (A. gossypii Glov.) and epilachna beetle (E. viginitioctopunctata F.) were
found to damage the crop moderately. Other insects pests recorded on the crop were of less importance and
extent of damage caused by them was found without much economic loss.
Keywords; Pest succession, Leucinodes orbonalis, Solanum melongena, damage,
INTRODUCTION:
Brinjal (Solanum melongena) is an important commercial vegetable crop grown throughout the year over the
country (Pareet, 2009). It is a versatile vegetable and one of the three most popular and economically important
vegetable among small-scale farmers and low income consumers of North-India. Hence, it is subjected to attack
by number of insect-pests right from nursery stage till harvesting which affects crop cultivation and act as a
limiting factor in the profitable cultivation of brinjal crop. Nayar et al. (1995) listed 53 insects where as Butani
and Verma (1976) listed 36 insects attacking on brinjal.
Eggplant fruit and shoot borer L. orbonalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae) is considered to be the
most serious pest of brinjal in all parts of India (Mote, 1976; Tripathy, M.K. and Senapati, B.1998). A
thorough knowledge of seasonal activity of insect-pest helps in developing efficient pest management strategies
in a particular set of climatic conditions. Since no much information available from Western region of Uttar
Pradesh, studies were taken up to ascertain the succession of insect pest on this crop.
METHOD AND MATERIAL
The experiment was conducted at Chirori farm, Crop Research Centre (CRC) of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
University of Agriculture and Technology, Modipuram, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. Randomly five plants from three
central rows in each plot were tagged and an observation on population of insect pests of brinjal was recorded in
the morning hour at weekly interval right from germination till harvest of crop. The nature and extent of damage
caused by various insect pests was also recorded to assess the economic status of the pests. The insect-pests were
collected and reared up to adult stage wherever necessary. Adult insect were preserved and identified.
RESULTS
Pest succession in brinjal crop
The insect pest species associated with brinjal crop along with their nature of damage, seasonal incidence,
damaging stage and economic status have been studied and shown in table 1. Eight insect species were found
attacking the brinjal crop at different stage of crop growth at Modipuram, Meerut of Utter Pradesh. These were
brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee (Pyraliade:Lepidoptera), whitefly, Bemesia tabaci
Gennadius (Aleyrodidae:Hemiptera), Jassid, Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida (Cicadellidae:Hemiptera); aphid,
Aphis gossypii Glover (Aphididae:Hemiptera) grasshopper, Chrotogonus sp. (Acrididae:Orthoptera), Leaf roller,
Eublemma olivacae W. (Noctuidae:Lepidoptera), leaf webber, Psara bipunctalis (Pyralidae:Lepidoptera) The
epilachna beetle, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Coccinellidae:Coleoptera).
Lepidoptera
Brinjal shoot and fruit borer: Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee) is an important pest causing severe
damage to the brinjal fruits. The incidence of the pest on kharif crop started from the last week of August and
116
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.17, 2014
remained till last week of December, thus this pest was found infesting the crop throughout the crop season.
Singh et al. (2000) reported peak shoot infestation 86.66% due to L. orbonalis in the third week of September
with an intensity of 2.09/plant. The extent of apparent losses of the borer was only 21.3%, but the total losses in
production were as high as 48.3%. Atwal .A. S. (1976) reported the abundance of L. orbonalis e during monsoon
period. Mehto et al., (1980) also observed this pest round the year on the brinjal crop. Pawar et al., (1986)
reported incidence of this pest during kharif crop and summer season.
Leaf webber: Psara bipunctalis is also associated with brinjal crop. The presence of this pest is found on
brinjal crop from last week of August to last week of October. Newly caterpillar attack on brinjal crop and
scrape and feeding on epidermal tissues, later feed on ventral surface of leaves, skeletonizing completely them.
Leaf roller: Eublemma olivacae remained active on brinjal from the first week of August to mid
November. During this period the caterpillar of the pest feed inside the leaves by folding with the help of white
resinous secretion and skeletonize by this activity reducing photosynthesis which have indirect effect on fruit
yield.
Coleoptera.
The epilachna beetle: Epilachna vigintioctopunctata. The activity of this pest was noticed in kharif
season August to mid December. During this period, the grubs and adults feed upper and lower surface of leaves.
Natekar (1990), however, reported its activity on summer brinjal for a short period, but on kharif crop up to
August with the population level of 136grubs/ 150 plants.
Homoptera
Jassid: Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida, commonly known as cotton leafhopper is a polyphagus pest
comes under order Hemiptera (Homoptera); it is a sucking pest, causes considerable damage to brinjal crop.
Both nymphs and adults of this pest suck the sap from the lower surface of leaves and growing tips. The
incidence of this pest was observed during August to December i.e. the population appeared in the first week
after transplanting and its population continued building up throughout the crop growth. Dhamdhere et al.,
(1995) observed peak population of jassid in the third week of September. Prakash., O. (1978) observed
highest population during late September to mid November.
Aphid: Aphis gossypii Glover is important pest of brinjal crop. It is a polyphagus pest, having wide host
range. The nymphs and adults suck sap from leaves and tender shoots. The brinjal plant infested by A. gossypii
became weak, pale and stunted in growth which consequently results in reduced fruit size. The infestation of
aphid was reduced from August to last week of December. Ghose, et al. (2006) also reported that A. gossypii is
an important pest of brinjal crop.
Whitefly: Bemesia tabaci was also recorded as important pest of brinjal. The small sized fly and their
nymph are mostly seen in cluster on underside of the leaves. They feed on the leaves by sucking the cell sap.
Warm and moist weather favors the development and multiplication of these insect. The occurrence of this pest
was recorded from last week of July to mid December. Natekar et al., (1987) reported considerably high
population level of this pest.
Orthoptera:
Grasshoppers: Chrotogonus sp. recorded on brinjal crop from last week of July to last week of
December. The grasshoppers camouflage easily on plants due to their green or brownish color. These insects cut
irregular cuts and punctures on leaves. Tender shoots too are eaten. Their droppings are like tiny pieces of
charcoal. As they hop from plant to plant, grasshoppers may be or may not be present on the damaged plant.
REFERENCES
Ghosh, S.K.; Laskar, N.; Basak, S.N. and Senapati, S.K. 2006. Seasonal fluctuation of Aphis gossypii Glov. on
brinjal and field evaluation of some pesticides against Aphis gossypii under the terai region of West Bengal.
Indian J. of Agric.Res., 38(3): 171-177.
Dhamdhere, S.; Dhamdhere, S.V. and Mathur, R. 1995. Occurance and succession of pests of brinjal, Solanum
melongena Linn. at Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh), India. J. Ent. Res., 19 (1): 71-77.
Atwal, A.S. 1976. Pests of vegetables. In agricultural Pest of India and South East Asia. Kalyani Publisher, New
Delhi, pp.258.
Parkash, O. 1978. Schedule of insecticidal application against insect pest complex of brinjal with special
reference to brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. Indian Journal o. Entomology, 50 (1): 16-
19.
Raju, S.V.S.; U.K. Bar, Uma Shankar and Shailendra Kumar. 2007. Scenario of infestation and management of
egg plant shoot and fruit borer, Leucinode orbonalis Guen. in India. Resistant Pest Management Newsletter, 16(2)
14-16.
Mehto, D.N., Singh, K.M. and singh, R.N. 1980. Dispers of Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee during different
seasons. Indian Journal Entomology, 42(3): 539-540.
Mote, U.N. 1976. Seasonal incidence and chemical control of brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis,
117
3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
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Vol.4, No.17, 2014
Guen. Vegetable Science, 3 (2): 128-130.
Butani, D.K., and Verma, S. 1976. Pest of vegetable and their control-Brinjal Pesticides, 10 (2): 32-38
Pawar, D.B., Kale, P.N., Chandhari, K.G. and Ajai, D.S. 1986. Incidence of brinjal shoot and fruit borer
Leucinoes orbonalis Guen. Investigation Kharif and summer season. Current Research peropter Mathma Phule
Agriculture University, 2(2): 286-288.
Tripathy, M.K. and Senapati, B.1998. Seasonal incidence of Leucinodes orbonalis in relation to weather
parameters and crop growth stage of brinjal at Bhubaneshwar, Orissa. The Orissa J. Hort., 26 (2): 37-41.
Natekar, M. G., Samarjit Rai and Agnihotri, N. P., 1987. Bioefficacy of synthetic pyrethroids and their residues
in brinjal fruit. Pestology, 11: 18-22.
Singh, S.V.; Singh, K.S. and Malik, Y.P. 2000. Seasonal abundance and economic losses of shoot and fruit borer,
Leucinodes orbonalis on brinjal. Indian Journal Entomology, 62(3): 247-252.
Pareet, J. D. and Basavanagoud, K. 2009. Evaluation of bio-pesticides against brinjal shoot and fruit borer and
sucking pests. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 17 (2): 463-464.
Nayer, K.K., T.N. Anantha krishnan and B.V. David, 1995. General andApplied Entomology. 11 edn. Tata
McGraw- Hill pub. Co. Ltd. 4/12, New Delhi-110002, pp: 557.
Table 2. Pest succession on brinjal crop at Modipuram, Meerut during Kharif-2011
118
S.No Common
name
Scientific name Order and
Family
Damaging
Stage
of the pest
Nature of damage Period of
activity
Economic
status
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Brinjal
shoot
and fruit
borer
Leucinodes
orbonalis Guenee
Pyralidae
Lepidoptera
Larvae Caterpillar bores into tender
shoots and developing fruit and
hole plugged with excreta,
August end
to
December
High
2 Whitefly Bemesia tabaci
Gennadius
(Aleyrodidae
Homoptera
Nymph
and Adults
Sucking the sap from
undersurface of leaves
July end
to mid
December
Low
3 Jassid Amrasca biguttula
biguttula Ishida
Cicadellidae
Homoptera
Nymph
and Adults
Sucking the sap by hoppers lead
to curling and crinkling of
leaves.
August
to end
December
Low
4 Aphid Aphis gossypii
Glover
Aphididae
Homoptera
Nymph
and Adults
Crinkling and curling downward
movement leaves due to sucking
the sap undersurface of leaves.
August to
December
end
Low
5 Grasshopper Chrotogonus sp. Acrididae
Orthoptera
Nymph
and adults
Eating the leaves of plants and
cause damage to newer leaves.
July end to
December
End
Low
6 The
epilachna
beetle
Epilachna
vigintioctopunctata;
Coccinellidae
Coleoptera
Grub and
Adults
Grub and adults feeding on the
upper and lower surface of
leaves.
July end to
mid
December
Low
7 Leaf roller Eublemma olivacae
W.
Noctuidae
Lepidoptera
Larvae Caterpillars fold leaves from tip
and feed inside by scarping
them
August to
mid
November
Low
8 Leaf Weber Psara bipunctalis Pyralidae
Lepidoptera
Larvae Newly hatched caterpillar
scrape and feeding on epidermal
tissues, later feed on ventral
surface of leaves, skeletonizing
completely.
August end
to October
end
Low
4. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.4, No.17, 2014
119
Insect pests
Figur.3. Insect pest succession on brinjal crop
July A u g u s t S e p t e m b e r October November December
First
fortnig
ht
Secon
d
fortnig
ht
First
fortnig
ht
Secon
d
fortnig
ht
First
fortnig
ht
Secon
d
fortnig
ht
First
fortnig
ht
Secon
d
fortnig
ht
First
fortnig
ht
Secon
d
fortnig
ht
First
fortnig
ht
Secon
d
fortnig
ht
Brinjal shoot
and fruit
Leucinodes
orbonalis
Whitefly
Bemesia tabaci
Jassid Amrasca
biguttula
biguttula
Aphid Aphis
gossypii
Grasshopper
Chrotogonus
sp.
The epilachna
beetle
Epilachna
vigintioctopunct
ata;
Leaf roller
Eublemma
olivacae
Leaf weeber
Psara
bipunctalis
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