Survey and mapping of Fusarium wilt of banana

Dr SK Singh
Professor
Department of Plant Pathology
RPCAU, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar

Major banana growing states of India

Area under different varieties of banana(%)
0
20
40
60
80
Cavendish(AAA)
Plantain (AAB)
Dessert type
Cooking type
65
6
15
14
www.nrcb.nic.in

Symptoms
The external symptoms are generally expressed
only 2-4 months after planting.
If the planting material already infested, the
symptoms of the disease can be seen even with in
two month after planting.
Tissue culture plants are planted in the Fusarium
infested soil, the symptoms can be seen in 15-20
days after planting.
Source:-Agrios,G.N.(1997).Plant Pathology .4th ed. ,Academic Press ,New York.

Typical symptom of Panama wilt in Dwarf
cavendish

What could Panama TR4 be
confused with?
In the early stages,
Panama TR4
symptoms might be
mistaken for:
 Nutritional deficiencies
 Water stress
 Rhizome rot (Erwinia)

What is Panama TR4
 Panama disease tropical race 4 (Panama TR4) is a
serious disease that affects most banana varieties
including Cavendish, Silk, Pome ,Pisang Awak and
Bluggoe group of banana.
 It can’t be eradicated by any biological or
chemical controls.
 The fungus produces two main types of spores:
Conidia, produced in large numbers that disperse
rapidly, and Chlamydospores that are hardy and
can live in the soil for up to 40 years. It only takes one
spore to infect a plant.
http://www.fao.org/world-banana-forum/disease/en/

Fusarium Tropical Race 4 (TR4)
This disease ranked as one of the important plant
disease in the world.
Fusarium of banana is a disease caused by the soil-
borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense.
The different strains of the fungus (around 35
different reported so far) are grouped into four main
races based on their vegetative compatibility.
Races one and two affect relatively small number
of banana cultivars.
 Race four can infect most varieties, but is known
predominantly for attacking Cavendish, the most
widely cultivated variety in the world.

TR4
Race four of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense is
further categorized in two groups:
Subtropical race four (STR4):causing disease in the
presence of predisposing factors such as low
temperatures.
Tropical race four (TR4): causing disease without
predisposing factors. If unchecked, Fusarium caused by
Foc TR4 can wipe out an entire plantation. The
pathogen can be transmitted through planting
materials, movement of infested soil particles through
any means such as shoes, vehicles or through water.
The fungus is able to remain dormant in the soil for
decades. For these reasons, Foc TR4 is considered as
the world’s greatest threat to banana production.

Race I Infects varieties belongs to Silk, Pisang
Awak, Pome but not Cavendish
Race II Infects cooking bananas like Bluggoe
Race III Infects only Heliconia species not
bananas
Race IV Infects most varieties including
Cavendish, Silk, Pisang Awak, Pome and
Bluggoe
The different races
There are different races of the Panama disease fungus
(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense) but not all are
present in all the banana growing areas of India.

Fusarium TR4 profile
There is no viable fully effective treatment of soil or
plants to control or cure Fusarium in the field:
The fungus’ resting spores remain viable in the soil for
decades.
Research is going on; however, the biology and
genetics of the fungus are still not fully understood.
There are no resistant varieties yet that can replace
the export Cavendish banana.
The only currently available preventive measure is
quarantine: preventing the transfer of infected soil or
plant material from infected areas to TR4-free areas.

Countries in which TR 4 has been recorded

.
TR4 Distribution in China
Li cy et.al.,2013

Impacts of TR4
Fusarium TR4 has infested banana plantations in South-East
Asia and Pakistan, and has more recently been reported in
Jordan, Mozambique Australia , India and Colombia.
It destroys Cavendish banana plants.
 Once present, the disease can't be controlled by common
chemical or cultural management practices.
Available methods for disease containment are not fully
efficient on TR4; and alternative options are still at the
evaluation stage.
The social consequences of Fusarium can be severe:
bananas are an important source of food, income,
employment and government revenues in many tropical
countries for own consumption or local markets are
Cavendish bananas or other cultivars susceptible to Fusarium
TR4.

Bananas (Musa spp.), including dessert
banana, plantain, and cooking banana, are the
eighth most important food crop in the world,
and the fourth most important in the least
developed countries (FAOSTAT, 2015).
The vast majority of producers are smallholder
farmers who grow the crop for either home
consumption or local markets .
 Today, the international banana export trade
is worth some US$ 10 billion per year (FAOSTAT).

Severe incidence of TR 4 was observed in
Cavendish group of banana in Bihar, Uttar
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Gujrat.
There is a possibility of incurring a heavy loss to
Indian banana industry which worth nearly
Rs,50,000 crores.
Banana growers switching over to other crops,
which will give a profit of only Rs.25000 as
against banana Rs.>2 lakhs/acre in banana.
NRCB, 2018
What is the possible impact in India?

Banana in Bihar
Area- 34.12(000 ha)
Production -1548(000 tonne)
Productivity-45.07 tonne /ha
Banana at National level
Area-860(000 ha);
Production-30,477(000 tonne);
Productivity-35.43 tonne/ha
Source: Horticulture Statistics Division, DAC&FW,2017

Disease Zone 1 Zone 2
Eumusae
leaf spot
0 – 18 % 0 – 22
Panama wilt 0 – 38 % 6 – 65
Rhizome rot 0 – 12 % 0 – 14
14-16 February,2019
Disease Zone 1 Zone 2
Panama wilt 0 – 38% (Foc race-1& 2) 6 – 65% (Foc TR4)
Status of Panama wilt of Banana in Bihar
Zone-I
Zone-II

Intensive roving survey was conducted in
wilt affected banana orchards in Vaishali
and Koshi belt of Bihar and collected
diseased samples in 2016-17 ,2017-18 and
2018-19 as a part of regular survey
programme under ICAR-AICRP(Fruits).
The affected samples were brought to Fruit
Pathology Laboratory at Pusa and
pathogen was frequently isolated, purified
and Pathogenicity was established by using
standard procedure.

.
Characterization of Fusarium isolates causing
Panama wilt of banana to know the variability
among the isolates in Bihar.
To find out the potential botanicals, novel
chemicals and bio-agents against the
pathogen causing Panama wilt in vitro.
To identify resistant sources of banana against
Panama wilt.
To develop integrated disease management
strategies (IDM) against Panama wilt of
banana.
Objective of investigation

Scenario of Panama wilt of banana in
Vaishali belt (Zone I) of Bihar

Scenario of Panama wilt of banana
in Kosi belt (Zone II) of Bihar
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
Percent wilt index (1-5)
24
26
24
25
28
25
13
16
13
Robusta Grand Naine Basrai

Scenario of Panama wilt of banana
in Kosi belt (Zone II) of Bihar

Typical symptom of Panama wilt

Field view of Panama wilt in Dwarf
Cavendish group of banana in Kosi belt

Morphological characteristics of various isolates of Fusarium
oxysporum f.sp. cubense causing Panama wilt of banana on
Potato dextrose agar medium
Isolates** Colour of
mycelium
Colour of
media
(reverse
on the
plate)
Spore size* Central
of
colony
Sporulation*
Macro Micro Macro Micro
Iso. M Whitish
Yellow
Dark
Yellow
29.4×3.5 9.7×3.6 Yellow 4.3×103 5.6×104
Iso. K Whitish
Yellow
Yellow 30.1×3.4 9.7×3.6 Dark
Yellow
3.6×103 4.3×104
Iso. A Whitish
Yellow
Dark
Yellow
30.4×3.4 9.7×3.4 Yellow 4×103 4.6×104
Iso. G Whitish
Pink
Pink 30.2×3.5 10.4×3.6 Pink 3.6×103 4.3×104
Iso. R Whitish
Pink
Dark Pink 30.4×3.6 10.2×3.4 Pink 3.3×103 4×104
*Mean of three replications
** Iso. M: Isolate of Malbhog (AAB), Iso. K: isolate of Kothia (ABB), Iso. A: Isolate of Alpan (AAB), Iso. G: Isolate of
Grand Naine, Iso. R: Isolate of Robusta (AAA)

Morphological characteristics of Fusarium
oxysporum f.sp. Cubense TR 4 strain B2
IsoGIsoR

Iso. G
Iso. R
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
*Radial Growth in
(mm) after 240 hrs
*Dry mycelial wt.(mg)
after 240 hrs
89.4
652.4
88.2
647.2
Iso. G Iso. R
Cultural characteristics of various isolates of Fusarium
oxysporum f.sp. cubense causing Panama wilt of
banana on Potato dextrose agar /Potato broth medium

Typical symptom of Panama wilt in
cv Grand naine

For confirmation of identity,
the culture was sent to
Agharakar Research Institute
(An Autonomous Body under
the Department of Science
and Technology, Govt. of
India), Pune, Maharashtra

MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION REPORT
 SENDER : Dr. S. K. Singh, Professor(Plant Pathology)
 INSTITUTE/ORGANIZATION : Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central
Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT CODE: 2774
 JOB TITLE: Molecular identification of the fungal strain.
PROCEDURE
 Genomic DNA was isolated in pure form, from the culture
provided by the sender.
 The ITS region of rDNA was successfully amplified using fungal
universal primers ITS4 & ITS5.
 The sequencing PCR was set up with ABI-BigDye® Terminatorv3.1
Cycle Sequencing Kit.
 The raw sequence obtained from ABI 3100 automated DNA
sequencer was manually edited for inconsistency.
 The sequence data was aligned with publicly available
sequences & analyzed to reach identity.

Results of Molecular Identification
•The tested fungal strain showed 100 % sequence similarity with Fusarium oxysporumf. sp.cubenserace 4.
Sequence analyses with NCBI accession number MG211817.1, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense strain
VCG 01213
•Sequence analyses with NCBI accession number LT571434.1, Fusarium oxysporumf. sp.cubenserace 4 strain B2 resulted in following
alignment statistics.
•Alignment statistics: Query Length - 494, Score - 892 bits(988), Expect - 0.0, Identities – 494/494(100%), Gaps - 0/494 (0%), Strand -
Plus/Minus
Query 1 CAGAAGTTGGGGTTTAACGGCGTGGCCGCGACGATTACCAGTAACGAGGGTTTTACTACT 60
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sbjct 2248 CAGAAGTTGGGGTTTAACGGCGTGGCCGCGACGATTACCAGTAACGAGGGTTTTACTACT 2189
Query 61 ACGCTATGGAAGCTCGACGTGACCGCCAATCAATTTGGGGAACGCGAATTAACGCGGGTC 120
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sbjct 2188 ACGCTATGGAAGCTCGACGTGACCGCCAATCAATTTGGGGAACGCGAATTAACGCGGGTC 2129
Query 121 CCAACACCAAGCTGTGCTTGAGGGTTGAAATGACGCTCGAACAGGCATGCCCGCCAGAAT 180
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sbjct 2128 CCAACACCAAGCTGTGCTTGAGGGTTGAAATGACGCTCGAACAGGCATGCCCGCCAGAAT 2069
Query 181 ACTGGCGGGCGCAATGTGCGTTCAAAGATTCGATGATTCACTGAATTCTGCAATTCACAT 240
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sbjct 2068 ACTGGCGGGCGCAATGTGCGTTCAAAGATTCGATGATTCACTGAATTCTGCAATTCACAT 2009
Query 241 TACTTATCGCATTTTGCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGCCAGAACCAAGAGATCCGTTGTTGAA 300
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sbjct 2008 TACTTATCGCATTTTGCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGCCAGAACCAAGAGATCCGTTGTTGAA 1949
Query 301 AGTTTTGATTTATTTATGGTTTTACTCAGAAGTTACATATAGAAACAGAGTTTAGGGGTC 360
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sbjct 1948 AGTTTTGATTTATTTATGGTTTTACTCAGAAGTTACATATAGAAACAGAGTTTAGGGGTC 1889
Query 361 CTCTGGCGGGCCGTCCCGTTTTACCGGGAGCGGGCTGATCCGCCGAGGCAACAAGTGGTA 420
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sbjct 1888 CTCTGGCGGGCCGTCCCGTTTTACCGGGAGCGGGCTGATCCGCCGAGGCAACAAGTGGTA 1829
Query 421 TGTTCACAGGGGTTTGGGAGTTGTAAACTCGGTAATGATCCCTCCGCTGGTTCACCAACG 480
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sbjct 1828 TGTTCACAGGGGTTTGGGAGTTGTAAACTCGGTAATGATCCCTCCGCTGGTTCACCAACG 1769
Query 481 GAGACCTTGTTACG 494
||||||||||||||
Sbjct 1768 GAGACCTTGTTACG 1755

Gene
Bank
Accession
No.
Description Max
score
Quer
y
cover
Query
cover
age
E
valu
e
Identit
y (%)
LT571434.1 Fusarium oxysporum f.
sp. cubense race 4
strain B2
892 892 100% 0.0 100%
KT953317.1 Fusarium oxysporum
isolate HBS4
892 892 100% 0.0 100%
JN232166.1 Fusarium oxysporum
isolate 370
892 892 100% 0.0 100%
EU330629.1 Fusarium sp. ZH80 892 892 100% 0.0 100%
MF281312.
2
Fusarium oxysporum
strain FKL1
886 886 100% 0.0 99%
Top five hits upon BLASTn analysis
This was identified as Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense TR4 strain B2
based on its molecular analysis and sequence similarity with
available strain and finally confirmed as Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.
cubense TR4 stain B2 .

First time reported presence of Fusarium oxysporum
f.sp. cubense race TR4 strain B2 causal agent of
Panama wilt of banana from Bihar, India.

T1 - By dipping cut sucker in spore suspension
T2- By dipping whole sucker in spore suspension
T3 - By making hole in psuedostem and filled with culture
of causal organism, finally sealed it with wax.
T4- By root dip inoculation.
T5 -Inoculum mixed with sterilized soil@5%(w/w)
T6-Control
Standardization of inoculation technique
for quick and easy development of
Panama wilt

..
Iso. M (Race 1) Iso. A (Race 1) Iso. K (Race 2) Iso. G (Race
4) Iso. R (Race 4)
Mass multiplication of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense

Effect of various inoculation techniques on the
development of Panama wilt of banana cv Grand
Naine (AAA) under pot conditions
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
35 38
37
32
28
0
42.6
39.3 43.9 46 51.3
0
Incubation period(days) PWI (0-5)
T5- Inoculum mixed with sterilized soil@5%(w/w)

Effect of various inoculation techniques on the
development of Panama wilt of banana cv Robusta
(AAA) under pot conditions
0
10
20
30
40
50
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
35 39
37
33
28
0
40.1
37.4 41.3 44.2
49.4
0
Incubation period(days) PWI (0-5)
T5- Inoculum mixed with sterilized soil@5%(w/w)

Effect of different level of spore concentration of Fusarium
oxysporum f.sp. cubense TR 4 strain B2 ( Iso. G) on the
development of Panama wilt of banana under pot conditions

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Malbhog
Kothia
Alpan
Grand Naine
Robusta
43
36
40
61
58
41
34
35
60
56
Iso. G Iso. R
Effect of different isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.
cubense TR4 strain B2 causing Panama wilt (PWI) of
banana on different cultivars of banana from various
genomic group

Differential host reaction of different cultivars of banana
against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense TR 4 strain B2
under sick plot conditions during 2017-18
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Malbhog
Alpan
Kothia
Grand
Naine Robusta
FHIA-17
Saba
58 62 68
54 57
76
70
80.6
66.1
48.7
68.2
61.6
32.2
44.5
First appearance of wilt symptom (days) PWI (0-5)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Malbhog
Alpan
Kothia
Grand
Naine Robusta
FHIA-17
Saba
52 58 64
50 52
70
67
86.3
68.3
52.2
70.7
64.7
36.3 46.9
First appearance of wilt symptom (days) PWI (0-5)
First
Differential host reaction of different cultivars of banana
against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense TR 4 strain B2
under sick plot conditions during 2018-19

Trade name Chemical name Formulation
Bavistin Carbendazim 50% WP
Tilt Propiconazole 250 EC
Dithane M-45 Mancozeb 80% WP
Blitox-50 Copper oxychloride 50% WP
Contaf Hexaconazole 5% EC
Amistar Azoxystrobin 250 SC
Melody Iprovalicarb 5.5% + Propineb 61.25% 66.75% WP
Sectin Fenamidone 10% + Mancozeb 50% 60 WG
Antracol Propineb 70 %WP
Folicure Tebuconazole (250 EC) 250 EC
Monceren Pencycuron 250 SC
Nativo Tebuconazole 50% +Trifloxystrobin 25% 75WG
Aliette Fosetyl-Al 80%WP
Luna Fluopyram 17.7% + Tebuconazole 17.7% 400SC
Fungicides and novel chemicals details used against Fusarium
oxysporum f.sp. Cubense isolates causal agent of Panama wilt of
banana

Effectiveness of different fungicides against Fusarium
oxysporum f.sp. cubense TR4 strain B2 causing Panama
wilt of banana in vitro
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Carbendazim
Copper
oxychloride Strobilurin
Mancozeb
Propiconazole
Hexaconazole
Fosetyl-Al
44.5
20.7
49.8
21.5
63.1
52.1 52.2
Inhibition over control (%)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
35.6
34.5
53.3
0
37
49.7
0
42.2
0
88.6
59.8 61.1
39.8
100
58.3
44
100
52.4
100
Radial growth (mm)* at 240 hrs Inhibition over Control (%)
Effectiveness of different novel fungicides against
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense TR 4 strain B2 causing
Panama wilt of banana in vitro

Effectiveness of different novel fungicides against
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense TR4 strain B2 under
pot condition
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
36
34
32
54
49 50
80
48 49
22
First appearance of disease (DAT)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
86
80
93
46
73
53
20
66
47
97
Percent wilt index(0-5)
Effectiveness of different novel chemicals against
pot condition

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
11.3 17.5
4.1
52.6
24.7
45.5
79.4
32
51.5
Effectiveness of different novel chemicals against
pot condition

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tulsi (Ocimum
sanctum) Neem (Azadirachta
indica) Garlic (Allium
sativum) Garlic Creeper
(Adenocalymm
aalliaceum)
Makoi (Solanum
sp.)
43
52.2
49.5 55.9
39.9
Inhibition of radial growth over control (%)
Effect of different aqueous plants extract against
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense TR4 strain B2 causing
Panama wilt of banana in vitro

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Tulsi(Ocimum
(Adenocalymm
aalliaceum)
Makoi(Solanum
sp.) Control
42
56
47
64
36
22
Frist appearance of disease (DAT)
Effect of various aqueous plant extracts against
Panama wilt of banana under pot conditions

0
20
40
60
80
100
Tulsi(Ocimum
(Adenocalymm
aalliaceum)
Makoi(Solanum
sp.) Control
62
48 57
42
71
97
Percent wilt index (0-5)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tulsi(Ocimum
indica) Garlic (Allium sativum)
Garlic Creeper
(Adenocalymm
aalliaceum)
Makoi(Solanum sp.)
36.1
50.5
41.3
56.7
26.5

Effect of native isolates of Trichoderma viride and
Trichoderma harzianum on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.
cubense TR4 strain B2 in vitro
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Trichoderma viride (Native)
Trichoderma harzianum (Native)
50.2
43.6

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Frist appearance of disease (DAT)
Incidence (%)
51
46
52.6
34
53
45.4
T. viride (Native) T.harzianum(native)
Effectiveness of native isolates of T. viride and T. harzianum
against the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense TR 4 Strain B2
under pot condition

Treatments
T1 DFS+Vermicompost(Control)
T2 DFS+Vermicompost+dipping in Carbendazim(0.2%) for 45 minute
T3 DFS+Vermicompost+wild garlic(10%)+dipping in
Carbendazim(0.2%)+% for 45 minute
T4 DFS+Vermicompost+dipping in Carbendazim(0.2%) for 30 minute
followed by soil drenching with help of Carbendazim(0.2%) at 2nd 4th
and 6th month after planting and Carbendazim injection @3ml of 2%
solution at 3th, 5th and 7th months after planting
T5 DFS+Vermicompost+wild Garlic (10%) +soil application of Trichoderma
viride (107) @ 50 gm /sucker at 2nd and 4th month after planting
T6 DFs+Vermicompost+dippng in Natio (Tebuconazole
50%+Trifloxystrobin 25%) (0.2%) for 45 min
T7 DFs+Vermicompost+dippng in Natio (Tebuconazole
50%+Trifloxystrobin 25%) (0.2%) for 45 min + garlic creeper (10%)
T8 DFS+Vermicompost+dipping in Natio (Tebuconazole
50%+Trifloxystrobin 25%) (0.2%) for 30 minute followed by soil drenching
with help of Natio (Tebuconazole 50%+Trifloxystrobin 25%) (0.2%) at 2nd
and 4th month after planting
T9 Neem cake application @250 kg/ha at planting and 180 DAP
Treatments details

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
84
55 56
78
52
72
82 88
53
50
75.5
64.4
60.1
24.5
70.7
38.5
34.3
12.6
66.7
74.3
First appearance of wilt symptom (In days) Percent wilt index (0-5)
Effect of different treatments on Panama wilt of banana incited
by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense TR4 strain B2 under
integrated disease management system during 2017-18
DFS+Vermicompost+ dipping in Natio (Tebuconazole 50%+Trifloxystrobin 25%) (0.2%) for 30
minutes followed by soil drenching with help of Natio (Tebuconazole 50%+Trifloxystrobin
25%) (0.2%) at 2nd and 4th month after planting

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
40
50 52
74
49
70
80
84
51
48
77.8
66.6
62.4
28.9
73
40.8
34.7
14.9
69
76.6
First appearance of wilt symptom (In days) Percent wilt index (0-5)
Effect of different treatments on Panama wilt of banana incited
by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense TR4 strain B2 under
integrated disease management system during 2018-19
DFS+Vermicompost+ dipping in Natio (Tebuconazole 50%+Trifloxystrobin 25%) (0.2%) for 30
minute followed by soil drenching with help of Natio (Tebuconazole 50%+Trifloxystrobin
25%) (0.2%) at 2nd and 4th month after planting

Conclusion
Panama wilt incited by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.
cubense TR 4 strain B2 was first time identified
in Dwarf Cavendish group of banana by sending
culture to ARI, Pune from Koshi belt of Bihar.
Panama wilt of banana incited by TR4 was found
only in Koshi belt where as Foc race 1 and race 2
were present in Vaishali belt only , this belt was
found free from TR4 during course of study.

Inoculums mixed with sterilize soil @5%w/w
(T5) was found superior over all the tested
inoculation techniques.
Fourteen different fungicides were tested in
vitro as well as in vivo conditions. Nativo
(Tabuconazole 50%+Triflooxystrobin 25% )
was found to exhibit 100% inhibition over
control in vitro while in pot conditions 86.2 %
inhibition over control was observed against
Foc TR4.

Aqueous extract of Garlic creeper was found
superior among all the tested botanical extracts while
among bio-agent T. viride was found effective against
the Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense.
During IDM experiments, the combination DFS+
vermicompost + dipping in Tebuconazole
50%+Trifloxystrobin 25% (0.2%) for 30 minute
followed by soil drenching with help of
Tebuconazole 50%+Trifloxystrobin 25% (0.2%) at
2nd 4th and 6th month after planting) was found most
effective.

Survey and mapping of Fusarium wilt of banana

Survey and mapping of Fusarium wilt of banana

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