This document discusses two major approaches to improving sanitation: Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) for rural areas, and the Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) for urban areas. CLTS uses "triggering" to motivate communities to build their own toilets without subsidies, aiming for entire villages to become open defecation free. OPP takes a similar community-led approach in urban Pakistan, organizing neighborhoods to build low-cost lane sewers and manage funds with no government subsidies. While both empower communities, there are debates around whether CLTS results in poor quality toilets with no health impact, and whether OPP simply moves wastewater problems downstream.