This document discusses urban sanitation in India. It defines sanitation and outlines challenges like poverty and lack of access to drinking water. India has made progress with programs like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, but still faces issues like only 68% of the population having basic sanitation access. Poor sanitation leads to health and economic impacts. The government has implemented various policies, and measures are needed like improved planning, management, monitoring, and behavior change programs to further address sanitation issues in urban areas.

1. Urban Sanitation
Urban Sociology

2. Definition
Urban Sanitation around the world
Urban Sanitation in India
Urban Sanitation in Tamilnadu
Challenges Of Urban Sanitation
Impacts of Poor Sanitation
Government Policies
Measures to be taken
Conclusion
CONTENTS:-

3.  WHO: Sanitation refers to the provision of facilities and
services for the safe management of human excreta from
the toilet to containment and storage and treatment onsite
or conveyance, treatment and eventual safe end use or
disposal.
 UN: Sanitation literally means measures necessary for
improving and protecting health and well being of the
people. Sanitation is any system that promotes proper
disposal of human and animal wastes, proper use of toilet
and avoiding open space defecation.
Definition

4.  Census 2011: Sanitation is a broad term which includes
safe disposal of human waste, waste water
management, solid waste management, water
supply, control of vectors of diseases, domestic and
personal hygiene, food, housing, etc.
 Sanitation includes environmental sanitation which is
largely viewed as “the control of all those factors in
man’s physical environment which exercise a
deleterious effect on his physical environment,
health, alleviating poverty, enhancing quality of life
and raising productivity- all of which are essential for
sustainable development” (WHO 1992).
Definition

5.  Globally 2.4 billion people live without access to
improved sanitation.
 In addition to the challenges of providing many millions
of rural households with adequate sanitation, the world
continues to urbanize, and cities and small towns will
increasingly bear the burden of poor sanitation
Urban Sanitation around the World

6.  Today, only 68% of the world’s population has access to
basic sanitation, and only 39% of people have access to
safely managed sanitation
 Sanitation rarely receives the required attention and
priority.
 WHO attributes 80% of all diseases and 25% of all deaths
in developing countries to polluted water
Urban Sanitation around the World

7.  Open Defecation is a huge problem in rural areas.
 Around 4, 50,000 deaths were linked to diarrhea
alone in 2006, of which 88% were deaths of children
below five.
 Another impact of poor sanitation and the resultant
illnesses is the loss of productivity of the family
members.
Urban Sanitation in India

8.  About 30 million urban residents (base population
from Census 2001) are without access to toilets, and
another 7 million using service and other
(unimproved) toilets.
 In urban India, safe disposal of human excreta is the
biggest challenge.
Urban Sanitation in India

9.  Just 10% and 25% of urban and rural Tamil Nadu
respectively, lack access to toilets.
 The state has come a long way in terms of sanitation
since the inception of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.
Urban Sanitation in Tamil Nadu

10.  After three years of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, a
significant change has been recorded. Of the total 31
districts, three major districts – Kanyakumari,
Coimbatore and Madurai have been declared ODF.
Around 10 districts- Thoothukudi, Nilgiris Namakkal,
Kanchipuram, Tiruvallur, among others, have attained
more than 80 per cent toilet coverage.
Urban Sanitation in Tamil Nadu

11. Why is sanitation impotant?
Important
for Health
A good
economic
investment
Important
for Social
Development
Helps the
Environment
Achievable

12.  Poverty
 Access to drinking water
 House hold waste sanitation
Challenges of Urban Sanitation

13.  Health problems
 Diseases due to poor sanitation
 Main types of infectious agents:
 Bacteria
 Viruses
 Protozoa
 Parasitic worms
Impacts of Poor Sanitation

14.  First five-year plan (1951-1956), Eighth Five-Year
Plan (1992-97), ninth and ten.
 VAMBY –(Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana)
 Nirmal Shahar Puraskar (Clean Cities Award)
 National urban sanitation policy
Government policies

15.  Approach - It should integrate slums and informal
settlements in all stages of planning and involve citizens in
the implementation and monitoring of public sanitation
facilities
 Planning – government should conduct an initial need-
assessment survey in order to plan the number, design and
location of public toilets. It should review the performance
of existing public toilets on aspects including reasons for
their performance, financial and legal barriers to
performance, contractual limitations, institutional
weakness, gender sensitivity, design limitations.
Measures to be taken

16.  Strategic implementation - Creating a demand for safe
sanitation services: It can be done through social
marketing of sanitation and behavior change
communication for urban sanitation.
 Management - Govt. should review management models
for public sanitation facilities, including public private
partnerships, and develop feasibility criteria for sustainable
management of public sanitation facilities to support
decision making before selecting one or more models.
Measures to be taken

17.  Monitoring – govt. should create a database that has
all existing public sanitation facilities and can be used
to support decision making and disseminating
information to the public, and provide means for it.
 How can common man help?
Measures to be taken

18.  Providing adequate sanitation will have profound
implications for human health and poverty alleviation.
 Access to adequate sanitation literally signifies
crossing the most critical barrier to a life of dignity
and fulfillment of basic needs.
 Focusing on youth and using education.
 Taking responsibility for the environment.
Conclusion