This document discusses safety indexes and fire indexes. It defines workplace safety and lists the top 10 most common workplace accidents. It then describes how to measure work safety through assessing risk exposure, evaluating safety programs, reviewing organizational culture, identifying safety leaders, and conducting inspections. The document also defines the fire triangle of fuel, oxygen, and ignition sources. It discusses historical industrial explosions and how to prevent fires at workplaces such as controlling ignition sources and limiting fuel. Safety data sheets and fire protection regulations are also summarized.

1. KAS 3501 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
SEMESTER 6 2014/2015
GROUP 5
SAFETY INDEX AND FIRE INDEX
Group 5
Presentation date: 1st April 2015
GROUP MEMBERS MATRIC NO
NAZIRAH BINTI TARMIZI UK29498
KUAN SHI YUN UK29559
NOR’AIN BINTI ISMAIL@AWANG UK29500
SITI HAJAR BINTI MOHD NOR UK29557
RAFIZAL BIN AB RAHIM @ HASSAN UK29318

2. SAFETY INDEX
AT WORKPLACE

3. WHAT IS WORKPLACE SAFETY?
Workplace safety is an important aspect to the success
of a company. Keeping employees safe from injuries and
health problems while on the job not only makes good
business sense, it is required by law. The Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) enforces rules
and regulations to keep workplaces safe. There are
several ways to measure work safety with the goal of
improving it. Measure work safety by examining the risk
of exposure, reviewing the programs and initiatives that
are in place, considering the climate and culture of the
workplace and identifying safety leaders.

4. TOP 10 MOST COMMON WORKPLACE
ACCIDENTS
1. Overexertion
2. Fall on same level surfaces
3. Fall to lower level
4. Bodily reaction
5. Struck by an object

5. 6. Struck against an object
7. Highway accident
8. Caught In/ Compressed By
9. Repetitive Motion
10. Assaults and violent acts

8. HOW DO WE MEASURE WORK
SAFETY?

9. 1. Assess the exposure to risk.
• Your working environment and the conditions of the
people, equipment and procedures will help you
determine whether people are likely to get hurt.
o Look at the things that might be creating the exposure to
risk. For example, if paid sick time is not available at your
company, workers might hesitate to stay home when they
are infectious, bringing their illness into the workplace.

10. 2. Evaluate the safety programs you
currently have in place.
• Ensure they are having a positive result.
o Make sure all safety programs and initiatives cover
personal safety as well as procedural safety. For example,
workers who are trained on how to avoid getting a
chemical burn will know how to protect themselves, and
how to keep their process free from the risk of a burn.
o Adjust programs that are not working. If all new employees
are trained on how to safely use a specific piece of
equipment, but incidents are rising on that machine,
something is missing in the safety training.

11. 3. Review your organizational culture to determine whether
safety is a priority.
• Conduct employee surveys to find out if workers feel
safe and offer rewards to departments and teams that
achieve productivity and success without any injuries.
o Evaluate the strength of your team. When workers are
concerned about the safety of others as well as their own
safety, a positive and safe environment is created.
o Encourage workers to look at safety as something not
specific to their own work or department. For example,
anyone should be comfortable pointing out a spill or a leak
or another safety concern.

12. 4. Determine how safety decisions are
made
• For example, staffs might not seem like a safety issue,
but it could become one if workers are getting hurt
because there is not enough help when it comes to
moving heavy items or monitoring a residential
environment.

13. 5. Identify safety leaders.
• These can be supervisors, managers or low level
employees. Reward and compensate those who make
safety a priority.

14. 6. Conduct inspections and audits.
• Highlight impressive results and use those high
achieving areas as a model for anything that is not
working as it should.

15. 7. Put drills and practice sessions into
place
Hold fire alarms, practice what would be done during a
chemical spill or a major accident. This will
demonstrate the preparedness of employees and help
them feel prepared.

16. FIRE INDEX

17. Fuel
Any combustible material – solid, liquid or gas
Oxygen
The air we breathe is
about 21% oxygen –
fire needs only
16% oxygen
Heat
The energy necessary to
increase the temperature of
fuel to where sufficient
vapors are given off for
ignition to occur
Each of these three elements must be present at
the same time to have a fire. A fire will burn until
one or more of the elements is removed.

18. HOW DO FIRE START?
For a fire to start, the three things in the triangle below are needed.
 Fuel
Flammable gases, liquids and solids including fine powders and dust.
 Oxygen
Always present in the air. Other sources come from substances which
produce oxygen.
 Ignition sources
Hot surfaces, electrical equipment, static electricity, smoking and
naked flames.
 If any one of these is missing, a fire cannot start. So, taking steps
to avoid the three coming together will reduce the chances of a
fire happening.

19. There are 4 classes of fire:
Class A
Ordinary combustibles or fibrous material, such as
wood, paper, cloth, rubber, and some plastics.
Class B
Flammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline,
kerosene, paint, paint thinners and propane.
Class C
Energized electrical equipment, such as appliances,
switches, panel boxes and power tools.
Class D
Certain combustible metals, such as magnesium,
titanium, potassium, and sodium.

20. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Industrial Explosions

21. Are These Materials Explosive?
sugar
metal
plastic
wood
coal
medicines

22. Imperial Sugar Company
February 7, 2008
•Port Wentworth, Georgia
•14 deaths and numerous
injured persons
•A spark started the fire
and explosion of the sugar
cloud

23. 23
Fire and Explosion by Metal Powder :
Indiana
October 23, 2003
• Huntington Indiana
• 1 dead, 6 injured
• Aluminum powder
caught fire in a dust
collector, from there
the flame spreads
generating the
explosion

24. February 20, 2003
•Corbin, Kentucky,
•7deaths, several injured
•An poorly worked oven lit a
cloud of phenolic resin dust,
causing the explosion.
Fire and Explosion in “CTA Acoustics”
24

25. PREVENTING FIRE AT WORKPLACE

26. A) Controlling sources of ignition
• remove unnecessary sources of heat from the
workplace.
• Make sure that your machinery and
equipment has been designed to limit the risk
of fire and explosions.
• Make sure that all your electrical equipment is
regularly serviced and fit for the purpose it is
being used.

27. b) Limiting the fuel for a fire
• Make sure that flammable materials are
handled, stored and used correctly.
• Store flammable substances in their proper
storage containers .
• Do not allow grease, dust or oil to build up
around equipment

28. c) Detecting and warning about fire
• Detecting any fires
• Consider arrangements for detecting a fire.
• Larger premises may need an electrical alarm
system with manual call points.

29. d) Escaping a fire
• Once people are aware of a fire, they should
be also to leave the building safely. So the
emergency lighting needs to work completely
to:
• Show the escape routes clearly.
• To allow people to move safely towards the
final exits.
• Make sure that fire call points and firefighting
equipment can be found easily.

30. e) Fire safety information for
employess
All employees should get information about:
• How to escape route to use from where they
are working
• The fire warning system used in the area they
are working in.

31. f) Fighting Fires
• All workplaces should have equipment for
putting out fire such as:
• Fire extinguishers to tackle a fire in its early
stage.
• Fire blankets have two type which is light duty
blanket and heavy duty blanket.
• Light duty blanket for small fire and heavy
duty blanket use for molten material.

32. NFPA Label
• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
• The higher the number in the red box (max is
4), the greater the fire hazard.

33. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
• MSDS Required by OSHA (29 CFR 1910.1200) for
each chemical used
• Includes name of chemicals, physical hazards, health
hazards, exposure routes, permissible exposure
levels (PEL), appropriate PPE, handling, storage,
spills, transportation, disposal information
• Must be readily accessible to all employees in the
work area

34. Fire Protection & Prevention
(1926.150 – .159)
Common OSHA Citations:
• 150(c)(1)(I): 2A fire extinguishers – Building Area
• 152(a)(1): Storage of LP Containers
• 153(j): Fire Protection Program/equipment
• 150(a)(1): 10B Fire Extinguisher w/in 50 feet of
combustible/flammable liquids
• 150(c)(1)(vi): Approved containers for
flammables/combustibles

37. Think Safety, Not Just Compliance!
THANK YOU FOR LENDING US YOUR ATTENTION

38. References
• Managing fire safety in the workplace. (2008). Retrieved on 20 Mac
2015 from www.healthhandsafetyworksni.gov.uk
• Fire safety. Retrieved on 20 Mac 2015 from
https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/sfm/public-
education/Documents/Presentations/FireSafetyPresentation.ppt
• Risk Associated to combustible dust handling presentation slide.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration. United States
Department of Labor. Retrieved on 20 Mac 2015 from pages
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Government
Agency at https://www.osha.gov/dte/grant_materials/fy09/sh-
19480-09/risks_associated_combustible
• Roof Safe. Fire Protection and Prevention presentation slide.
Retrieved on 20 Mac 2015 at
http://www.gnbvt.edu/SkillsUSA/Firesar.ppt