BASIC FIRE SAFETY BASIC FIRE SAFETY BASIC FIRE SAFETY.pdf

WICKLIFFE SUNGU
BSAIC FIRE SAFETY TRAINING
0724156670

Introduction
 Mobile phones off or silent mode
 No emails or laptops
 Tea and lunch break
 Respect each others contributions
 Fire exits, toilets
 Have fun
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TRAINING METHODOLOGY
1. What I hear I forget
 Theory sessions
 Interactive sessions
2. What I see I remember
 Power point presentations
 Audio visual presentations
3. What I do I know
 Practical Skills Individual
 Practical skills instructor demo
 Practical skills groups 10/30/2019
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By the end of this training you
should have the confidence to
deal with a real life fire situation
in a calm and controlled manner.

It is the people who
matter most, and
without the people we
have no disaster.
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CONTENT
 Fire legislation
 Fire science
 Classes and causes of fire
 Fire suppression systems
 Hazardous materials
 Principle fire prevention
 Fire emergency
 Risk assessment
 Evacuation procedures on disasters 10/30/2019
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 Accidents investigation
 Security
 Stress management
 Alcohol and drugs
 OSHA 2007
 Terrorism preparedness
 Practical
 Fire losses
 Duties of fire marshals 10/30/2019
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 Fire safety laws
 Characteristics and behavior of fire

Why do we do this training
 Because the law specifically requires larger
employers to train its staff in Fire Safety
 Because management cares about your safety
 Because many people are unnecessarily
injured by fire at work each year
 Because Fire Risk assessment flagged a need
to train staff in Fire Safety

CHARACTERISTIC OF
DISASTER
 Predictability
 Controllability
 Speed of onset
 Length of forewarning
 Duration of impact
 Scope and intensity of
impact

WARNING SYSTEMS
 Warning systems in any organization are very
vital and should be put in place to save life's
especially concerning sudden on set disasters.
 Warning systems can be used to give the
vulnerable communities or individuals
adequate notice of the on coming disasters.
 This will help them either to escape or take
precautionary measures to reduce the danger.

Warning system could includes
 Telephone calls
 Television information
 Weather Forecasting
 Chief Barazas
 Internets
 Alarm systems
 Screaming

To Begin : Pre-course knowledge
 1. What three things are needed for fire to exist
 2. What do you think is the most common
cause of fire in industrial premises?
 3. What would you think is the average
maximum time allowed for fire evacuation?
 4. What colour is a modern CO2 Extinguisher?
 5. What extinguisher would you use if your
computer caught fire?

Fire Risk Reduction Rules, 2007
Legal Notice No 59
 Flammable substances [monitoring]
 Storage of highly flammable substances at
work site
 Marking and labeling of materials and
equipment
 Ventilation of workplace
 Hot works activities monitoring and control
 Housekeeping in all places

 Waste management procedures at workplaces
 Machinery layout
 Electrical equipment handling
 Fire escape exits
 Emergency response plan
 Firefighting teams at workplaces
 Fire drills conducted

 Assembly points in event of emergencies
 First aid boxes and first aiders at workplaces
 Notices, warning and informative ones
 Means of communications, fire alarm and any
other acceptable means
 Fire detections in place at workplaces
 Fire fighting appliances which are provide and
inventory

 Inspection and testing of extinguishers
 Color coding of fire extinguishers to
recommended standards
 Fire water storage capacity
 Fire safety policy

Goals of Emergency Management
Save lives
Prevent injuries
Protect property and environment
COMPONENTS OF
EMERGENCY PLANS

Emergency Management
An organized Analysis, Planning, Decision
making and Assignment of resources to
 Mitigate
 Prepare for
 Respond to and
 Recover from the effects of hazards

Why Emergency Action Plans?
To provide all elements at risk with a planned
response to emergency situations that will
protect the elements or /and lessen the impact of
a disaster on them.

The 4 "R" model for Emergency
Management.
Reduction: Reduce the risk of emergency events
occurring and their potential impact .
Readiness: Plan for response to an emergency event.
Response: Have the knowledge and skills of what to do
when an emergency event occurs.
Recovery: Review emergency response after the event
with the aim of bringing back normalcy

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To maintain order
To protect rights
To preserve freedom

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To bring about peaceful
change(change with stability)
To secure justice
To resolve conflicts

THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK
THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
AND HEALTH ACT, 2007
INTRODUCTION
 It is An Act of Parliament enacted in order to safeguard the
health, safety and welfare of ALL persons in employment.
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 The Act received Presidential Assent on 22nd October 2007
 Commencement: 26th October 2007 as the Occupational
Safety and Health Act No. 15 of 2007
 It repealed the Factories and Other Places of Work Act Cap
514.

ENFORCEMENT OF THE ACT
 The Act is enforced by the Director of Occupational Health and
Safety Services (DOHSS)
 DOHSS is a department in the Ministry of Labour
 The Director has officers below him known as the Occupational
Health and Safety Officers who visit workplaces to inspect
compliance 31

General Duties
Duties Of Occupiers
 Every occupier shall ensure the safety, health and welfare at
work of all persons working in his workplace.
 Provide and maintain plant and systems and procedures of work
that are safe and without risks to health;
 Provide such information, instruction, training and supervision as is
necessary to ensure the safety and health at work of every person
employed
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 Carry out appropriate risk assessments
 To register his workplace under OSHA
 Prepare a Health and Safety Policy of the workplace.
 Establish a safety and health committee at the workplace if
there are twenty or more employees.
 Cause a Health and safety Audit of the workplace to be carried
out after every12 months

MANDATORY DOCUMENTS
 Draft fire safety policy
 Draft occupational health and safety policy.
 Register work place under DOHSS to get
Clearance work permit from DOHSS.
 Generate Standard Operation Procedures and
be pinned on walls [SOPs].
 Come up with emergency evacuation
procedures and post them in all working areas.
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 Ensure OSH committee is formed and trained.
 Ensure having procedures of reporting,
investigation and analysis of accidents, incidents,
ill-health and dangerous occurrences. [Have
General register].

 Have Emergency Response Plan?
 Have fire marshals and first Aiders trained and
given responsibilities.
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 Training records
 Accidents and Occ. Diseases records
 General register (to records accidents & diseases)
 Workplace audits and other surveys
 Reports of committee’s inspections and meetings
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Fire Hazards and Risk
Question :
What is the difference between a hazard and a
risk ?
Answers :
A hazard is something with the potential to
cause harm or loss.
A risk is the likelihood that the hazard will
actually cause that harm or loss.

Identifying and reporting
hazards
There are several ways to identify hazards in
the workplace, including:
• Inspections and audits
• Hazard reports
• Job analysis
• Health monitoring data
• Material safety data sheets
• Workplace environment monitoring
data

Emergencies
In the case of an accident or
emergency, it is important to
know where the emergency
equipment is and what to
do.

Handling dangerous goods
What are the issues you
need to address when
training supported
employees to handle
dangerous goods?

Movement
What are the rules
for our workplace?
Are there particular
issues with assisting
supported
employees to follow
them?

How can we
achieve this in
our workplace?
Providing information on
hazards to ensure all
supported employees have
a clear understanding

How can we
achieve this in
our workplace?
Providing instruction, training
and supervision to
supported employees

TYPES OF GENERAL
WORKPLACE HAZARDS
For one to be prepared to be safe on the job, it is
necessary to be able to identify different types
of hazards.
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DEFINITION
 A hazard-something that can cause danger.
Also refers to anything or any situation that has
a potential of causing harm or danger to those
that are exposed or even to property.

(1) PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Physical hazards.- Also classified as
occupational or environmental hazards.
These can be factors within the environment that
can harm your body.
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 Are associated with some form of physical energy.
They include;
o Noise (which can cause noise induced hearing loss/deafness,
irritation)
o Ionising Radiation- (Including x-rays, and gamma rays which can
cause tissue damage, mutations, and cancers)
o Non-ionising Radiation – e.g. Ultraviolet(U.V.) which can cause
cataracts and other skin conditions
o Light- glare eye strain and eye damage leading to blindness
o Extreme hot temperatures- heat stress, heat exhaustion,
dehydration e.t.c
o Extreme cold temperatures can cause pneumonia & frost bite
o Electrical hazards e.g. open sockets, naked wires e.t.c can
cause electrocution, electric shock.

(2) BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
 Biological hazards.- Due to exposure to
biological disease causing microorganisms
while on work mostly due to lack of proper
hygiene.
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 The biological Hazards are as a result of
exposure to:
• Bacteria
• Viruses including H.I.V
• Plants products- e.g. pollen
• Insects-bees bites
• Hazardous dusts from dust from plants - e.g.
cotton dust and sisal.
• NB: These sources can cause a variety of health
effects ranging from skin irritation and allergies to
infections e.g. T.B and AIDS and even cancer.

(3) CHEMICAL HAZARDS
 Chemical hazards.-present when a worker is
exposed to any chemical preparation in the
workplace.
Some are safer than others, but some workers
may be more sensitive to certain
chemicals/environments, common solutions,
skin irritants, gases. Etc.
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 Acids and Bases
 Heavy metals (lead, mercury e.t.c.)
 Solvents (petroleum, thinner, adhesives, paints )
 Particulates (dusts e.g. silica, asbestos, etc)
 Gases e.g. NH3, CO, Cl2.
 Pesticides: insecticides, herbicides, acaricides,
bactericides, fungicides etc.
 Highly- reactive chemicals –
 Fire and explosion hazards

(4) PHYSIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
 Ergonomic Hazards- Occurs when the type of
work, body positions, working conditions put a
strain in your body.
They are the hardest to spot since you don‘t
always immediately notice the strain in your
body, or the harm that these hazards pose.
Examples include: frequent lifting, poor posture,
awkward movement especially if repetitive,
vibrations, frequently using too much force.
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• These hazards mostly affect body parts such as
muscles, joints, nerves, spine e.t.c
• They include;
• Repetitive movements that can cause muscle
strain e.g. typing, lifting, bending e.t.c
• Unsuitable tools
• Ergonomic hazards causing poor posture thus back
pain
• Poor Work station design
• Lifting of Heavy weights
• Wrong lifting postures

(5) MECHANICAL HAZARDS
Examples include;
 Unguarded machinery
 Worn-out floors
 Slippery floors
 Slippery passageways e.g. along the
corridors/staircases
 Poorly maintained lifts

(6) PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS
• Ignorance/Lack of information
• Bullying e.g. Being pushed or shoved at work, threats of
physical abuse, gossiping which can hurt peoples feelings
and spread lies, being shouted at or reprimanded in front
of the others, being belittled for your work, being
purposely excluded from work activities.
• Drug Abuse
• Poor human relations
• Sexual harassment at the workplace
• Inadequate training and instruction
• Stress caused by excessive demands e.g. work overload,
long working hours, night shifts etc.

What You Need to Know
– Workplace hazards that could lead to an emergency
– How to report emergencies
– Emergency responsibilities
– Evacuation routes and procedures
– Response to fires and chemical/biohazard
emergencies

Are You Prepared?
– How would you react to a fire alarm?
– What would you do in a disaster such as a fire,
terrorism or violent storm?
– Do you know your role if there were a serious
chemical or biohazard incident?
– How would you respond to an act of violence?

OSHA Requirements
– Evacuation and exit
routes
– Alarm systems
– Protective
measures
– Training
– Emergency action
and fire prevention
plans

Scope
Disasters are as old as Mankind.
 The first description of Disaster and its
management
comes from mythological ―Noah‖ and his ark.
 Similar Flood tales are widespread in- Greek
Mythology,
Puranas, Mesopotamian stories, and many
cultures.
Introduction
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C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f D i s a s t e r s
Natural
Disasters
Meteorological
Topographical
Environmental
Man made
Disasters
Technological
Industrial
Warfare
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Meteorological
Disasters
• Floods
• Tsunami
• Cyclone
• Hurricane
• Typhoon
• Snow storm
• Blizzard
• Hail storm
Topographical
Disasters
• Earthquake
• Volcanic
Eruptions
• Landslides
and
Avalanches
• Asteroids
• Limnic
eruptions
Environmental
Disasters
• Global
warming
• El Niño-
Southern
Oscillation
• Ozone
depletion-
UVB
Radiation
• Solar flare
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Technological
• Transport
failure
• Public place
failure
• Fire
Industrial
• Chemical
spills
• Radioactive
spills
Warfare
• War
• Terrorism
• Internal
conflicts
• Civil unrest
• Al shabaab
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 Why workplace safety is important? There is more
to this question than one think.
 Workplace safety is very important for each and
every employee in the industry because all the
workers desire to work in a safe and protected
atmosphere.
 Health and safety is the key factor for all the
industries in order to promote the wellness of both
employees and employers. It is a duty and moral
responsibility of the company to look after the
employee‘s protection.

 Each and every person who leaves his home
for his work in the morning should come back
to his home in evening in good health.
 Have you ever imagined that your loved one
will never be returning home? Or you get a call
that he/she is in the hospital due to some
incident occurred? These thoughts only get us
goose bumps. This is the only reason that why
it is important to create a safe working
environment.

1. Aware about the surroundings:
 There are many employees who doesn‘t bother
about their surrounding hazards. But, it is
important to observe your co-employees
working circumstances. Once you get to know
about the particular hazards that occur at your
workplace, then it will help you in reducing the
risk and allow you to take the precautionary
steps.

2. Reduce workplace stress:
 Most of the employees are not fit and healthy because
of their busy schedule, which includes long working
hours, work-pressure and conflicts occur with co-
workers or with the boss of the organization. And, all
these can lead to some illness or depression to the
employees. Also, this not only affects their professional
life but also creates the nuisance in their personal lives
too. So, instead of waiting to get unfit, it is better that
you start take care of your health, by taking regular
breaks, sit in an appropriate posture with appropriate
diet. It will be better for you to schedule your work
accordingly and manage the things to reduce your
workplace stress.

3. Use tools appropriately:
 Take appropriate precautions while using
machinery or any other tool, instead of taking
any shortcuts. Taking shortcuts is one of the
biggest reason behind workplace loss. It‘s a
biggest safety risk to use scaffolding as a
ladder or one tool instead of another for a
particular job. So, it is always recommended to
use the correct tools and reduce the
opportunity of workplace injury.

4. Keep crisis exits which are easily
accessible:
 In case there is an emergency, you will need
quick access to the exits. It is also advised to
keep clear usage of equipment shutoffs which
might stop you from performing at emergency.

5. Update Your Supervisor about
the unsafe conditions:
 It is important that you keep updating your
supervisor about the hazards or risks occur at
workplace. They should be legally obligated to
ensure that their employees are working a safe
environment or not. And, in case, if the
employees are not working in safe conditions,
then it is the responsibility of the supervisor to
listen and understand their condition and
create safe working environment for
employees.

6. Use mechanical assistance:
 Whenever, you want to carry or lift up some
heavy equipment‘s then you should use a
conveyor belt, crank or forklift. There are lot of
risks involved, if you try to lift something which
is heavier, it can affect your weighing capability
and can lead to some muscle displacement.
So, make sure that use the appropriate tools
for not harming yourself.

7. Stay Alert:
 There are many employees who usually
compromise or ignore the alerts of advance
warning and due to this, a number of
workplace injuries or fatalities occur.

8. Reduce Workplace Environment
Stress:
 Stress to any employee or to any co-worker,
can lead into depression and into concentration
problems. And the main reason includes,
extended working hours, excess of work,
insecurity of job and issues which occur at co-
workers or professionals. So, instead of taking
stress on your shoulders, you should discuss it
with your supervisor and ask him/her to look
after your problems which you are facing in the
organization.

 Have peace with yourself
 Have peace with your neighbor
 Have peace with your environment
 Have peace with your God

9. Wear the right safety
equipment’s:
 It is essential that you wear the right protection
equipment tools during your work. And, the
equipment‘s can be in any form like, earplugs,
earmuffs, hard hats, gloves, full-face masks,
safety gloves and any other equipment which
is required to wear while working. These tools
will prevent the workers from the incidents that
occur at workplace.

10. Sit in a proper posture:
 If have a sitting job, then it is essential than
keep your posture correct, while working on a
desk. You need to keep your shoulders in line
and straight back to avoid any spine problem.
Try to ignore stooping and twisting regularly
and if possible, then try to use the comfort
designed furniture and the safety equipment‘s,
so that the desired things will be in your reach.

“ Good can be Bad”
 With good safety performance,
people/organizations can easily become
complacent.
 Don‘t ever believe that a lack of accidents
means you are ―safe.‖
 To counter this complacency, there must be a
leadership obsession with continuous
improvement.

 Before a Doctor can treat a patient, he/she has
to have an understanding of the many types of
illness that may affect a patient.
 Once he/she has figured out which type of
illness a patient has, he has also to know how
to deal with that illness.
 Just like a Doctor, first of all learn why
Disasters happened, in order to be better
prepared on how to deal with such disasters

What is a workplace policy?
 A policy is a statement which underpins how human
resource management issues will be dealt with in an
organization. It communicates an organization's values
and the organization's expectations of employee
behaviors and performance.
 Workplace policies often reinforce and clarify standard
operating procedure in a workplace.
 Well written policies help employers manage staff more
effectively by clearly defining acceptable and
unacceptable behavior in the workplace, and set out
the implications of not complying with those policies.

 A workplace policy consists of a statement of
purpose and one or more broad guidelines on
action to be taken to achieve that purpose. The
statement of purpose should be written in
simple terms, free of jargon. The length of the
policy may vary depending on the issue it
addresses.

Types of workplace policies
Here are some examples of common workplace
policies that could assist your workplace:
 code of conduct
 recruitment policy
 internet and email policy
 mobile phone policy
 non-smoking policy
 Fire safety policy

 drug and alcohol policy
 health and safety policy
 anti-discrimination and harassment policy
 grievance handling policy
 discipline and termination policy
 using social media.

 Ensure all staff understand what the policies
mean. Explain how to comply with the policies
and the implications of not complying.

Setting the Stage
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Types of conflict in the society
 Political conflict
 Religion conflict
 Economic conflict
 Social conflict

Modes of conflict
 Periodic conflict
 Continuous conflict
 Terminal conflict

Fire History
History of Fire, Fire prevention measures and
legislation
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Recent local incidents
 Throughout the world fire has caused heavy
destruction of life and property. At coconut
groove night club in USA 1942, 492 people
died and scores injured.
 1997, 300 students perished at Patrick
Lumumba University in China.
 Here in Kenya, 1998, 28 girls died in
Bombolulu Sec. School.
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 2001, 67 boys died in a dorm fire at Kyanguli
high Sch.
 11 people died in a factory along Mombasa Rd.
a few years ago. 2006
 28th Jan 2009, 29 people died in a supermarket
fire and 2 days later 187 people died at
Sachang‘wan in Molo.
 2018 Gikomba fire 17 people died
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Recent local incidents
 23rd Sept. 2006 Sadolin paints was destroyed by fire.
 International Life House August 2006 in the Embassy
of Rwanda was destroyed by fire
 Sindidi petroleum tanker 1999, 40 people died while
siphoning fuel
 Various slam Fires; Mukuru
 Faza Island Fire: 3,000 residents rendered homeless
 Uhuru Market fire
(Anything to learn from this? Think of what happened,
what caused fire, the suffering ,could the impact
avoided? what if it was in your work place today)
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Fire Phases
 Burning occurs in clearly defined phases
 Ignition phase: substance begins to heat up,
liberates gases that can burn
 Growth phase: fire begins to grow from the
point of ignition
 Fully developed phase: all contents within
perimeter of fire's boundaries are burning
 Decay stage: all fuel consumed and the fire
diminishes in size
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FIRE …
 Is a process of burning or chemical reaction of
substances where HEAT & SMOKE are involved.
 For the fire to occur FUEL, HEAT & OXYGEN
must react chemically and in the absence of one
of the three element then no fire can occur or
continue burning.
 Fuel may be found in any of the three states of
matter
 a). SOLID b). LIQUID C). GASES

A fire must have 3
things
FUEL : Something that
will burn
OXYGEN : Air
HEAT : Hot enough to set
fire and burn the fuel

Sources of Ignition or
heat
 Smoking
 Electrical equipment
 Heaters
 Contractors tools and equipment
 Arson

Fuels
 Paper & Boxes etc.
 Expanded polystyrene beads
 Plastics
 Solvents
 Carpets
 Furniture
 Waste materials

 Fire is an opportunist, provide the three
elements HEAT, FUEL and OXYGEN and fire
will always occur.
When on duty or at home look very closely and
see if you can identify some of the common
causes of fire and help prevent before it
occurs.

Principles of Fire Extinction
1. Starvation;
 Removal of un-burnt material from fire area
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PRINCIPLES OF FIRE EXTINCTION…
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2. Smothering
Cutting off the supply of oxygen from fire area

3. Cooling
 Removal of heat from the burning
material/fire area
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Methods of extinguishment.
STARVATION (limitation of fuel)
This is depriving the fuel of fire e.g. turning off a supply of gas or
electricity at source.
SMOTHERING / BLANKETING (limitation of oxygen)
This is preventing the mixing of flammable vapours with oxygen
by interposing a blanket on the surface of the liquid or by
displacing or diluting the air by means of a heavier air than inner
gas.
COOLING (limitation of ignition temp)
This is lowering the burning mass to a point below its ignition
temp by an application of water.

105
conduction
convection
radiation
PRINCIPLES OF HEAT TRANSMISSION AND FIRE
SPREAD

 Fire spreads through the transmission of heat
according to the laws of physics in one of the
following ways:
 Conduction involves the transmission of heat along
a solid body. Conducted heat can travel through
walls, floors and ceilings, thereby spreading fire to
adjacent rooms. Metals have a high thermal
conductivity and therefore they pose a greater risk
of propagating fires than most other materials.
106
FIRE PROPAGATION(SPREAD

FIRE PROPAGATION(SPREAD)…
 Convection involves the mass movement of a hotter
less dense gas through its cooler denser surroundings.
As hot air rises, heat is transferred to any objects that it
passes over and to the colder air surrounding it
 The upward movement of gases is known as the
chimney effect with fresh cold air being drawn in at the
base of the fire. The combustion products will typically
have temperatures between 800 and 10000C and if the
smoke generated is prevented from escaping to the
atmosphere, for example by a ceiling, these hot gases
will spread laterally underneath the ceiling; this is
referred to as the mushroom effect.
107

FIRE
PROPAGATION(SPREAD)…
 Radiation involves the transfer of energy as
electromagnetic waves. This does not heat up
the atmosphere that it passes through but does
heat solids and liquids that it impinges on
 Radiant heat can therefore be transmitted to
adjacent buildings if they are not shielded from
the fire, even though they may be some distance
away
 Radiant heat passes through glass easily and
buildings with many or large windows are more
likely to spread fire by radiation to neighbouring
properties.
108

FIRE CAUSES,CLASSES AND
EXTINGUISHING METHODS
What are the likely causes of fire?
The causes of fire will depend on particular Fire risk
location under assessment:-
Offices
Hospitals
Slum area
Factory
Forests and dry landPlantations
Schools, Colleges and Universities
Dump sites
Vehicle fires
Homes
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Most accidents do not just happen, but they are
caused by acts or conditions.
Hazardous Acts are:-
1. Carelessness
2. Ignorance
3. Negligence
4. Indiscipline
5. Failure to comply with regulations
6. Arson

Hazardous Conditions are:-
a.Electrical faults (overloading, short circuits,
poor insulation -overheating etc)
b.Disposal of smoking materials
c. Arson
d.Natural causes e.g. sun, lightening
e.Poor-house keeping
f. Contractors

Typical causes of fires
 Open flames: Burners, dryer, incinerators, etc, that
are not properly located or protected.
 Electrical equipment: Motors, switches, light,
wiring that overheat, short circuits etc
 Spontaneous ignition: Slow build – up of heat in
piles of rubbish, oily rags and damp waste.

Typical causes of fires
 Friction: objects or materials rubbing against each
other for example in poorly lubricated bearings.
 Portable heaters: Gas furnaces, stoves etc. too
close to combustibles
 Static electricity: That produces static sparks,
most often in dry, low humid areas.
 Flammable liquids and chemicals: The smallest
spark of static electricity can ignite petrol, ether,
alcohol, sodium, potassium etc.

 Exposed live electrical cables
 Children playing with matches
 Unprofessional electrical wiring attempts
 Jiko left burning unattended
 Paraffin lamps knocked over
 Materials next to burner plates

There are five steps in fire
prevention and protection:
engineering; planning;
training; inspection; and
follow-up.

1. ENGINEERING
 The first step in fire prevention is to engineer
the site for fire prevention and protection. This
includes attention to layout, design,
construction, and materials. Automatic and
manually operated fixed-sprinkler or
extinguisher systems may be installed.
Process and work flow should be analyzed for
contribution to fire hazard or inhibition of
effective response.

2. PLANNING
The second step is development, documentation,
and communication of emergency response plans.
Plans should include:
 Responsibilities of management, supervisors,
employees, public
 Response resources, including sprinklers and
extinguishers, by-pass, shutdown, and reservoir
systems
 Response personnel duties, training, and tools
 Coordination with public resources such as fire
departments and their equipment and facilities
such as fire hydrants

 Means of sounding alarm and communication
with affected persons
 Isolation and containment planning
 Planning and resources for disabled and others
 Evacuation — locally, horizontally (nearby
areas), and globally
 Shut-down procedures and back-up systems

 Emergency communication systems
 First aid provisions and training
 Provision of water, food, clothing, and shelter
as needed

3.TRAINING
The third step is employee and public training:
 Are postings appropriate, understandable, and
adequate?
 Are employees trained to identify and respond
to emergency situations?
 Are designated employees trained to
participate in response to fire emergencies?
 Are reviews and drills conducted as
appropriate?

4. INSPECTION
The fourth step is regular inspection to:
 Ensure compliance with plans
 Test systems and extinguishers
 Verify adequacy of postings
 Review response capability and training
 Identify new or existing hazards
 Effect and verify improvements

5. FOLLOW-UP
The fifth step includes:
 Maintain watch after fire is extinguished
 Account for all personnel and public
 Secure the site, facilities, equipment, and materials
 Search affected areas for hazards (plumbing,
electrical, structural, hazardous material or fire by-
products) and report findings
 Identify causes and effect changes to prevent
recurrence
 Report as appropriate to management,
government, and public

Fire Safety hazards to look for
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123

10/30/2019
124

10/30/2019
125

Types of Emergencies
You Could Face
– Fires and explosions
– Chemical and biohazard incidents
– Natural disasters
– Violence
– Terrorism
– Building collapse
– Robbery etc

Fire Hazards: Electrical
– Overloaded
electrical systems
– Damaged wires and
cords
– Damaged plugs
– Defective
equipment

Fire Hazards:
Flammable Chemicals
– Don‘t smoke around
flammable
chemicals
– Store flammables
properly
– Dispense
flammables properly
– Read MSDSs and
labels

Fire Hazards: Smoking
And Housekeeping
– Smoke only in
designated areas
– Make sure
cigarettes and
matches are
completely
extinguished
– Keep your work
area clean and neat
– Properly dispose of
fire hazards such as
combustible trash

Chemical Release Hazards
– Look for signs of
chemical spills
– Report leaking
containers
immediately
– Don‘t attempt a
cleanup unless you
are trained and
equipped

Biohazards
– Contagious
diseases
– Infectious
microorganisms in
laboratories
– Foodborne illness
– Mold

Fire Prevention
 Be mindful of Fire
Safety
 Don‘t block fire exits,
call points or
extinguishers
 No smoking policy
 Take care when cooking
 Observe good security
 Don‘t wedge Fire Doors
open

House keeping
Why is good house keeping important?
 To reduce amounts of flammable and
combustible materials.
 To reduce ignition hazards.
 To ensure safe emergency evacuation of
occupants.
 To allow for quick emergency response.

General housekeeping guidelines.
 Work areas, walkways, stairways and
equipments should be kept clear.
 Never block fire exits, emergency equipments
or call points with materials.
 Avoid buildup of combustible waste.
 Keep use and storage of flammables and
combustibles to a minimum.
 Clean up all spills immediately.

Keep fire doors
closed
Test alarm
regularly
Keep Means of
Escape clear
Keep exit
door keys
accessible
Store flammable
materials safely

If you want to be successful in
fighting the fire you need to know
what type of fire you are fighting. In
this respect you will select the right
extinguishing media.

Class of fire Type of Fire Fire Extinguisher
A Ordinary Combustible
Materials Fires
such as paper, wood, grass etc
Water, Foam, Dry powder,
B Flammable Liquids Fires
such as paraffin, petrol, diesel
Foam, Dry Powder, CO2
C Flammable Gases Fires
such as propane, butane,
methane
Dry Powder, CO2
D Flammable Metals Fires
such as Potassium, Magnesium,
Titanium
Specially formulated Dry Powder
F Cooking Oil and fat Fires
such as in deep-fat fryers
Wet Chemical, Fire Blanket

 Electrical Fires do not constitute a
class of fire. Any fire involving or
started by electrical equipment
when isolated
becomes either Class A, B, C, D
or F depending on the material
surrounding the area.
 The recommended media is
Carbon Dioxide or Dry Powder

FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENTS
Section Two

 Fire extinguishers are purposely meant to
extinguish fires in their incipient stages by
cooling, smothering or starving principles
 Since 1997, all modern fire extinguishers
have to be red in colour with a small part of
the extinguisher (generally the label) in the
appropriate colour to help identification.

Electrocution
Asphyxiation [Deficient supply of
oxygen]
Impaired vision
Frostbite
Noise
Inhalation of smoke
and toxic gases

Raise the alarm!
Is it safe to tackle?
Exit route to safety?
Correct type of extinguisher?
Test it!- P.A.S.S
Safe position from which to fight fire?

WATER FOAM CARBON
DIOXIDE
DRY
POWDER

 Extinguishes by:
– Removing heat
– Cooling burning materials
 Use for:
– (Class ‗A‘ fires)
 WARNING - NEVER
USE ON LIVE
ELECTRICALS, OILS
OR FATS

Extinguishes by:
Removing heat
Cooling burning materials
Removing Oxygen and smothering
the fire
Use for:
(Class ‘B’ Fires)
Can also be used (Class ‘A’ and ‘B’
fires)

Extinguishes by:
Displacing Oxygen and smothering the
fire
Use for:
Live electrical fires
WARNING –
DO NOT TOUCH THE PLASTIC
HORN DURING USE AND
BE AWARE OF THE LOUD NOISE
DURING DISCHARGE
This type of extinguisher is not very
effective when used outside.

Extinguishes by:
Reacting physically with the chemical
reaction of fire
Use for fighting:
Class ‗A‘, Class ‗B‘, Class ‗C‘ and
Electrical fires
Warning:
1. Avoid inhaling powders, can
cause asphyxiation
2. Be aware of re-ignition
3. Visibility will be reduced

Fire blankets are made of
fire resistant materials
(Fiber Glass).
How to Use
Place carefully over the
fire. Keep your hands
shielded from the fire. Do
not waft the fire towards
you.

Water Hose reel
 Suitable for class A fires

SAND BUCKET SPRINKLER
SYSTEM
FIRE BEATERS GAS Suppression SYSTEM

Sweep side to side
Aim low at the
base of flames
Squeeze the handle
Pull the pin
P
A
S
S
How to use Portable Fire
Extinguishers
sungu

SUMMARY.
154 Kenya Safety Bureau

Fire Alarm Systems
Fire safety in buildings
 Fire detection must be rapid and reliable.
 Warning of the fire must be given immediately.
 The warning must be understood.
 The people must know how to escape.
 The escape route must lead to the open air.
 The escape route must be unaffected by the fire.

Break glass of manual call
point
In the event of a fire,
break the glass of the
nearest manual call point
that you have located.
This will cause the fire
alarm system to sound
throughout the building.

The primary function of most
basic fire alarm systems is
warning occupants of potential or
impending danger, while
simultaneously summoning the
fire department.

The alarm has been raised and evacuation is
under way
The fire brigade has been called
It is safe to do so and there is no possibility of
your escape route being cut off by smoke or fire
The fire is in its early stages
You have had proper training and know how to
recognize the various types of extinguishers,
which to use when, and how to use them

 The fire grows in spite of your efforts.
Only use a fire extinguisher when the fire
is in its early stages. If the fire is already
spreading quickly, evacuate and call the
fire department.
 You don't know what is burning.
Unless you know what is burning, you
won't know what type of fire extinguisher
to use. Even if you have an ABC
extinguisher, there could be something
that will explode or produce highly toxic
smoke.

You don't have the proper fire
extinguisher.
The wrong type of extinguisher can be
dangerous or life-threatening.
There is too much smoke or you
are at risk of inhaling smoke.
Seven out of ten fire-related deaths
occur from breathing poisonous gases
produced by the fire.

Smoke is a combination of lethal
gases, vapors and particles of
partially burnt materials. Most fires
release smoke and ALL smoke is
dangerous – Almost all fire related
deaths are as a result of smoke
inhalation.

 If you become trapped by smoke, you should:
– Lie on the floor;
– Breathe through your nose;
– Crawl to safety;
 In a fire, smoke will naturally rise leaving some
fresh air about 30cm to 60cm off the floor.

If you see smoke coming from
behind a closed door, NEVER open
it - there is the possibility of a violent
explosion as a result of a sudden in
rush of air. Remember that without a
supply of air (Oxygen) the fire will
suffocate.

 Don’t panic. Stay calm and follow these
steps:
Enter a safe room,
preferably one that
overlooks a road.
Shut the door behind
you. Cover the bottom
gap of the door with a
blanket or rug, to
prevent smoke from
seeping through.
Shout for help from the
window or other
openings to alert
passers-by. Then wait
for rescue to arrive.

Stop. Do not panic and
run.
Whether indoors or
outdoors, drop down
immediately, covering
your face with your
hands
Roll over and over to put
out the flames.
Rolling smothers the
flames by removing the
oxygen.
Covering your face with
your hands prevents the
flames from burning your
face and help keep
fumes and smoke from
reaching your lungs.

Remember
Keep away from building Do not re-enter premises Keep access routes clear

RESPONSIBILITIES OF
EMPLOYEES ON FIRE SAFETY
10/30/2019
169
 All fire exits and routes must remain free from
obstruction and available at all times. It is
crucial that final exits are opened to check they
are not blocked from the outside.
 Break glass call points are visible and have a
break glass point sign and emergency fire
action notice adjacent to them.
 Ensuring Fire extinguishers are in their correct
place, serviced, signed and stowed above floor
level.

170
 General house-keeping is in good order i.e
paper storage and waste controlled. No room
with a fixed source of ignition or heat is to be
used for the storage of combustible materials.
 Smoking areas are controlled i.e kept clean
regularly and smoking receptacles emptied on
a regular basis.

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171
 Control of flammable liquids and hazardous
materials.
 Electrical safety checks / pat testing.
 Rubbish and external security monitored.
 Emergency lighting tested monthly.
 Hot works management / issuing hot works
permits and control of contractors.
 Fire alarm checks tested weekly.
 Staff fire inductions.
 Arranging fire drills at least once a year.

10/30/2019
172
 Exit sign surveys.
 Fire door checks on a weekly basis.
 Working with the fire risk assessment.
 Managing all checks / paperwork / compliance
documentation.

10/30/2019
173
 Fighting fires / use of fire extinguishers.
 Raise the alarm / call the emergency services.
 Direct staff to safe available exit routes.
 Sweep all rooms where safe to do so ensuring
toilets and places like walk in cupboards are
checked.
 Assist disabled people.
 Close all windows in rooms and corridors.
 Close all doors and fire doors.


10/30/2019
174
 Ensure final fire doors are closed.
 Ensure hazardous manufacturing processes
and machinery has been isolated.
 Take part in the roll call at the assembly point.
 Report to the fire service on their arrival.

• Ensure all fire fighting appliances, fire detection
systems, fire alarm & other facilities for fire
safety are in place & regularly serviced.
• Conduct fire drill at workplace.
• Investigate fire incidences & recommend
corrective measures.
• Regular inspections – to identify potential fire
risks & recommend remedial measures
10/30/2019
175

• Train other workers safe use of fighting
appliances.
• Co-ordinate evacuation of other workers in the
event of fire.
• Undertake any other functions as may be
directed by occupier
10/30/2019
176

FIRE / EMERGENCY DRILL
PROCEDURE
 The purpose of an emergency / fire drill is to
practice exiting the building / workplace "in a
simulated emergency situation" so that if an
emergency arises in the future, panic will be
minimized and every one will know how to
respond.
10/30/2019
177

 It is a requirement under the occupation health
and safety Act 2007, for organizations to
provide staff safety, health and welfare to
workers and all persons lawfully present at
workplaces. The organization must also train
staff through drills in order to equip them with
skills that will enable them to handle
emergencies effectively.
10/30/2019
178

 • It provides an opportunity to identify defects
non operational emergency doors jammed
doors, emergency routes or any other
observations relating to the effectiveness of the
drill procedures
10/30/2019
179

 There are a few points one should
remember when conducting the drill:
Everyone must exit the building / work area
immediately when the alarm sounds.
10/30/2019
180

During the drill the fire marshal / Supervisor
should record what happens after the alarm
goes off:
 What is the general reaction of the workers —
panic, calm, run away, scream, assemble at
fire assembly point or not etc.
 How the alarm works
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 Does the emergency exit work or won't open —
if in a building?
 Do the workers follow the laid down procedure
in case of fire / emergency?
 Does the responsible people perform the roll
call
 Are the fire marshals ready to combat the fire?
10/30/2019
182

Highlight everything that you observe and talk to
workers on areas they have done excellently
and where they need to rectify.
10/30/2019
183

GUIDING NOTES ON EXECUTING A
FIRE DRILL
1. Fire Drill Objectives
The main objective of a fire drill is to test
communication, preparedness and
appropriateness of the response and overall
communication from the following:
 Communication system
 Management and staff
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184

 Fire marshals
 First aiders
 Security team
 Organization ambulance or casualty transport
arrangement
 Other assisting bodies as per the safety and
emergency preparedness policy or as per the
objective.
10/30/2019
185

These could include:
 Fire brigade (if necessary)
 Local police (if necessary)
 Hospital (if necessary)
 Media (if necessary)
10/30/2019
186

Types of Fire Drills and
Consideration
 There are two basic types of fire drills
categorized as a wet or a dry in regard to
whether actual fire will be lit or whether it will
involve the raising of an alarm.
10/30/2019
187

Planning and Responsibilities
 It is important that planning of a fire drill
apportions responsibilities to those involved. A
Liaison person and a co—ordination team are
necessary. In addition, the range of activities
and responsibilities can be as follows:
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EVACUATION PROCEDURE FOR
FIRE MARSHALS
If the fire alarm sounds
Each marshal is responsible for the safe and
effective evacuation of designated staff during
an emergency.
1 If the fire alarm sounds, collect your Fire
Evacuation Register (which should always be
kept within easy reach)
10/30/2019
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2 Ensure that the people you are responsible to
make their way calmly to the nearest available
exit and make their way to the Assembly Point
3. Make sure that no one stops to collect
personal belongings, laptops, documents, etc.
10/30/2019
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4. When you are certain that everyone has left
your section, proceed to the Assembly Point,
closing doors behind you.
5. Each marshal to take roll call at Assembly
Point once evacuated
10/30/2019
191

6. Report everyone present to Senior Fire
Marshal.
7. Anyone missing must be reported immediately
to Senior Fire Marshal who will alert the Fire
Brigade.
8. Staff must not leave the area e.g. to go off-site,
without informing their Fire Marshal.
10/30/2019
192

9. In the event of a Fire evacuation test, the
Senior Fire Marshal will switch off the alarm.
10. The Safety officer in conjunction with the Fire
Brigade, will advise the other Fire Marshals
and staff that it is safe to return to the building.
10/30/2019
193

SECTION THREE
EMERGECY EVACUATION

Objective
To equip all of you with skills and knowledge to
enable you to;
 Ensure proper evacuation, fire safety in the
event of an emergency until back up arrives.

Fire safety plans.
Fire safety plans shall be written and
include the following information:
1. The procedure for reporting a fire or other
emergency.
 Employees assigned to Call rescue team
 Employees trained to activate, silence and
reset the Fire Alarm

2. The life safety strategy and procedures for
notifying, relocating, or evacuating occupants
including:
 Primary and Secondary Evacuation Routes
 Procedures and training in evacuating physically
disabled individuals
 Procedures for those employees designated to
obtain occupant medications and accountability
list.
 Other types of occupancy specific items

3. Occupancy Site plans shall be provided and
 include the following:
 The occupancy exterior assembly points for
occupants to assemble once outside the
structure.
 The location of fire hydrants on
the facility and any no parking restrictions
 The normal routes of emergency vehicle
access into and out of the facility.

4. Floor plans identifying the locations of the
following:
 Exit doors
 Primary evacuation routes
 Secondary evacuation routes
 Handicap accessible exit routes
 Safe areas of refuge
 Fire alarm pull station locations
 Fire extinguisher locations
 Occupant use hose stations (if present)
 Fire alarm panels and controls

5. A list of major fire and/or other hazards
associated with the normal use and
occupancy of the premises, including
maintenance and housekeeping procedures.

6. Identification and assignment of
personnel responsible for maintenance,
housekeeping and controlling fuel hazard
sources.
 This should include pager and cell phone
numbers for these individuals.

ON HEARING THE FIRE ALARM:
– Leave by the nearest/safest fire exit,
escorting visitors, quests etc;
– Do not stop to collect personal belongings;
– Report to your designated Assembly Point;
– Do not re-enter the building until you have
been told that it is safe to do so. Shut the
doors behind you as you leave and if
possible close windows too.
– Fire Marshals should take the role call

 Assembly should be quiet and orderly
and the Fire Wardens should make sure
that the people are not in danger
Protected means of escape or
alternatives give people a choice of
direction and therefore safety.
Early warning, good fire safety, regular
drills, and good means of escape are
the ingredients for success.

Should focus on the safety in case of
fire of all ‗relevant persons‘. And,
Will help you identify the risks that can
be removed or reduced, and to decide
the nature and extent of the general
fire precautions you need to take

SMART
S – Support members
M – Maintain
communications
A – Anticipate needs
R – Respond in a timely
fashion
T – Try new things
10/30/2019
20
9

After a fire you may experience anxious
feelings, depression, difficulty
concentrating, sadness, anger, fatigue,
irrational fears and nightmares. These are
common responses to a traumatic event. If
one of your staff needs support incase of
any emergency you can call the Kenya red
cross or any agency that can offer the
same.

In the Event of a Fire
GET OUT
STAY OUT
CALL THE FIRE
BRIGADE OUT

 You are not expected
to be firefighters!
 Do not take unnecessary risks!

ALWAYS REMEMBER YOUR SAFETY
FIRST !!!!!
THEREFORE BE SMART !!!!!!!!
AND

Contact us thru……
 Wickliffe sungu 0724156670
Government Approved disaster
Instructor –Nairobi

BASIC FIRE SAFETY BASIC FIRE SAFETY BASIC FIRE SAFETY.pdf

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