The document provides information about an Eco Club project on emergency preparation and water issues. It discusses three steps for emergency preparation: 1) keeping an emergency kit ready, 2) making a plan, and 3) staying informed. It also covers topics like drinking water, water supply, water treatment, wastewater, and uses of wastewater. The document emphasizes the importance of emergency preparedness and conserving water resources.

1. ECO CLUB PROJECT
2021-2022
Tushar Kanti Sharma
XI-A 12

2. INDEX
• Emergency Preparation ...4
• Why Emergency Preparation? ...5
• Three steps to be prepared ...6
• 1. Keep your kit ready ...7
• 2. Make a plan ...9
• 3. Be informed ...10

3. INDEX
• Drinking Water ...13
• Safe Drinking water ...14
• Water consumption ...15
• Water Supply ...16
• Water Treatment ...17
• What is wastewater? ...18
• Use of Wastewater ...19`

4. Emergency
Preparation
• It’s as easy as 1-2-3!Getting prepared
may sound difficultor time consuming
but its actuallyvery doable.. All it takes
is the right informationand a will to
survive,to live!

5. • Why Emergency Preparedness?
• Maybe to save your life? For you to be safe?
• To take prompt corrective actions to save lives and sufferings/injuries.
• To take prompt corrective actions to save lives and sufferings/injuries.
• To protectloss of materials.
• To Protect and minimize propertylosses.
• To resume normal situation or operationwithin minimum possible time.

6. Three easy
steps to be
prepared!
Follow these three easy steps
to survive your way through
an emergency!

7. 1. Keep your kit ready, Always.
• Water: one gallon per person, per day Food: non-perishable, easy-to-prepare items
• Flashlight, radio and batteries.
• Deluxe family first aid kit, medications, multi-purpose tool.
• Sanitation and personal hygiene items
• Copies of personal documents (medication list and pertinent medical information, proof
of address, deed/lease to home, passports, birth certificates, insurance policies)
• Cell phone with chargers (Similar item available in the Red Cross Store)
• Family and emergency contact information
• Extra cash
• Emergency blanket
• Map(s) of the area

8. • Some extra items (might be useful!)
• Medical supplies (hearing aids, glasses, contact lenses, syringes, etc)
• Baby supplies, games and activities for children
• Pet supplies (collar, leash, ID, bowl)
• Extra set of keys
• Whistle, masks and gloves; Fire and rain equipment. [Matches and raincoat]
• Towels, Extra clothing and shoes.
• Tools like scissors, screwdriver, multipurpose rod etc.

9. 2. Make a
plan!
• Create and practice an emergency plan so your
family will know what to do in a crisis.
1. With your family or household members,
discuss how to prepare and respond to the
types of emergencies that are most likely to
happen where you live, learn, work and play.
2. Identify responsibilities for each member of
your household and how you will work
together as a team.
3. Identify responsibilities for each member of
your household and how you will work
together as a team.

10. 3. Be Informed
• Staying aware and informed is the most important part of emergency
preparation. Doesn’t matter how good your kit or practice is, if you don’t
know about it, then it goes into vain.
• Learn the types of disasters or emergencies that may likely occur in your
area. These events can range from those affecting only you and your
family, like a home fire or medical emergency, to those affecting your
entire community, like an earthquake or flood.

11. 3. Be Informed
• Learn the types of disasters or emergencies that may likely occur in
your area. These events can range from those affecting only you and
your family, like a home fire or medical emergency, to those affecting
your entire community, like an earthquake or flood.
• Know what actions to take to protect yourself during disasters that may
occur in areas where you travel or have moved recently. For example, if
you travel to a place where earthquakes are common and you are not
familiar with them, make sure you know what to do to protect yourself
should one occur.

12. • It's done!
• Get those three easy steps
right, and here you go... Ready for a disaster!
• Keep in mind that anything can happen at
anytime.. But you don’t have to worry about it every
second, that will cause unrequired mental pressure
and anxiety... don’t get careless, stay informed and
you will stay safe!
• Helping eachother in times of emergency is a
great service to humanity.. World would collapse
if everyone ran for themselves.

13. Drinking Water
• Potable water, also known as drinking water, is water that is safe to drink or use for food
preparation. The amount of drinking water required to maintain good health varies, and
depends on physical activity level, age, health-related issues, and environmental
conditions. For those who work in a hot climate, up to 16 litres a day may be required.
• It comes from surface and ground sources and is treated to levels that that meet state and
federal standards for consumption.
• Water from natural sources is treated for microorganisms, bacteria, toxic chemicals,
viruses and fecal matter. Drinking raw, untreated water can cause gastrointestinal problems
such as diarrhea, vomiting or fever.

14. Safe Drinking Water
• Globally, by 2015, 89% of people had access to water from a source that is suitablefor drinking–
called improved water source. In Sub-SaharanAfrica, access to potablewater ranged from 40% to
80% of the population. Nearly 4.2 billion people worldwidehad access to tap water, while another
2.4 billion had access to wells or public taps. The World Health Organization considers access to
safe drinking-water a basic human right.
• About 1 to 2 billion people lack safe drinking water. More peopledie from unsafe water than from
war, then-U.N. Secretary-GeneralBan Ki-moon said in 2010.
• Water covers approximately70% of the Earth's surface, where approximately97.2% of it is saline,
only 2.8% fresh. Potablewater is available in almost all populatedareas of the Earth, although it
may be expensive and the supplymay not always be sustainable. Sources where water may be
obtained include:

15. Water consumption
• The amount of drinking water required per day is variable. It depends on physical activity, age, health,
and environmental conditions. The Adequate Intake for total water, based on median intakes, is 3.7
litres per day for human males older than 18, and 2.7 litres per day for human females older than 18
which includes about 80% from beverages and 20% from food. The European Food Safety Authority
recommends 2.0 litres of total water per day for adult women and 2.5 litres per day for adult men. The
common advice to drink 8 glasses of plain water per day is not based on science, and an individual's
thirst provides a better guide for how much water they require rather than a specific, fixed quantity.
Americans age 21 and older, on average, drink 1,043 mL of drinking water a day and 95% drink less
than 2,958 mL per day. Physical exercise and heat exposure cause loss of water and therefore may
induce thirst and greater water intake. Physically active individuals in hot climates may have total
daily water needs of 6 litres or more.

16. Water supply
• The most efficient and convenient way to transport and deliver potable water is through pipes.
Plumbing can require significant capital investment. Some systems suffer high operating costs. The cost
to replace the deteriorating water and sanitation infrastructure of industrialized countries may be as
high as $200 billion a year. Leakage of untreated and treated water from pipes reduces access to water.
Leakage rates of 50% are not uncommon in urban systems.
• Springs are often used as sources for bottled waters. Tap water, delivered by domestic water systems
refers to water piped to homes and delivered to a tap or spigot. For these water sources to be
consumed safely, they must receive adequate treatment and meet drinking water regulations.
• Because of the high initial investments, many less wealthy nations cannot afford to develop or sustain
appropriate infrastructure, and as a consequence people in these areas may spend a correspondingly
higher fraction of their income on water. 2003 statistics from El Salvador, for example, indicate that the
poorest 20% of households spend more than 10% of their total income on water. In the United
Kingdom, authorities define spending of more than 3% of one's income on water as a hardship.

17. Water treatment
• Most water requires some treatment before use; even water from deep wells or springs. The extent of
treatment depends on the source of the water. Appropriate technology options in water treatment
include both community-scale and household-scale point-of-use (POU) designs. Only a few large
urban areas such as Christchurch, New Zealand have access to sufficiently pure water of sufficient
volume that no treatment of the raw water is required.
• In emergency situations when conventional treatment systems have been compromised, waterborne
pathogens may be killed or inactivated by boiling but this requires abundant sources of fuel, and can be
very onerous on consumers, especially where it is difficult to store boiled water in sterile conditions.
Other techniques, such as filtration, chemical disinfection, and exposure to ultraviolet radiation
(including solar UV) have been demonstrated in an array of randomized control trials to significantly
reduce levels of water-borne disease among users in low-income countries, but these suffer from the
same problems as boiling methods.
• Another type of water treatment is called desalination and is used mainly in dry areas with access to
large bodies of saltwater. all this brings us to another part of water.. Waste water.

18. What is Wastewater?
• Wastewater is any water used to transport waste, and is most commonly a synonym for:
• Sewage (also called domestic wastewater, municipal wastewater) - this is wastewater
that is produced by a community of people
• Blackwater (waste), domestic wastewater that only contains the discharge from toilets
• Greywater, domestic wastewater excluding the discharge from toilets
• The generic term may be used to describe water containing differing contaminants from
other uses, including: industrial wastewater, water-borne waste from power generation,
manufacturing operations and mineral extraction etc.

19. Use of Wastewater?
• The use of wastewater for a variety of purposes is gaining increased popularity as a means of
preserving scarce freshwater resources. Wastewater and greywater use is increasingly considered a
method combining water and nutrient recycling, increased household food security and improved
nutrition for poor households. Economic and environmental pressures, and the conservation ethic,
have led to widespread and growing applications for recycling of wastewater, including irrigation of
food and non-food crops, green spaces, recovering arid land, fire systems, industrial cooling or
industrial processing, sanitation and even as indirect and possibly direct sources of drinking-water.
The beneficial use of wastewater also helps to decrease the impact on the environment of disposal of
sewage or industrial effluent. The end use of wastewater determines the required quality of the water
and management procedures required to ensure safety. WHO and several countries have developed
guidelines and standards for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture and other settings (WHO
2006a).

20. • There has been considerable focus on the use of greywater. The 2000 Uniform Plumbing Code
illustrated training manual published by the International Associationof Plumbing and
Mechanical Officials defines greywater as “untreated household wastewater which has not come
into contact with toilet waste. Greywater includes used water from bathtubs, showers, bathroom
wash basins, and water from clothes washing machines and laundry tubs. It shall not include
wastewaterfrom kitchen sinks or dishwashers”(IAPMO 2000). Even though greywater does not
include wastewater, pathogens may still be present from different sources (e.g. babies’ nappies or
diapers). However, pathogen concentrations are generally much lower than in wastewater.
Greywater can be used in domestic installations, for water closet flushing and for garden
watering. Depending on the use, greywater may require some treatment (e.g. disinfection) or
managementsteps prior to application to ensure safety. For example, greywater used for garden
irrigation should not be distributed by aerial spraying, as there is high risk of spreading airborne
infectious particles (see section 14.5). But if the greywater is applied below the soil surface for
landscape irrigation, little or no treatment may be necessary. WHO has recently completed
Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater, which provide more
information on risk managementassociated with the use of these substances.
Use

21. Save Water! Save Earth!

22. Thanks for
Watching!
By Tushar Kanti Sharma
XI A - 12