This document discusses domain classes and domain modeling. It begins by explaining how domain classes represent "things" in the problem domain that need to be modeled by the system. Two techniques for identifying domain classes are described: brainstorming and using a noun analysis. The document then discusses how to represent domain classes and their attributes, associations, and relationships in a domain model class diagram. It provides examples of domain model class diagrams for various systems. Finally, it discusses how domain model class diagrams can be developed for subsystems of a large project and how they relate to entity-relationship diagrams.
SAP BASIS ONLINE TRAINING MATERIAL by Keylabskeylabstraining
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Requirements analysis, also called requirements engineering, is the process of determining user expectations for a new or modified product. These features, called requirements, must be quantifiable, relevant and detailed. In software engineering, such requirements are often called functional specifications. Requirements analysis is an important aspect of project management.
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Requirements analysis, also called requirements engineering, is the process of determining user expectations for a new or modified product. These features, called requirements, must be quantifiable, relevant and detailed. In software engineering, such requirements are often called functional specifications. Requirements analysis is an important aspect of project management.
This report paper contains online banking system in j2ee component of java.also include system requirements,design modules,data flow diagrams, sequence diagrams and the architecture of online banking.
content:Introduction
Project requirements
System modules
User interface specification
Use case and data flow diagram’s
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Creating a Use Case
Jennifer LeClair
CIS 510
Instructor Name: Dr. Austin Umezurike
10/27/2016
Assignment 2:
Creating a Use Case
Introduction
With this paper I will show how a use case diagram should be used. I base this paper from fig. 3
– 11 pages 78 – 80 in our textbook titled: System Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th
edition, by Satzinger, Jackson, and Burd. In the Use Case Diagram that I make, I will depict a
use case for a RMO CSMS subsystem. I will also be describing the overview of the diagram. I
will also provide an analysis of the characters.
Use Case Introduction
An activity that a system performs is known as a use case. It is mostly in response to the
user. Use case analysis is a technique that is used for identifying the functional requirements of
the software system. A use case is to designate the point of view from a client and customer, this
is a use cases main purpose. An analytical role in the development process is done by the
developer. The other definition of a use case is as an objective or as an actor. Actors are with a
particular system and they want to achieve. In the use case diagram that I create, I will show the
actors and use cases for the RMO CSMS subsystem for marketing.
Marketing Subsystem
RMO CSMS
Marketing Merchandising
Overview
The overview of this use case diagram has the following: It shows the system boundary,
the association and the actors. The one that does the interaction with the system by entering or
receiving data is called a group, actor, external agent or person. Another part of the whole system
are the system boundaries. System boundaries are the computerized part of the application along
with the users who operate it. When a customer places a relationship between certain things such
as a certain employee in a department and an order, this would be a logical association. In my
diagram I have included two actors, one is representing marketing and the other represents
merchandising.
Analysis
The events and actions that define the interactions with a system and the role in order to
be able to discover a goal is a list of actions or steps in an event in a use case. The elements that
make up a use case diagram and the connections that are between a use case and the actors is an
association. This lets us know that there is communication between the actors and the use case.
On the marketing side they need to be able to update / add promotions, production and business
partners. On the merchandising side they need to be able to update / add production information
and accessory packages.
Summary
The important part of a use case diagram is that you can identi ...
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
Ad hoc & sensor networks, Adaptive applications, Aeronautical Engineering, Aerospace Engineering
Agricultural Engineering, AI and Image Recognition, Allied engineering materials, Applied mechanics,
Architecture & Planning, Artificial intelligence, Audio Engineering, Automation and Mobile Robots
Automotive Engineering….
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
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- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
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We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
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The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
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All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
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https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
3. Chapter 4 Outline
“Things”
in the Problem Domain
Data entities
Domain classes
The
Domain Model Class Diagram
The Entity-Relationship Diagram
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
3
4. Learning Objectives
Explain how the concept of “things” in the
problem domain also define requirements
Identify and analyze data entities and domain
classes needed in the system
Read, interpret, and create an entity-relationship
diagram
Read, interpret, and create a domain model
class diagram
Understand the domain model class diagram for
the RMO Consolidated Sales and Marketing
System
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
4
5. Overview
Chapter 3 provided an overview of identifying
use cases to define functional requirements
This chapter focuses on another key concepts
for defining requirements— data entities or
domain classes
In the RMO Tradeshow System from Chapter 1,
some domain classes are Supplier, Product, and
Contact
In this chapter’s opening case Waiters on Call,
examples of domain classes are Restaurants,
Menu items, Customers, Orders, Drivers,
Addresses, Routes, and Payments
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
5
6. Things in the Problem Domain
Problem domain—the specific area (or domain)
of the users’ business need that is within the
scope of the new system.
“Things” are those items users work with when
accomplishing tasks that need to be
remembered
Examples of “Things” are products, sales,
shippers, customers, invoices, payments, etc.
These “Things” are modeled as domain classes
or data entities
In this course, we will call them domain classes.
In database class you call them data entities
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
6
7. Things in the Problem Domain
Two Techniques for Identifying them
Brainstorming
Use a checklist of all of the usual types of things
typically found and brainstorm to identify domain
classes of each type
Noun
Technique
Technique
Identify all of the nouns that come up when the
system is described and determine if each is a
domain class, an attribute, or not something we
need to remember
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
7
8. Brainstorming Technique
Are there any tangible things? Are there any
organizational units? Sites/locations? Are there
incidents or events that need to be recorded?
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
8
9. Brainstorming Technique:
Steps
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Identify a user and a set of use cases
Brainstorm with the user to identify things involved
when carrying out the use case—that is, things about
which information should be captured by the system.
Use the types of things (categories) to systematically
ask questions about potential things, such as the
following: Are there any tangible things you store
information about? Are there any locations involved?
Are there roles played by people that you need to
remember?
Continue to work with all types of users and
stakeholders to expand the brainstorming list
Merge the results, eliminate any duplicates, and
compile an initial list
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
9
10. The Noun Technique
A technique to identify problem domain classes
(things) by finding, classifying, and refining a
list of nouns that come up in in discussions or
documents
Popular technique. Systematic.
Does end up with long lists and many nouns
that are not things that need to be stored by
the system
Difficulty identifying synonyms and things that
are really attributes
Good place to start when there are no users
available to help brainstorm
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
10
11. Partial List
of Nouns
for RMO
With notes on
whether to
include as
domain class
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
11
12. The Noun Technique:
Steps
1.
Using the use cases, actors, and other information
about the system— including inputs and outputs—
identify all nouns.
2.
For the RMO CSMS, the nouns might include customer, product item,
sale, confirmation, transaction, shipping, bank, change request,
summary report, management, transaction report, accounting, back
order, back order notification, return, return confirmation…
Using other information from existing systems, current
procedures, and current reports or forms, add items or
categories of information needed.
For the RMO CSMS, these might include price, size, color, style,
season, inventory quantity, payment method, and shipping address.
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
12
13. The Noun Technique:
Steps (continued)
3.
As this list of nouns builds, refine it. Ask these
questions about each noun to help you decide whether
you should include it:
Is it a unique thing the system needs to know about?
Is it inside the scope of the system I am working on?
Does the system need to remember more than one of these items?
Ask these questions to decide to exclude it:
Is it really a synonym for some other thing I have identified?
Is it really just an output of the system produced from other information
I have identified?
Is it really just an input that results in recording some other information
I have identified?
Ask these questions to research it:
Is it likely to be a specific piece of information (attribute) about some
other thing I have identified?
Is it something I might need if assumptions change?
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
13
14. The Noun Technique:
Steps (continued)
4.
Create a master list of all nouns identified and then
note whether each one should be included, excluded,
or researched further.
5.
Review the list with users, stakeholders, and team
members and then define the list of things in the
problem domain.
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
14
15. Details about Domain Classes
Attribute— describes one piece of information
about each instance of the class
Identifier or key
Customer has first name, last name, phone number
One attribute uniquely identifies an instance of the
class. Required for data entities, optional for domain
classes. Customer ID identifies a customer
Compound attribute
Two or more attributes combined into one structure
to simplify the model. (E.g., address rather than
including number, street, city, state, zip separately).
Sometimes an identifier or key is a compound
attribute.
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
15
16. Attributes and Values
Class is a type of thing. Object is a specific instance of the class.
Each instance has its own values for an attribute
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
16
18. Just to Clarify…
Called association on class diagram in UML
Called relationship on ERD in database class
Multiplicity is term for the number of associations between
classes: 1 to 1 or 1 to many
We are emphasizing UML in this text
Cardinality is term for number of relationships in entity
relationship diagrams: 1 to 1 or 1 to many
Associations and Relationships apply in two directions
Read them separately each way
A customer places an order
An order is placed by a customer
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
18
19. Minimum and Maximum Multiplicity
Associations have minimum and maximum constraints
minimum is zero, the association is optional
If minimum is at least one, the association is mandatory
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
19
20. Types of Associations
Binary Association
Unary Association (recursive)
Associations between exactly two different classes
Course Section includes Students
Members join Club
Associations between two instances of the same class
Person married to person
Part is made using parts
Ternary Association (three)
N-ary Association (between n)
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
20
21. Semantic Net
Shows instances and
how they are linked
Example shows
instances of three
classes
Quick quiz:
How many associations are
there?
What are the minimum and
maximum multiplicities in
each direction?
What type of associations are
they?
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
21
22. The Domain Model Class Diagram
Class
Domain Class
Classes that describe objects in the problem domain
Class Diagram
A category of classification used to describe a collection of
objects
A UML diagram that shows classes with attributes and
associations (plus methods if it models software classes)
Domain Model Class Diagram
A class diagram that only includes classes from the problem
domain, not software classes so no methods
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
22
23. Domain Class Notation
Domain class has no methods
Class name is always capitalized
Attribute names are not capitalized and use camelback
notation (words run together and second word is
capitalized)
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
23
24. A Simple Domain Model Class
Diagram
Note: This diagram matches the semantic net shown previously
A customer places zero or more orders
An order is placed by exactly one customer
An order consists of one or more order items
An order item is part of exactly one order
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
24
25. UML Notation for Multiplicity
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
25
26. Domain Model Class Diagram
for a bank with many branches
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
26
27. Domain Model Class Diagram
for course enrollment at a university
Where is each student’s grade remembered in this model?
Each section has many grades and each grade is association with a student
Each student has many grades and each grade is association with a section
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
27
28. Refined Course Enrollment Model
with an Association Class CourseEnrollment
Association class— an association that is treated as a class in a
many to many association because it has attributes that need to be
remembered, such as grade
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
28
29. More Complex Issues about Classes:
Generalization/Specialization Relationships
Generalization/Specialization
Superclass
the superior or more general class in a
generalization/specialization hierarchy
Subclass
A hierarchical relationship where subordinate classes are special
types of the superior classes. Often called an Inheritance
Hierarchy
the subordinate or more specialized class in a
generalization/specialization hierarchy
Inheritance
the concept that subclasses classes inherit characteristics of the
more general superclass
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
29
31. Generalization/Specialization
Inheritance for RMO Three Types of Sales
Abstract class— a class that allow subclasses to inherit characteristics
but never gets instantiated. In Italics (Sale above)
Concrete class— a class that can have instances
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
31
32. Generalization/Specialization
Inheritance for the Bank with Special Types of Accounts
A SavingsAccount
has 4 attributes
A CheckingAccount
Has 5 attributes
Note: the subclasses
inherit the
associations, too
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
32
33. More Complex Issues about Classes:
Whole Part Relationships
Whole-part relationship— a relationship between
classes where one class is part of or a component
portion of another class
Aggregation— a whole part relationship where the
component part exists separately and can be removed
and replaced (UML diamond symbol, next slide)
Computer has disk storage devices
Car has wheels
Composition— a whole part relationship where the parts
can no longer be removed (filled in diamond symbol)
Hand has fingers
Chip has circuits
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
33
34. Whole Part Relationships
Computer and its Parts
Note: this is composition,
with diamond symbol.
Whole part can have
multiplicity symbols, too
(not shown)
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
34
35. More on UML Relationships
There are actually three types of relationships in
class diagrams
Association Relationships
These are associations discussed previously, just like
ERD relationships
Whole Part Relationships
One class is a component or part of another class
Generalizations/Specialization Relationships
Inheritance
So, try not to confuse relationship with association
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
35
36. RMO CSMS Project
Domain Model Class Diagrams
There are several ways to create the domain
model class diagram for a project
RMO CSMS has 27 domain classes overall
Can create one domain model class diagram per
subsystem for those working on a subsystem
Can create one overall domain model class
diagram to provide an overview of the whole
system
Usually in early iterations, an initial draft of the
domain model class diagram is completed to guide
development and kept up to date
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
36
37. RMO CSMS Project
Domain Model Class Diagrams
There are several ways to create the domain
model class diagram for a project
RMO CSMS has 27 domain classes overall
Can create one domain model class diagram per
subsystem for those working on a subsystem
Can create one overall domain model class
diagram to provide an overview of the whole
system
Usually in early iterations, an initial draft of the
domain model class diagram is completed to guide
development and kept up to date
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
37
41. RMO CSMS Project
Domain Model Class Diagrams
Given the complete RMO CSMS Domain Model Class
Diagram and Sales and Customer Account subsystem
examples:
Try completing the Order Fulfilment Subsystem Domain Model
Class Diagram
Try Completing the Marketing Subsystem Domain Model Class
Diagram
Try Completing the Reporting Subsystem Domain Model Class
Diagram
Review the use cases from Chapter 3 and decide what
classes and associations from the complete model are
required for each subsystem
Classes and associations might be duplicated in more than one
subsystem model
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
41
42. Entity-Relationship Diagrams
ERD
An ERD shows basically the same information as
a domain model class diagram
It is not a UML diagram, but it is widely used by
data analysts in database management
There really is no standard notation, but most
developers use the entity and crows feet notation
shown in this text
An ERD is not good for showing
generalization/specialization relationships and
whole part relationships
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
42
43. Example of ERD Notation
A simple ERD without showing attributes
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
43
45. Expanded ERD with Attributes
Note: This diagram matches the semantic net shown previously
Also matches a domain model class diagram shown previously
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
45
46. An ERD for a Bank
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
46
47. Summary
This chapter is the second of three that focuses on
modeling functional requirements as a part of systems
analysis
“Things” in the problem domain are identified and
modeled, called domain classes or data entities
Two techniques for identifying domain classes/data
entities are the brainstorming technique and the noun
technique
Domain classes have attributes and associations
Associations are naturally occurring relationships
among classes, and associations have minimum and
maximum multiplicity
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
47
48. Summary
The UML class diagram notation is used to create a
domain model class diagram for a system. The domain
model classes do not have methods because they are
not yet software classes.
There are actually three UML class diagram
relationships: association relationships,
generalization/specialization (inheritance) relationships,
and whole part relationships
Other class diagram concepts are abstract versus
concrete classes, compound attributes, composition
and aggregation, association classes, super classes
and subclasses
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
48
49. Summary
Entity-relationship diagrams (ERDs) show the same
information as a domain model class diagram
ERDs are preferred by database analysts and are
widely used
ERDs are not UML diagrams, and an association is
called a relationship, multiplicity is called cardinality,
and generalization/specialization (inheritance) and
whole part relationships are usually not shown
Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6t
49