SACRED GROVES
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This document summarizes a seminar on sacred groves presented by students from Sarguja University. It defines sacred groves as natural habitats protected for religious reasons. It then provides background information on Surajpur District in Chhattisgarh, India, where the study took place, including its geography, climate, and boundaries. Finally, it lists 16 sacred groves in Surajpur District, giving their common names and corresponding scientific names of plant species found there.
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“Sacred Groves are small patches of natural vegetation dedicated by local communities to ancestral spirit or deities and have traditional means of biodiversity, where climax-growth of vegetation can found”. Many species of trees were considered ‘Sacred’ in Indian societies, for example, Bassia latifolia and Anthrocephalus cadamba the tribals of Orissa and Bihar worshipped Tamarindus indica and Mangifera indica. “Many species of Ficus were worshipped throughout India. It was also believed that, certain species of trees symbolize specific Gods and such trees were also worshipped” Sacred groves are tracts of virgin forest harbouring rich biodiversity and are protected by local communities to keep them in a relatively undisturbed state. These are the small patches of relic forest, protected by local communities on religious ground, which are the traditional Indian way of in situ conservation of biodiversity. Various indigenous communities dedicate sacred groves to the local deities or ancestral spirits. Such a grove may consist of a multi-species, multi-tier primary forest or a cluster of trees, depending on the history of the vegetation. These groves were protected by local communities, usually through customary taboos and sanctions with cultural and ecological implications.
Sacred groves are the good source of a variety of medicinal plants, fruits, fodder, fuel wood, spices, etc. In India, the sacred groves were reported earlier from the Himalayas, North-east India, highlands of Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala, particularly where the indigenous communities live. There are 13,720Sacred Groves reported in India. The total area of SGs in India as a whole, would be about 39,063 ha Contribute 0.055% of the total Forest area of India.
Several plants and animals that are threatened in the forest are still well conserved in some of the sacred groves. It has been observed that several medicinal plants that are not to be found in the forest are abundant in the sacred groves. Further, rare, endangered, threatened and endemic species are often concentrated in sacred groves. Main causes of anthropogenic pressure the degradation of habitat happening. The sacredness, religious beliefs and taboos play a significant role in promoting sustainable utilization and conservation of flora and fauna of the region. However, with the passage of time, considerable changes have taken place in the extent of the sacred groves, in their vegetation structure, peoples’ perception towards them causing the frequent degradation of these “Mini Biosphere Reserves”.
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“Sacred Groves are small patches of natural vegetation dedicated by local communities to ancestral spirit or deities and have traditional means of biodiversity, where climax-growth of vegetation can found”. Many species of trees were considered ‘Sacred’ in Indian societies, for example, Bassia latifolia and Anthrocephalus cadamba the tribals of Orissa and Bihar worshipped Tamarindus indica and Mangifera indica. “Many species of Ficus were worshipped throughout India. It was also believed that, certain species of trees symbolize specific Gods and such trees were also worshipped” Sacred groves are tracts of virgin forest harbouring rich biodiversity and are protected by local communities to keep them in a relatively undisturbed state. These are the small patches of relic forest, protected by local communities on religious ground, which are the traditional Indian way of in situ conservation of biodiversity. Various indigenous communities dedicate sacred groves to the local deities or ancestral spirits. Such a grove may consist of a multi-species, multi-tier primary forest or a cluster of trees, depending on the history of the vegetation. These groves were protected by local communities, usually through customary taboos and sanctions with cultural and ecological implications.
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This document discusses the development of a web-based multimedia database called the Sacred Groves Information System (SGIS) to collect and disseminate information on sacred groves in India. Sacred groves are patches of forest or land dedicated to local deities that harbor significant biodiversity. The SGIS database model was created to integrate scattered information on over 3,000 sacred groves from published literature and personal communications. It uses an Oracle backend accessed through Java Server Pages. Current functions allow keyword searches and retrieval of state-specific grove details. Future plans include collecting more detailed data, linking to other databases, and integrating geographic information systems. The authors aim to strengthen conservation of these culturally and biologically important ecosystems through a
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1. “What we are doing to the forests of the world is but a mirror reflection of what we are doing to ourselves and to one another.” ― MAHATMA GANDHI ―
2. “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not every man's greed.” ― Mahatma Gandhi
3. The term “resource” means any thing that we use from our environment to achieve our objective. For example, we require bricks, cement, iron, wood etc. to construct a building. All these items are called the resources for construction of building. A resource can be defined as „any natural or artificial substance, energy or organism, which is used by human being for its welfare. These resources are of two types: Natural Resources Artificial Resources
4. “Nature is not a place to visit. It is home.” ― Gary Snyder
5. CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES As the human population is continuously growing the consumption of natural resources is also increasing. With the increasing industrialization and urbanization of the modern human society, the use of all the resources is rising. If they are not properly used and well managed, a serious scarcity will result. Therefore we need to conserve the natural resources. This will also upset the ecological balance. Conservation is the proper management of a natural resource to prevent its exploitation, destruction or degradation. Conservation is the sum total of activities, which can derive benefits from natural resources but at the same time prevent excessive use leading to destruction or degradation.
6. Need for Conservation of Natural Resources We know that nature provides us all our basic needs but we tend to overexploit it. If we go on exploiting the nature, there will be no more resources available in future. There is an urgent need to conserve the nature. Some of the needs are : to maintain ecological balance for supporting life. to preserve different kinds of species (biodiversity). to make the resources available for present and future generation. to ensure the survival of human race.
7. Conservation of Natural Resources and Traditions of India The need for conservation of natural resources was felt by our predecessors and in India, there was a tradition of respecting and preserving the nature and natural resources. Natural resources were conserved in the form of sacred groves/forests, sacred pools and lakes, sacred species etc. In our country the conservation of natural forests is known from the time of Lord Asoka. Sacred forests are forest patches of different dimensions dedicated by the tribal to their deities and ancestral spirits. Cutting down trees, hunting and other human interferences were strictly prohibited in these forests.
8. This practice is wide spread particularly in peninsular, central and eastern India and has resulted in the protection of a large number of plants and animals. Similarly, several water bodies, e.g., Khecheopalri lake in Sikkim was declared sacred by people, thus, protecting aquati
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- Palms exhibit a wide range of growth habits from shrubs to large trees. They have unbranched stems, terminal clusters of large leaves, and fibrous root systems.
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This document discusses the development of a web-based multimedia database called the Sacred Groves Information System (SGIS) to collect and disseminate information on sacred groves in India. Sacred groves are patches of forest or land dedicated to local deities that harbor significant biodiversity. The SGIS database model was created to integrate scattered information on over 3,000 sacred groves from published literature and personal communications. It uses an Oracle backend accessed through Java Server Pages. Current functions allow keyword searches and retrieval of state-specific grove details. Future plans include collecting more detailed data, linking to other databases, and integrating geographic information systems. The authors aim to strengthen conservation of these culturally and biologically important ecosystems through a
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1. “What we are doing to the forests of the world is but a mirror reflection of what we are doing to ourselves and to one another.” ― MAHATMA GANDHI ―
2. “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not every man's greed.” ― Mahatma Gandhi
3. The term “resource” means any thing that we use from our environment to achieve our objective. For example, we require bricks, cement, iron, wood etc. to construct a building. All these items are called the resources for construction of building. A resource can be defined as „any natural or artificial substance, energy or organism, which is used by human being for its welfare. These resources are of two types: Natural Resources Artificial Resources
4. “Nature is not a place to visit. It is home.” ― Gary Snyder
5. CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES As the human population is continuously growing the consumption of natural resources is also increasing. With the increasing industrialization and urbanization of the modern human society, the use of all the resources is rising. If they are not properly used and well managed, a serious scarcity will result. Therefore we need to conserve the natural resources. This will also upset the ecological balance. Conservation is the proper management of a natural resource to prevent its exploitation, destruction or degradation. Conservation is the sum total of activities, which can derive benefits from natural resources but at the same time prevent excessive use leading to destruction or degradation.
6. Need for Conservation of Natural Resources We know that nature provides us all our basic needs but we tend to overexploit it. If we go on exploiting the nature, there will be no more resources available in future. There is an urgent need to conserve the nature. Some of the needs are : to maintain ecological balance for supporting life. to preserve different kinds of species (biodiversity). to make the resources available for present and future generation. to ensure the survival of human race.
7. Conservation of Natural Resources and Traditions of India The need for conservation of natural resources was felt by our predecessors and in India, there was a tradition of respecting and preserving the nature and natural resources. Natural resources were conserved in the form of sacred groves/forests, sacred pools and lakes, sacred species etc. In our country the conservation of natural forests is known from the time of Lord Asoka. Sacred forests are forest patches of different dimensions dedicated by the tribal to their deities and ancestral spirits. Cutting down trees, hunting and other human interferences were strictly prohibited in these forests.
8. This practice is wide spread particularly in peninsular, central and eastern India and has resulted in the protection of a large number of plants and animals. Similarly, several water bodies, e.g., Khecheopalri lake in Sikkim was declared sacred by people, thus, protecting aquati
Culture and Ecology - Cultivation, Food, Concepts of Ecology
This presentation was made at the 'Towards a Higher Education of Inclusion, Collaboration and Community Engagement' workshop by D. Narasimhan from the Dept. of Botany, Madras Christian College, Chennai. Professor Narasimhan pointed out that agriculture is the single most impactful shift upon the environment in human history. Settled cultivation wiped out huge swathes of forest and is far more destructive than the much-maligned shifting cultivation, also described as slash-and-burn cultivation. This shift in human practice is integral to cultures and indigenous medicines though. Food has become globalised much before markets ever did - with fruits and vegetables indigenous to locations across the globe become central to Indian cuisine. Sacred groves are praised as examples of culture protecting ecology but are vulnerable to the decisions of hard economics with land needs for agriculture or other purposes shrinking their boundaries. Again, a sacred grove could hold certain species alone as totemic objects while others could be destroyed.
Climate Smart Agricultural Practices for Food Security in the Mountain Areas ...
Climate Smart Agricultural Practices for Food Security in the Mountain Areas ...ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins
The participation of entire village community was a key to the success of the project, e.g. protecting from stray cattle and stealing, etc.
microscope
The document summarizes the main components and functions of a compound microscope. It explains that a microscope is used to study small living things and has two main lenses separated by a tube. The objectives lens magnifies the specimen at different levels of magnification depending on the objective used. Other components include the eye piece, stage, coarse and fine adjustment knobs, condenser, mirror and base. It also provides instructions on how to safely use and focus a microscope.
Potato cultivation
Potatoes were introduced to Sri Lanka in 1850 from South America. Large-scale potato cultivation began in 1951 but failed due to pests and diseases. Potatoes were successfully cultivated starting in 1959 at research centers. Now potatoes are a major crop in Sri Lanka, especially in central highlands, Kalpitiya, and Jaffna. Potatoes require ridged fields, certified seed potatoes, fertilization, irrigation, weed control, and harvesting when leaves yellow. Diseases and pests threaten the crop but can be managed. Potatoes are stored and then used for many dishes or processed as chips, sweets, or starch.
WASTE WATER TREATMENTS
The document announces a seminar on waste water treatment presented by Mohammed Inzamamuddin, an M.Sc. student of environmental science at Sarguja Vishwavidyalaya. The seminar topic is part of a course called Basics of Conservation Biology with a course code of ENV 203 and is classified as a CCC (core compulsory course) type.
Rights of performers and brodcasters
This document summarizes key broadcasting rights deals for various football competitions between 2007-2012. It provides the competition, time period, monetary value of the deals, and details on which broadcasters (e.g. Sky, ITV, BBC) purchased the rights. The largest deals were for the FA Premier League between 2007-2010 valued at $1.706 billion sold to Sky and Setanta, and between 2010-2013 valued at $1.782 billion sold to Sky and Setanta. Deals also included rights for the UEFA Champions League, FA Cup, Carling Cup, and Coca-Cola Championship matches.
IPR in Traditional Knowledge and Bio –Diversity: Protection, Issues and Possi...
This document discusses intellectual property rights (IPR) protection for traditional knowledge (TK) and biological diversity (BD). It covers an introduction to TK and BD; why IPR includes protection for TK and BD; examples of TK helping conserve biodiversity; international mechanisms like TRIPS, CBD, and Nagoya Protocol; Indian initiatives including the Biodiversity Act of 2002; issues regarding patenting of marine biodiversity; and recommendations like a separate statute for TK protection and incorporating TK/BD in education.
West water treatment
The document summarizes Mohammed Inzamamuddin's seminar presentation on wastewater treatment. It discusses what wastewater is, the need for wastewater treatment, common pollutants found in wastewater, and basic wastewater treatment processes. The presentation covers primary and secondary treatment methods as well as land treatment of wastewater. It emphasizes that wastewater treatment is necessary to allow safe reuse of water resources and prevent water pollution. The document provides an overview of wastewater treatment concepts and technologies.
the geological time scale
The document summarizes the geological time scale from the Pre-Cambrian era to the present. It divides geological history into eons, eras, periods, and epochs. The Pre-Cambrian era spanned from 4600 million years ago to the start of the Cambrian period 540 million years ago. Major periods described include the Cambrian when life exploded, the Devonian which was the age of fish, and the Cretaceous when flowering plants first appeared. The Mesozoic era was the age of reptiles including dinosaurs. The Cenozoic era is the age of mammals, including the first horses and modern humans.
Sacred groves of karnataka, india
Sacred groves are small patches of forests in India dedicated to local deities and managed by communities. They serve as important reservoirs of biodiversity and medicinal plants. The coastal districts of Udupi and Dakshina Kannada in Karnataka contain many small sacred groves collectively covering a large area. Studies show they are rich in plant diversity including many endemic and rare species. However, these sacred groves now face threats such as encroachment, loss of traditional beliefs, and fragmentation due to modernization that could destroy this unique conservation model.
Specice extinction
The seminar covered the topics of species extinction including defining extinction, estimating the number of species on Earth, the rates of species loss, the timing and causes of extinctions. Natural causes include climate change, changes in sea levels or currents, asteroids, and disease. Human causes were identified as climate change, increased human population, habitat destruction and fragmentation, and trade in endangered species. Facts presented included that over 16,000 species are threatened and the current extinction rate is estimated to be 1,000 to 10,000 times higher than the natural background rate. Some easy actions people can take to help endangered species were also outlined.
Microbes of extreme environment
This document provides an overview of a seminar on microbes that thrive in extreme environments. It begins with an introduction to microbes in general, then describes 5 main types of microbes. The bulk of the document focuses on 5 categories of microbes that thrive in extreme environments: thermophiles, which prefer high temperatures; psychrophiles, which prefer cold temperatures; halophiles, which thrive in high salt concentrations; acidophiles, which thrive in acidic conditions; and alkaliphiles, which thrive in alkaline conditions. Examples of microbes in each category are provided. The document concludes with references for further information.
Agro-forestry
This document defines agroforestry as a sustainable land use system that combines trees, crops, and livestock. It discusses several types of agroforestry including silvopasture, alley cropping, forest farming, riparian forest buffers, and windbreaks/shelterbelts. Silvopasture combines trees, forage, and livestock. Alley cropping grows crops between rows of trees. Forest farming cultivates high-value crops under forest canopy. Riparian buffers protect waterways. Windbreaks shelter crops, livestock, and roads from wind.
soil erosion
This document summarizes a seminar on soil science and soil erosion. It discusses various causes and types of soil erosion including water erosion, wind erosion, and erosion caused by animals. Water erosion is discussed in more detail, outlining different types from rain splash erosion to gully erosion. The document also addresses how human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, and bad farming practices can increase soil erosion. Finally, it provides some solutions for reducing soil erosion such as contour farming, no-till farming, reseeding plants and trees, and retaining walls.
Dimensions of environment
The document discusses the physical dimensions of the environment, including the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It defines each sphere and describes its composition and characteristics. It also discusses the abiotic components of the environment, such as location, climate, soil, and geology, as well as the biotic components, including producers, consumers, food chains, food webs, trophic levels, and energy flow through ecosystems.
Agroforestry
Agroforestry is a land use system where woody perennials are grown with herbaceous crops and/or animals. It has objectives like utilizing resources properly, maximizing production, and maintaining ecological balance. Systems are classified based on components like agrisilviculture, silvipasture, and agrosilvopasture. Benefits include controlling erosion, reducing pests, moderating microclimate, improving soil fertility, and providing employment. Nutrient cycling is increased through nitrogen fixation and litter decomposition. Nitrogen-fixing trees can fix large quantities of nitrogen and help remediate problem soils. Multipurpose trees and shrubs provide nutrients, shade, fencing, reduce erosion, and
Bioaccumulation
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on bioaccumulation. It defines bioaccumulation as the buildup of chemicals in organisms from their surrounding environment through processes like ingestion and respiration. This results in higher concentrations of chemicals in the organism compared to its environment. As an example, mercury builds up in fish through bioaccumulation. The document then defines biomagnification as the process where chemicals accumulate and become more concentrated at higher trophic levels of the food chain, such as when fish containing mercury are eaten by larger predators. Effects on organisms increase at higher trophic levels due to biomagnification. Examples of DDT affecting trophic levels through bioaccumulation and biomagnification are also provided.
Impact of climate change on biodiversity
This seminar presentation discusses the impact of climate change on biodiversity. It begins with an overview of how to manage Earth's temperature through solar energy and greenhouse gases. It then examines worldwide carbon emissions over time and explains the greenhouse effect. The values of biodiversity are outlined, and the presentation shows the impact of climate change on forests visible from space. A case study examines the effect of climate change on mountain pine beetles. The main impacts of climate change discussed are species extinction, effects on forests, water, polar regions and wildlife. The presentation concludes that temperatures will continue to rise and growing seasons will lengthen.
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Culture and Ecology - Cultivation, Food, Concepts of Ecology
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s
−1
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Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
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SACRED GROVES
- 1. Seminar on ‘SACRED GROVES’, Surjpur Feb 24, 2016 Presented by Md. Inzamamuddin, Pankaj thakur, Nellu gupta. Sarguja University Dep. of Environmental science Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh M.Sc 1st semester
- 2. What is Sacred Groves? • Sacred groves may be loosely used to refer to other natural habitat protected on religiou sgrounds, such as Alpine Meadows.
- 4. • Date of Formation: Surajpur District was carved out of Surguja District on 15th August 2011. • Area: 9,265 square kilometers • Population: 660,280 (2011) • Density of Population: 137 people per square kilometer • Boundaries of Surajpur District North: Madhya Pradesh, South: Korba District, Chhattisgarh East: Koriya District, Chhattisgarh West: Surguja District, Chhattisgarh • verage Rainfall: 962 mm • Average Temperature in Summer: 32°C • Average Temperature in Winter: 17°C • Major Rivers: River Rihand, Renuka, Mahaan • Blocks: Bhaiyathan, Odari, Pratappur, Premnagar, Ramanujna gar, Surajpur References [1]
- 5. Surjpur District SACRED GROVES names • Common name 1 . 2 . 3. 4 . 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. aawla 11. 12. narial 13. 14. karmi 15. 16. murmee • Scientific name 1 . Ficus racemosa 2. Shorea Robusta 3. Aegle murmelos 4. Ficus bengnalensis 5. musaparadisiacas 6. 7. 8. Datura stramoruum 9. Ficus religiosa 10. Phyllonthus emblica 11. Mamgifera indica 12.Cocus nusifera 13. Hibiscus rosarinensis 14. Neolamarckia cadamba 15. Ziziphus mauritiana 16.
- 11. 6.
- 12. 7.
- 21. Conclusion
- 22. References • References [1] “Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". CensusCommissionofIndia. Archivedfromtheoriginalon 2004-06-16. Retrieved2008-11-01. • • http://surajpur.gov.in/
- 23. •Thanks