This document discusses different types of sand filters used to filter water, including slow sand filters and rapid sand filters. It explains that sand filters work by allowing waste water full of sludge to pour into the sand, where the sludge is stuck in the sand and filtered out. The filtered water then moves through the sand using gravity or pressure and goes to the next treatment stage. Sand filters have applications for biosand filters, aquarium filters, and pool filters.
Potassium is an essential nutrient for plant growth. It is absorbed by plants as a potassium ion (K+). Most soil potassium exists in unavailable forms within minerals or clay layers, but a small amount is readily available to plants. Potassium is critical for photosynthesis, enzyme activation, water regulation and protein synthesis in plants. Deficiencies can cause chlorosis, stunted growth, disease susceptibility and poor crop quality. Proper potassium management through fertilization can improve crop yields and quality while reducing environmental impacts.
Activated Sludge Process and biological Wastewater treatment systemKalpesh Dankhara
The document discusses biological wastewater treatment, specifically for removing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and nitrogen. It covers the types of pollutants found in wastewater, biological treatment methods, microorganisms involved, and the activated sludge process. Key aspects of the activated sludge process discussed include aeration basins, clarifiers, mixed liquor suspended solids, food to mass ratio, recycle and waste sludge streams, and sludge retention time.
This document summarizes acid rain, its causes, and its effects. It explains that acid rain is caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide gases released from burning fossil fuels reacting with water vapor and falling as rain. This damages trees, erodes buildings, and harms aquatic life. The document also discusses how increased CO2 from industry and vehicles is contributing to climate change by enhancing the greenhouse effect. Solutions proposed include installing scrubbers in smokestacks and using catalytic converters.
This document discusses noise pollution, including defining noise and sound, sources of noise pollution like traffic, industries, and construction, effects of noise pollution like physical, physiological and psychological impacts, and methods to control noise pollution such as reducing it at the source, acoustic zoning, legislative measures, and sound insulation during construction.
This document discusses different types of sand filters used to filter water, including slow sand filters and rapid sand filters. It explains that sand filters work by allowing waste water full of sludge to pour into the sand, where the sludge is stuck in the sand and filtered out. The filtered water then moves through the sand using gravity or pressure and goes to the next treatment stage. Sand filters have applications for biosand filters, aquarium filters, and pool filters.
Potassium is an essential nutrient for plant growth. It is absorbed by plants as a potassium ion (K+). Most soil potassium exists in unavailable forms within minerals or clay layers, but a small amount is readily available to plants. Potassium is critical for photosynthesis, enzyme activation, water regulation and protein synthesis in plants. Deficiencies can cause chlorosis, stunted growth, disease susceptibility and poor crop quality. Proper potassium management through fertilization can improve crop yields and quality while reducing environmental impacts.
Activated Sludge Process and biological Wastewater treatment systemKalpesh Dankhara
The document discusses biological wastewater treatment, specifically for removing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and nitrogen. It covers the types of pollutants found in wastewater, biological treatment methods, microorganisms involved, and the activated sludge process. Key aspects of the activated sludge process discussed include aeration basins, clarifiers, mixed liquor suspended solids, food to mass ratio, recycle and waste sludge streams, and sludge retention time.
This document summarizes acid rain, its causes, and its effects. It explains that acid rain is caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide gases released from burning fossil fuels reacting with water vapor and falling as rain. This damages trees, erodes buildings, and harms aquatic life. The document also discusses how increased CO2 from industry and vehicles is contributing to climate change by enhancing the greenhouse effect. Solutions proposed include installing scrubbers in smokestacks and using catalytic converters.
This document discusses noise pollution, including defining noise and sound, sources of noise pollution like traffic, industries, and construction, effects of noise pollution like physical, physiological and psychological impacts, and methods to control noise pollution such as reducing it at the source, acoustic zoning, legislative measures, and sound insulation during construction.
Water Chemistry - Engineering Chemistry Swastika Das
1. The document discusses water chemistry and the treatment of sewage water. It describes the various sources of water and impurities found in water.
2. Sewage water typically contains grey water from washing and black water from toilets. It outlines the three stages of sewage water treatment: primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment.
3. Primary treatment involves removing solids through screening, grit removal, oil/grease removal, and sedimentation. Secondary treatment uses microorganisms to break down organic matter in an activated sludge process. Tertiary treatment further purifies the water through additional filtration and disinfection steps.
This document provides an overview of geology and earth resources, including tectonic processes, rock types, the rock cycle, economic geology, environmental effects of resource extraction, mining reclamation, conserving resources, and geological hazards. It describes the layers of the earth, plate tectonics, rock formation processes, important rock and mineral resources, effects of mining and methods of reclamation, recycling and substituting materials to conserve resources, and natural hazards like earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides.
|| A note on soil ||
|| Introduction/Profile of soil ||
|| Characteristics &Types of soil ||
|| Production & Formation of soil ||
|| Properties & classification of soil ||
Water Treatment Processes:- Coagulation , Flocculation, Filtration by Kalpesh...kalpesh solanki
The document discusses various processes involved in water treatment, including coagulation, flocculation, and filtration. It provides details on each major step:
- Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate to destabilize particles in water and allow them to agglomerate. Flocculation then forms these particles into larger flocs to facilitate their removal.
- Filtration passes water through filter media like sand to remove remaining particles and microorganisms. Slow sand filters have a biological layer that assists with removal, while rapid sand filters use physical filtration at higher flow rates.
- Other key processes discussed include sedimentation to remove settled particles, aeration to improve odor and taste, and disinfection to kill
This document discusses chemical precipitation for phosphorus removal from water and wastewater. It describes how calcium, aluminum, and iron are commonly used to chemically precipitate phosphorus in the forms of orthophosphate, condensed phosphates, and organic phosphates. Optimal pH ranges and solubility products for various phosphate precipitates are provided. Factors affecting chemical dosing requirements like pH, alkalinity, and initial phosphorus concentration are also summarized.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Lecture notes on solid waste management as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepares by
Prof S S Jahagirdar
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid College of Engg and Technology
This document discusses sources of charges in soil colloids and ion exchange processes. There are two main types of charges - pH dependent charges from exposed crystal edges, and pH independent charges from isomorphous substitution during clay mineral formation. Ion exchange involves the exchange of cations and anions between soil solution and colloidal complexes. Key concepts discussed include cation exchange capacity (CEC), anion exchange capacity (AEC), and base saturation percentage (BSP) which influence soil fertility. CEC indicates the total negative charge on soil colloids and ability to retain cations. AEC is the capacity to adsorb or release anions. BSP above 80% indicates fertile soil.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT IN STEEL INDUSTRYSreya P S
The steel industry is one of the most important industries in India.
The main environmental issues faced by Steel Industry are:
Air emissions
Wastewater
Solid Waste
Physical fractionation techniques have often relied on the breakdown of soil structure into its textural classes or density fractions in order to study SOM dynamics. This appears to be inappropriate for investigating how soil structure is maintained. The bonding agents responsible for structure have been well defined, although the effects of farming systems on them are not fully understood. Techniques which can rapidly assess the impacts of management on bonding agents and structure are required in order to develop sustainable farming systems.
Soil acidity is determined by the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the soil solution. High acidity can be toxic to plants and microbes and affect nutrient availability and balances. The main sources of acidity in soil are exchangeable hydrogen and aluminum ions, organic matter, aluminum and iron oxides, and clay minerals. Soil acidity is classified as active, exchangeable, or reserve depending on whether hydrogen ions are freely in solution or bound to surfaces. Buffering capacity helps prevent rapid changes in pH. Liming can neutralize acidity by replacing hydrogen ions on exchange sites with calcium ions.
This document discusses various types of water filtration methods. It covers slow sand filters, rapid gravity filters, and membrane filters. It describes the key components of rapid gravity filters, including the filter bed, graded gravel layers, underdrain system, and water reservoir. It also discusses the mechanisms of filtration and cleaning through backwashing. The document provides details on factors that affect filter hydraulics and backwashing.
The soil forming process is complex, involving chemical, mechanical, and biological reactions simultaneously. There are two main categories of processes: fundamental processes and specific pedogenic processes. Fundamental processes include additions, losses, transformations, and translocations of organic and mineral matter over time, which leads to horizon differentiation in soils. Specific processes then build upon these fundamental processes through reactions like calcification, decalcification, podzolization, and others.
Water Chemistry - Engineering Chemistry Swastika Das
1. The document discusses water chemistry and the treatment of sewage water. It describes the various sources of water and impurities found in water.
2. Sewage water typically contains grey water from washing and black water from toilets. It outlines the three stages of sewage water treatment: primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment.
3. Primary treatment involves removing solids through screening, grit removal, oil/grease removal, and sedimentation. Secondary treatment uses microorganisms to break down organic matter in an activated sludge process. Tertiary treatment further purifies the water through additional filtration and disinfection steps.
This document provides an overview of geology and earth resources, including tectonic processes, rock types, the rock cycle, economic geology, environmental effects of resource extraction, mining reclamation, conserving resources, and geological hazards. It describes the layers of the earth, plate tectonics, rock formation processes, important rock and mineral resources, effects of mining and methods of reclamation, recycling and substituting materials to conserve resources, and natural hazards like earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides.
|| A note on soil ||
|| Introduction/Profile of soil ||
|| Characteristics &Types of soil ||
|| Production & Formation of soil ||
|| Properties & classification of soil ||
Water Treatment Processes:- Coagulation , Flocculation, Filtration by Kalpesh...kalpesh solanki
The document discusses various processes involved in water treatment, including coagulation, flocculation, and filtration. It provides details on each major step:
- Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate to destabilize particles in water and allow them to agglomerate. Flocculation then forms these particles into larger flocs to facilitate their removal.
- Filtration passes water through filter media like sand to remove remaining particles and microorganisms. Slow sand filters have a biological layer that assists with removal, while rapid sand filters use physical filtration at higher flow rates.
- Other key processes discussed include sedimentation to remove settled particles, aeration to improve odor and taste, and disinfection to kill
This document discusses chemical precipitation for phosphorus removal from water and wastewater. It describes how calcium, aluminum, and iron are commonly used to chemically precipitate phosphorus in the forms of orthophosphate, condensed phosphates, and organic phosphates. Optimal pH ranges and solubility products for various phosphate precipitates are provided. Factors affecting chemical dosing requirements like pH, alkalinity, and initial phosphorus concentration are also summarized.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Lecture notes on solid waste management as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepares by
Prof S S Jahagirdar
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid College of Engg and Technology
This document discusses sources of charges in soil colloids and ion exchange processes. There are two main types of charges - pH dependent charges from exposed crystal edges, and pH independent charges from isomorphous substitution during clay mineral formation. Ion exchange involves the exchange of cations and anions between soil solution and colloidal complexes. Key concepts discussed include cation exchange capacity (CEC), anion exchange capacity (AEC), and base saturation percentage (BSP) which influence soil fertility. CEC indicates the total negative charge on soil colloids and ability to retain cations. AEC is the capacity to adsorb or release anions. BSP above 80% indicates fertile soil.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT IN STEEL INDUSTRYSreya P S
The steel industry is one of the most important industries in India.
The main environmental issues faced by Steel Industry are:
Air emissions
Wastewater
Solid Waste
Physical fractionation techniques have often relied on the breakdown of soil structure into its textural classes or density fractions in order to study SOM dynamics. This appears to be inappropriate for investigating how soil structure is maintained. The bonding agents responsible for structure have been well defined, although the effects of farming systems on them are not fully understood. Techniques which can rapidly assess the impacts of management on bonding agents and structure are required in order to develop sustainable farming systems.
Soil acidity is determined by the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the soil solution. High acidity can be toxic to plants and microbes and affect nutrient availability and balances. The main sources of acidity in soil are exchangeable hydrogen and aluminum ions, organic matter, aluminum and iron oxides, and clay minerals. Soil acidity is classified as active, exchangeable, or reserve depending on whether hydrogen ions are freely in solution or bound to surfaces. Buffering capacity helps prevent rapid changes in pH. Liming can neutralize acidity by replacing hydrogen ions on exchange sites with calcium ions.
This document discusses various types of water filtration methods. It covers slow sand filters, rapid gravity filters, and membrane filters. It describes the key components of rapid gravity filters, including the filter bed, graded gravel layers, underdrain system, and water reservoir. It also discusses the mechanisms of filtration and cleaning through backwashing. The document provides details on factors that affect filter hydraulics and backwashing.
The soil forming process is complex, involving chemical, mechanical, and biological reactions simultaneously. There are two main categories of processes: fundamental processes and specific pedogenic processes. Fundamental processes include additions, losses, transformations, and translocations of organic and mineral matter over time, which leads to horizon differentiation in soils. Specific processes then build upon these fundamental processes through reactions like calcification, decalcification, podzolization, and others.
The Gospel of James or The Protevangelion is a second-century infancy gospel telling of the miraculous conception of the Virgin Mary, her upbringing and marriage to Joseph, the journey of the couple to Bethlehem, the birth of Jesus, and events immediately following.
And in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from God unto a city of Galilee, named Nazareth, To a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David; and the virgin's name was Mary. And the angel came in unto her, and said, Hail, thou that art highly favoured, the Lord is with thee: blessed art thou among women. And when she saw him, she was troubled at his saying, and cast in her mind what manner of salutation this should be. And the angel said unto her, Fear not, Mary: for thou hast found favour with God. And, behold, thou shalt conceive in thy womb, and bring forth a son, and shalt call his name JESUS. He shall be great, and shall be called the Son of the Highest: and the Lord God shall give unto him the throne of his father David: And he shall reign over the house of Jacob for ever; and of his kingdom there shall be no end. LUKE 1:26-33
The document defines and discusses various types of disabilities. It begins by defining impairment, disability, and handicap. It then discusses how these concepts are now represented by the single concept of disability, which has three dimensions - impairment, activity limitation, and participation restrictions. The document goes on to describe several specific types of disabilities including visual impairment, hearing impairment, intellectual disabilities, learning disabilities, speech and language disorders, emotional/behavioral disorders, physical disabilities, and chronic health conditions. It provides characteristics and classifications for each disability type.
The passage discusses the concept of life skills. It defines life skills as abilities that allow individuals to effectively deal with demands of everyday life, such as decision making, problem solving, self-awareness, and communication. Life skills help people maximize their choices and improve their well-being and quality of life. They also contribute to self-efficacy, self-confidence, and a sense of belonging. The passage outlines different types of life skills like personal skills, home management skills, and self-reliance skills. It emphasizes the importance of developing life skills for dealing with challenges like peer pressure.
This document discusses a study conducted among rural reproductive age women in Dire Woreda, Borana Zone, Ethiopia in 2022. The study aimed to assess knowledge of breast cancer, practice of breast self-examination, and associated factors. A community-based cross-sectional study with both quantitative and qualitative components was conducted. Data was collected through interviews using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The results found that only 32.4% of women had good knowledge of breast cancer, and only 4.9% reported ever practicing breast self-examination. Factors like education level, age, employment status, and income level were found to influence knowledge of and practice of breast self-examination. The study concludes that knowledge and practice were
Math 1102-ch-3-lecture note Fourier Series.pdfhabtamu292245
1. The document discusses Fourier series and orthogonal functions. It defines orthogonal functions and provides examples of orthogonal function sets, such as cosine and sine functions.
2. The chief advantage of orthogonal functions is that they allow functions to be represented as generalized Fourier series expansions. The orthogonality of the functions helps determine the Fourier coefficients in a simple way using integrals.
3. Euler's formulae give the expressions for calculating the Fourier coefficients a0, an, and bn of a periodic function f(x) from its values over one period using integrals of f(x) multiplied by cosine and sine terms.
Maths teachers guide For freshman course.pdfhabtamu292245
The document contains solutions and answers to exercises on propositional logic. It includes determining which statements are propositions, writing negations of statements, using truth tables to evaluate compound statements, and determining logical equivalences. Key examples show that (p∧q) is logically equivalent to p⟹q, and ((p⟹q)∧(q⟹r))⟹(p⟹r) is a tautology. The document also evaluates conditional statements based on assigned truth values.
This document is the table of contents for the 9th edition of the textbook "Probability & Statistics for Engineers & Scientists" by Ronald E. Walpole et al. The table of contents lists the textbook's 16 chapters and their section topics, which provide an overview of probability, statistics, and probability distributions for engineering and science applications. Key topics include probability, random variables, expectation, discrete distributions like binomial and Poisson, continuous distributions like normal, and statistical inference. The textbook is dedicated to several individuals and aims to explain these fundamental statistical concepts.
research thesis summitted for final evaluation .pdfhabtamu292245
This study assessed perceived susceptibility to pregnancy and contraceptive use among female college students in Fitche town, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to May 2022 using a structured questionnaire among 419 randomly selected students. The results found that 78% reported high susceptibility to pregnancy, while 40.3% had ever used contraceptives. Factors associated with high susceptibility included age 20-24 years and knowledge of contraceptives. Discussing family planning with boyfriends and parents was associated with contraceptive use. The study concluded the prevalence of use was moderate and perceived susceptibility was high. Age, sexual partners, discussions, and knowledge predicted susceptibility and use. Improving reproductive health education for female college students is
34. Saayinsii Naannoo Kitaaba Barattootaa Kutaa 3
29
13. Ifti bineensotaaf barbaachisaa miti.
14. Biqiloonni guddachuuf malee nyaata qopheeffachuuf
ifti isaan hin barbaachisu.
II. Kanneen “B” jalatti argaman kan “A” jalatti argaman
waliin walitti firoomsi.
“A” “B”
1. Guddina qaamaaf oola. A. Fuduraalee
2. Dhukkuba qaama irraa ittisu. B. Fooniifi aannan
3. Lubbu-qabeeyyii nyaata faalan C. Farra ilbiisotaa
4. Nyaata sirriitti olkaa’uu. D. Baakteeriyaa
5. Keemikaalota nyaata faalan E. Qulqullina nyaataa
III. Gaafilee armaan gadiitiif qubee deebii sirrii ta’e
filachuun deebisi.
1. Kan armaan gadii keessaa faayidaa nyaataa kan ibsu
kami?
A. Anniisaa kennuuf.
B. Dhukkuboota ittisuuf.
C. Ijaarsaafi haroomsaaf.
D. Hunduu deebiidha.
2. Gartuulee nyaataa armaan gadii keessaa ho’aafi anniisaa
kennuuf kan oolu kami?
A. Midhaan callaa
B. Fuduraaleefi kuduraalee
C. Foon
D. Aannaniifi bu’aawwan aannanii
35. Saayinsii Naannoo Kitaaba Barattootaa Kutaa 3
30
3. Biqiltoota armaan gadii keessaa fuduraa kan hintaane
kami?
A. Burtukaana
B. Muuzii
C. Timaatima
D. Maangoo
4. Sababoota faalama nyaataa kan ta’e kami?
A. Wantoota fiizikaalaa
B. Ilbiisota
C. Keemikaalota
D. Hunduu deebiidha.
5. Mala faalama nyaataa ittisuuf oolan keessatti kan
hinhammatamne kami?
A. Nyaata yeroo dheeraaf tursiisuu.
B. Kuduraalee sirriitti dhiquu.
C. Harka sirriitti dhiqachuu.
D. Nyaata sirriiti bilcheessuu.
6. Wantoota armaan gadii keessaa faalkaa isaanitiin kan
adda ta’e kami?
A. Cabbii
B. Aannan
C. Teessoo
D. Dhagaa
36. Saayinsii Naannoo Kitaaba Barattootaa Kutaa 3
31
7. Wantoota armaan gadii keessaa faalkaa gaasii kan qabu
kami?
A. Qilleensa
B. Bishaan
C. Zayita
D. Ashaboo
8. Kanneen armaan gadii keessaa amaloota jajjaboo kan
ta’e kami?
A. Salphaatti summuggama
B. Rukkina xiqqaa qaba
C. Salphaatti tamsa’a
D. Boca mataa isaa qaba
9. Dhangala’oo irratti hoo’i yoo dabalamu garamitti
jijjiirama?
A. Gaasiitti
B. Jajjabootti
C. Hin jijjiiramu
D. Deebiin hin kennamne
10. Cabbiin firiijii keessaa yommuu bahu garamitti
jijiirama?
A. Hurka bishaaniitti
B. Bishaan dhangala’ootti
C. Jajjabootti
D. Hin jijjiiramu
82. Saayinsii Naannoo Kitaaba Barattootaa Kutaa 3
77
5. Aadaan hawaasa tokkoo haala uffannaatiin ibsamuu
danda’a.
II. Gaafilee armaan gadiitiif qubee deebii sirrii ta’e
filachuun deebisi.
6. Aadaan hawaasa tokkoo maaliin ibsama.
A. Uffannaa C. Waaqeffannaa
B. Nyaata D. Hunda
7. Sochiilee dinagdee keessatti bakki bittaafii
gurgurtaan itti rawwatamu maal jedhama?
A. Daldala C. Gabaa
B. Qonna D. Warshaa
8. Aadaa naannoo kunuunsuu kan ta’e kami?
A. Daagaa ijaaruu
B. Dagalee qotuu
C. Biqiltoota dhaabuu
D. Hunda
9. Sochiilee diinagdee hawaasni keenya bal’inaan
keessatti hirmaatan isa kami?
A. Industirii
B. Qonna
C. Tuurizimii
D. Teeknoolojii
10. Qabeenya uumamaa kan ta’e isa kami?
A. Qilleensa C. Bosona
B. Bishaan D. Hunda