socio economic dimensions of Nepal, population of Nepal and its projection, population density of Nepal , Age and sex structure in Nepal, Employee trends in Nepal,Labour Market issues
The document discusses India's economic reforms that began in 1991 in response to a crisis. The reforms included liberalization to reduce government controls, privatization to increase private sector involvement, and globalization to open the economy. Early crisis management stabilized the economy through fiscal correction, industrial deregulation, and balance of payments measures. Economic reforms aimed to increase efficiency and growth through market-driven policies rather than government control. This required gradual reforms like increasing exports, reducing imports and fiscal deficits, and making the economy more flexible.
The industrial policy of Nepal aims to promote industrial development, create jobs, and increase incomes to contribute to the national economy. The long-term goal is to minimize poverty through sustainable industrial growth in cooperation between public, private, and cooperative sectors. Objectives include increasing exports, production, employment, and national income through competitive industries while ensuring balanced regional development using local resources. Major policies focus on export promotion, new technologies, industries using local resources, and strengthening the industrial foundation. Challenges include political instability, energy shortages, weak infrastructure, lack of skilled labor, and global competition.
The document provides information on regional trade agreements, international economic institutions, and their objectives. It discusses the IMF, World Bank, WTO, NAFTA, ASEAN, SAARC, and MERCOSUR. The IMF was established to regulate exchange rates and enforce monetary system rules. The World Bank makes development loans to help countries pursue poverty reduction goals. UNCTAD deals with trade, investment, and development issues to promote equitable economic growth between developed and developing nations.
This document provides an overview of regional economic integration agreements. It discusses the objectives of economic integration such as strengthening political ties and improving bargaining power. It describes different levels of integration from free trade areas to economic unions. Examples of regional agreements discussed include the European Union, NAFTA, MERCOSUR, and ASEAN. The EU eliminated trade barriers and allowed free movement of goods, services, and factors of production. NAFTA achieved trade liberalization between the US, Canada, and Mexico. Regional agreements in Latin America and Southeast Asia aimed to accelerate economic development among developing countries.
Trade blocs and free trade agreements aim to reduce trade barriers between participating countries. The document discusses several trade blocs and agreements including OPEC, the European Economic Community, NAFTA, UNCTAD, and WTO agreements. It provides brief descriptions of the objectives and functions of these organizations. The document also lists some benefits and potential negatives of trade blocs and free trade agreements on international trade.
Economic Growth and Development in Ethiopiatutor2u
This is a revision presentation on aspects of growth and development in the fast-growing country of Ethiopia. There are many ways in which the Ethiopian economy can be applied to different areas of the A level economics course.
The document discusses India's economic reforms that began in 1991 in response to a crisis. The reforms included liberalization to reduce government controls, privatization to increase private sector involvement, and globalization to open the economy. Early crisis management stabilized the economy through fiscal correction, industrial deregulation, and balance of payments measures. Economic reforms aimed to increase efficiency and growth through market-driven policies rather than government control. This required gradual reforms like increasing exports, reducing imports and fiscal deficits, and making the economy more flexible.
The industrial policy of Nepal aims to promote industrial development, create jobs, and increase incomes to contribute to the national economy. The long-term goal is to minimize poverty through sustainable industrial growth in cooperation between public, private, and cooperative sectors. Objectives include increasing exports, production, employment, and national income through competitive industries while ensuring balanced regional development using local resources. Major policies focus on export promotion, new technologies, industries using local resources, and strengthening the industrial foundation. Challenges include political instability, energy shortages, weak infrastructure, lack of skilled labor, and global competition.
The document provides information on regional trade agreements, international economic institutions, and their objectives. It discusses the IMF, World Bank, WTO, NAFTA, ASEAN, SAARC, and MERCOSUR. The IMF was established to regulate exchange rates and enforce monetary system rules. The World Bank makes development loans to help countries pursue poverty reduction goals. UNCTAD deals with trade, investment, and development issues to promote equitable economic growth between developed and developing nations.
This document provides an overview of regional economic integration agreements. It discusses the objectives of economic integration such as strengthening political ties and improving bargaining power. It describes different levels of integration from free trade areas to economic unions. Examples of regional agreements discussed include the European Union, NAFTA, MERCOSUR, and ASEAN. The EU eliminated trade barriers and allowed free movement of goods, services, and factors of production. NAFTA achieved trade liberalization between the US, Canada, and Mexico. Regional agreements in Latin America and Southeast Asia aimed to accelerate economic development among developing countries.
Trade blocs and free trade agreements aim to reduce trade barriers between participating countries. The document discusses several trade blocs and agreements including OPEC, the European Economic Community, NAFTA, UNCTAD, and WTO agreements. It provides brief descriptions of the objectives and functions of these organizations. The document also lists some benefits and potential negatives of trade blocs and free trade agreements on international trade.
Economic Growth and Development in Ethiopiatutor2u
This is a revision presentation on aspects of growth and development in the fast-growing country of Ethiopia. There are many ways in which the Ethiopian economy can be applied to different areas of the A level economics course.
Foreign aid can take various forms, including bilateral aid between governments, multilateral aid from organizations like the World Bank, and tied aid which must be spent in the donor country. The main purposes of foreign aid are economic development and welfare of recipient countries. While foreign aid aims to help developing nations, critics argue it does not always promote faster growth and can increase inflation or allow interference by donor nations. Supporters counter that foreign aid improves human welfare, builds international relationships, and promotes global stability.
Multinational corporations (MNCs) own or control production in multiple countries besides their home country. They have large-scale international operations through things like imports/exports, foreign investments, contract manufacturing, and opening plants abroad. MNCs can benefit host countries by increasing investment, employment, and income as well as transferring technology. However, they may also threaten economic sovereignty, kill local businesses through monopolies, and deplete natural resources. Both home and host countries experience advantages like jobs, exports, and development, but also disadvantages like unfavorable capital flows and neglect of the home country.
The trade theory that first indicated importance of specialization in production and division of labor is based on the idea of theory of absolute advantage which is developed first by Adam Smith in his famous book The Wealth of Nations published in 1776.
Smith argued that it was impossible for all nations to become rich simultaneously by following mercantilism because the export of one nation is another nation’s import and instead stated that all nations would gain simultaneously if they practiced free trade and specialized in accordance with their absolute advantage. Smith also stated that the wealth of nations depends upon the goods and services available to their citizens, rather than their gold reserves. While there are possible gains from trade with absolute advantage, the gains may not be mutually beneficial. Comparative advantage focuses on the range of possible mutually beneficial exchanges.
Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country producing it.
Countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries
In economics, principle of absolute advantage refers to the ability of a party (an individual, or firm, or country) to produce more of a good or service than competitors, using the same amount of resources.
Economic planning in India began in 1950 to address issues like poverty, low income, population growth, and problems from the country's partition. The Planning Commission oversees five-year plans that aim to boost economic growth, reduce inequality, spur modernization and development, and generate employment. The 11th five-year plan seeks to double per capita income by 2017 through 10% annual GDP growth, raise farm output, cut unemployment, and improve literacy, women's status, the environment, and other social indicators.
Barriers to Economic Growth and Developmenttutor2u
This is a revision presentation covering examples of barriers ti economic growth and development in emerging and developing countries. In their revision students should consider factors such as:
Poor infrastructure
Human capital inadequacies
Primary product dependency
Declining terms of trade
Savings gap; inadequate capital accumulation
Foreign currency gap and capital flight
Corruption, poor governance, impact of civil war
Population issues
FDI refers to foreign direct investment, which involves a foreign firm acquiring a lasting stake (10% or more) in a company in another country. FDI provides benefits to both investors and host nations. For host nations, FDI brings new technologies, capital, skills, and stimulates economic development. India saw increases in FDI after 1991 when it opened its economy. FDI impacts a country's trade balance and economic development by increasing skills and technology transfer, and improving business climate and employment. It can also increase foreign currency inflows and investment in infrastructure.
The detailed description of Macro-economic environment of Nepal with the latest data and important policies of Nepal; Trade Policy 2015, Industrial Policy 2011, Tourism Policy 2008, Privatization Policy, Monetary Policy 2016/17 and all economic development plans including the new 14th three year economic plan 2016/17-2018/19.
The Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) was established in 1997 with 21 member states and 7 dialogue partners to promote economic cooperation around the Indian Ocean. IORA adopted six priority areas in 2014 including maritime safety, trade, fisheries, disaster risk management, science and technology, and tourism. At the 2017 IORA summit, members adopted the Jakarta Concord and IORA Action Plan 2017-2021 to strengthen cooperation. IORA recognizes the blue economy as a new priority area and is working to promote sustainable development in sectors like fisheries, renewable energy, shipping, and more. The Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security (CTI-CFF) was
Agriculture sector & industrial sector of NepalRajThakuri
Nepal's agriculture sector contributes significantly to the economy, occupying one third of GDP and providing employment to the majority. However, it faces many challenges including traditional farming methods, lack of irrigation and infrastructure, and natural calamities. The industrial sector is growing but remains small, with manufacturing, energy, and tourism being key industries. Services such as transportation and construction are also growing. Nepal faces difficulties developing these sectors due to factors like limited investment, urbanization, and political instability.
The document discusses globalization and the World Trade Organization (WTO). It describes how globalization has increased integration between nations through reduced trade barriers and technological advances. While globalization has benefits like economic growth and development, it also has criticisms like widening inequality between rich and poor nations. The WTO, established in 1995, regulates international trade and seeks to reduce trade barriers through negotiations and dispute settlement. It has over 160 member countries and works to promote free trade through agreements and principles like most favored nation status.
The document discusses different types of regional economic integration agreements including free trade areas, customs unions, common markets, and economic unions. It then provides examples of regional integration in Europe through the European Union and in the Americas through agreements like NAFTA, MERCOSUR, and attempts to create a Free Trade Area of the Americas. The benefits and challenges of regional integration are also examined.
The industrial policy of a country aims to encourage development of the manufacturing sector and other parts of the economy. Major objectives of India's industrial policy include rapid industrial development, balanced growth across industries, preventing concentration of economic power, and balanced regional development. The industrial policy has evolved over time through various resolutions and statements starting in 1948, with recent policies in 1991 focusing on liberalization, enhancing small businesses, and making industries more competitive.
What is regional development policy for and how does it workOECD Governance
Presentation made at the 4th International Conference on Overcoming Regional Disparities held in Chisinau, Romania on 21-22 May 2014, by William Tompson, Head, Urban Policy, Regional Development Policy Division, OECD.
Human Development and Gender Inclusive Growth
Paper presented by
Dr. Vibhuti Patel, Director, PGSR
Prof. & HOD, University Department of Economics,
SNDT Women’s University, Smt. Thakersey Road, Churchgate, Mumbai-400020
Phone-26770227®, 22052970 Mobile-9321040048
E mail:vibhuti.np@gmail.com
Introduction
Concept of Human Development indicates that the real aim of development is to improve the quality of human life. It is a process that enables human beings to realize their potential, build self-confidence and lead lives of dignity and fulfilment. Economic growth is an important component of development, but it cannot be a goal in itself, nor can it go on indefinitely. Although people differ in the goals that they would set for development, some are virtually universal. These include a long and healthy life, education, access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living, political freedom, guaranteed human rights, and freedom from violence. Development is real only if it makes our lives better in all these respects.
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a multilateral development bank owned by 67 members that aims to reduce poverty in Asia and the Pacific. Headquartered in Manila, Philippines, ADB provides loans and technical assistance to its developing member countries for public and private sector projects. In 2008, ADB's largest borrower was India with $2.9 billion in loans. ADB focuses on inclusive, environmentally sustainable growth and regional integration under its long-term Strategy 2020.
ASEAN, GATT, FTAA, Mercosur, NAFTA....powerpointNiloy Saha
The document summarizes information about several international trade agreements:
- ASEAN was established in 1967 between Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand to promote economic and cultural cooperation.
- The FTAA was an attempt to create a free trade agreement between all countries in North, Central and South America except Cuba, with negotiations beginning in 1994.
- GATT was formed in 1947 to extend international trade and was later replaced by the WTO in 1995 to further regulate global trade.
- MERCOSUR created a common market between Argentina, Brazil and other South American countries in 1991 to promote free movement of goods and currency.
- NAFTA created a trade bloc between Canada, Mexico and the US when it
This document summarizes the evolution of international business from the late 19th century to present day. It describes how globalization first began in the 1870s driven by industrialization, but was set back by World Wars. After World War 2, organizations like the IMF, World Bank, and GATT/WTO promoted global trade and reduced barriers. This led to a shift from simple exporting/importing to international marketing and production across borders by multinational companies. The scope and scale of international business has rapidly expanded in recent decades.
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and technical assistance to developing countries for programs aimed at reducing poverty. It is the largest global development bank, owned by 185 member countries. The World Bank lends to governments through two institutions - the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association. The overall goal of the World Bank is poverty reduction and it works to fund infrastructure projects and provide financing to essential sectors in developing nations.
Presentation on Trade policy 2072 NepalBijay pandey
This document summarizes Nepal's new trade policy of 2072. It aims to promote domestic industries, manage growing imports, and boost exports in order to make trade an engine of economic development. Some key points are:
- It was formulated based on previous trade policies and to take advantage of bilateral, regional, and multilateral trade arrangements.
- Nepal faces a large trade deficit due to high imports and low exports.
- The policy seeks to enhance export competitiveness, reduce the trade deficit, and align with other related policies to impact trade.
The document discusses the economic environment and dimensions that influence business in Nepal. It outlines key components of Nepal's economic structure, including GDP, GDP per capita, economic policies, inflation rates, and levels of employment. It also examines Nepal's socioeconomic indicators such as population size, density, age distribution, labor force composition, and employment trends. The 14th economic development plan aims to transform agriculture and tourism and expand infrastructure to reach middle income status and a more prosperous, socially just nation.
This document discusses rural development and the rural economy in India. It provides details on key rural development schemes and initiatives. Some key points:
- Agriculture and allied sectors employ over half the rural workforce but contribute less than half to India's GDP. The non-farm sector has grown in importance.
- Rural areas contribute significantly to national income and GDP but productivity is lower than urban areas. The gap in rural-urban productivity has narrowed.
- While rural areas account for the majority of the population, this share is declining with urbanization. At the same time, rural areas now contribute over half of India's manufacturing output.
- The structure of the rural economy has diversified away from agriculture towards non
Foreign aid can take various forms, including bilateral aid between governments, multilateral aid from organizations like the World Bank, and tied aid which must be spent in the donor country. The main purposes of foreign aid are economic development and welfare of recipient countries. While foreign aid aims to help developing nations, critics argue it does not always promote faster growth and can increase inflation or allow interference by donor nations. Supporters counter that foreign aid improves human welfare, builds international relationships, and promotes global stability.
Multinational corporations (MNCs) own or control production in multiple countries besides their home country. They have large-scale international operations through things like imports/exports, foreign investments, contract manufacturing, and opening plants abroad. MNCs can benefit host countries by increasing investment, employment, and income as well as transferring technology. However, they may also threaten economic sovereignty, kill local businesses through monopolies, and deplete natural resources. Both home and host countries experience advantages like jobs, exports, and development, but also disadvantages like unfavorable capital flows and neglect of the home country.
The trade theory that first indicated importance of specialization in production and division of labor is based on the idea of theory of absolute advantage which is developed first by Adam Smith in his famous book The Wealth of Nations published in 1776.
Smith argued that it was impossible for all nations to become rich simultaneously by following mercantilism because the export of one nation is another nation’s import and instead stated that all nations would gain simultaneously if they practiced free trade and specialized in accordance with their absolute advantage. Smith also stated that the wealth of nations depends upon the goods and services available to their citizens, rather than their gold reserves. While there are possible gains from trade with absolute advantage, the gains may not be mutually beneficial. Comparative advantage focuses on the range of possible mutually beneficial exchanges.
Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country producing it.
Countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries
In economics, principle of absolute advantage refers to the ability of a party (an individual, or firm, or country) to produce more of a good or service than competitors, using the same amount of resources.
Economic planning in India began in 1950 to address issues like poverty, low income, population growth, and problems from the country's partition. The Planning Commission oversees five-year plans that aim to boost economic growth, reduce inequality, spur modernization and development, and generate employment. The 11th five-year plan seeks to double per capita income by 2017 through 10% annual GDP growth, raise farm output, cut unemployment, and improve literacy, women's status, the environment, and other social indicators.
Barriers to Economic Growth and Developmenttutor2u
This is a revision presentation covering examples of barriers ti economic growth and development in emerging and developing countries. In their revision students should consider factors such as:
Poor infrastructure
Human capital inadequacies
Primary product dependency
Declining terms of trade
Savings gap; inadequate capital accumulation
Foreign currency gap and capital flight
Corruption, poor governance, impact of civil war
Population issues
FDI refers to foreign direct investment, which involves a foreign firm acquiring a lasting stake (10% or more) in a company in another country. FDI provides benefits to both investors and host nations. For host nations, FDI brings new technologies, capital, skills, and stimulates economic development. India saw increases in FDI after 1991 when it opened its economy. FDI impacts a country's trade balance and economic development by increasing skills and technology transfer, and improving business climate and employment. It can also increase foreign currency inflows and investment in infrastructure.
The detailed description of Macro-economic environment of Nepal with the latest data and important policies of Nepal; Trade Policy 2015, Industrial Policy 2011, Tourism Policy 2008, Privatization Policy, Monetary Policy 2016/17 and all economic development plans including the new 14th three year economic plan 2016/17-2018/19.
The Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) was established in 1997 with 21 member states and 7 dialogue partners to promote economic cooperation around the Indian Ocean. IORA adopted six priority areas in 2014 including maritime safety, trade, fisheries, disaster risk management, science and technology, and tourism. At the 2017 IORA summit, members adopted the Jakarta Concord and IORA Action Plan 2017-2021 to strengthen cooperation. IORA recognizes the blue economy as a new priority area and is working to promote sustainable development in sectors like fisheries, renewable energy, shipping, and more. The Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security (CTI-CFF) was
Agriculture sector & industrial sector of NepalRajThakuri
Nepal's agriculture sector contributes significantly to the economy, occupying one third of GDP and providing employment to the majority. However, it faces many challenges including traditional farming methods, lack of irrigation and infrastructure, and natural calamities. The industrial sector is growing but remains small, with manufacturing, energy, and tourism being key industries. Services such as transportation and construction are also growing. Nepal faces difficulties developing these sectors due to factors like limited investment, urbanization, and political instability.
The document discusses globalization and the World Trade Organization (WTO). It describes how globalization has increased integration between nations through reduced trade barriers and technological advances. While globalization has benefits like economic growth and development, it also has criticisms like widening inequality between rich and poor nations. The WTO, established in 1995, regulates international trade and seeks to reduce trade barriers through negotiations and dispute settlement. It has over 160 member countries and works to promote free trade through agreements and principles like most favored nation status.
The document discusses different types of regional economic integration agreements including free trade areas, customs unions, common markets, and economic unions. It then provides examples of regional integration in Europe through the European Union and in the Americas through agreements like NAFTA, MERCOSUR, and attempts to create a Free Trade Area of the Americas. The benefits and challenges of regional integration are also examined.
The industrial policy of a country aims to encourage development of the manufacturing sector and other parts of the economy. Major objectives of India's industrial policy include rapid industrial development, balanced growth across industries, preventing concentration of economic power, and balanced regional development. The industrial policy has evolved over time through various resolutions and statements starting in 1948, with recent policies in 1991 focusing on liberalization, enhancing small businesses, and making industries more competitive.
What is regional development policy for and how does it workOECD Governance
Presentation made at the 4th International Conference on Overcoming Regional Disparities held in Chisinau, Romania on 21-22 May 2014, by William Tompson, Head, Urban Policy, Regional Development Policy Division, OECD.
Human Development and Gender Inclusive Growth
Paper presented by
Dr. Vibhuti Patel, Director, PGSR
Prof. & HOD, University Department of Economics,
SNDT Women’s University, Smt. Thakersey Road, Churchgate, Mumbai-400020
Phone-26770227®, 22052970 Mobile-9321040048
E mail:vibhuti.np@gmail.com
Introduction
Concept of Human Development indicates that the real aim of development is to improve the quality of human life. It is a process that enables human beings to realize their potential, build self-confidence and lead lives of dignity and fulfilment. Economic growth is an important component of development, but it cannot be a goal in itself, nor can it go on indefinitely. Although people differ in the goals that they would set for development, some are virtually universal. These include a long and healthy life, education, access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living, political freedom, guaranteed human rights, and freedom from violence. Development is real only if it makes our lives better in all these respects.
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a multilateral development bank owned by 67 members that aims to reduce poverty in Asia and the Pacific. Headquartered in Manila, Philippines, ADB provides loans and technical assistance to its developing member countries for public and private sector projects. In 2008, ADB's largest borrower was India with $2.9 billion in loans. ADB focuses on inclusive, environmentally sustainable growth and regional integration under its long-term Strategy 2020.
ASEAN, GATT, FTAA, Mercosur, NAFTA....powerpointNiloy Saha
The document summarizes information about several international trade agreements:
- ASEAN was established in 1967 between Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand to promote economic and cultural cooperation.
- The FTAA was an attempt to create a free trade agreement between all countries in North, Central and South America except Cuba, with negotiations beginning in 1994.
- GATT was formed in 1947 to extend international trade and was later replaced by the WTO in 1995 to further regulate global trade.
- MERCOSUR created a common market between Argentina, Brazil and other South American countries in 1991 to promote free movement of goods and currency.
- NAFTA created a trade bloc between Canada, Mexico and the US when it
This document summarizes the evolution of international business from the late 19th century to present day. It describes how globalization first began in the 1870s driven by industrialization, but was set back by World Wars. After World War 2, organizations like the IMF, World Bank, and GATT/WTO promoted global trade and reduced barriers. This led to a shift from simple exporting/importing to international marketing and production across borders by multinational companies. The scope and scale of international business has rapidly expanded in recent decades.
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and technical assistance to developing countries for programs aimed at reducing poverty. It is the largest global development bank, owned by 185 member countries. The World Bank lends to governments through two institutions - the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association. The overall goal of the World Bank is poverty reduction and it works to fund infrastructure projects and provide financing to essential sectors in developing nations.
Presentation on Trade policy 2072 NepalBijay pandey
This document summarizes Nepal's new trade policy of 2072. It aims to promote domestic industries, manage growing imports, and boost exports in order to make trade an engine of economic development. Some key points are:
- It was formulated based on previous trade policies and to take advantage of bilateral, regional, and multilateral trade arrangements.
- Nepal faces a large trade deficit due to high imports and low exports.
- The policy seeks to enhance export competitiveness, reduce the trade deficit, and align with other related policies to impact trade.
The document discusses the economic environment and dimensions that influence business in Nepal. It outlines key components of Nepal's economic structure, including GDP, GDP per capita, economic policies, inflation rates, and levels of employment. It also examines Nepal's socioeconomic indicators such as population size, density, age distribution, labor force composition, and employment trends. The 14th economic development plan aims to transform agriculture and tourism and expand infrastructure to reach middle income status and a more prosperous, socially just nation.
This document discusses rural development and the rural economy in India. It provides details on key rural development schemes and initiatives. Some key points:
- Agriculture and allied sectors employ over half the rural workforce but contribute less than half to India's GDP. The non-farm sector has grown in importance.
- Rural areas contribute significantly to national income and GDP but productivity is lower than urban areas. The gap in rural-urban productivity has narrowed.
- While rural areas account for the majority of the population, this share is declining with urbanization. At the same time, rural areas now contribute over half of India's manufacturing output.
- The structure of the rural economy has diversified away from agriculture towards non
Ethiopia has experienced rapid economic growth and poverty reduction over the last decade, with an average annual GDP growth of 10.9%. This growth has been driven primarily by the agricultural sector and public investment in infrastructure. The economy is transitioning from primarily agrarian to greater roles for secondary and tertiary sectors. Population growth presents both opportunities and challenges for continued economic expansion. Education and skills development will need to keep pace with structural changes in the economy and labor market. Social protection programs have helped support livelihoods but further expansion will be important. Sustaining growth will require developing domestic industry and managing macroeconomic and demographic factors.
Change and Rigidity in Youth Employment Patterns in Malawi, 2004-2016IFPRIMaSSP
This document summarizes research on changes in youth employment patterns in Malawi between 2004-2016. The key findings are:
1) Agriculture remains the dominant sector, employing 88% of working Malawians. However, the share of older youth and non-youth working in services has increased slightly while industry employment has declined.
2) Younger youth are more likely to be students than employed, while older youth's employment patterns are similar to non-youth. Education increases the likelihood of non-agricultural employment.
3) There is little evidence of structural transformation in employment away from agriculture. Maintaining education investments alongside private sector job creation and infrastructure development are needed to pull people out of farming
Meeting 10 - Government policy towards labour market regulation in Indonesia ...Albina Gaisina
The document discusses government policy towards labor market regulation in Indonesia. It explains that the services sector has been the key source of employment, creating 14.2 million jobs over the last decade, while agriculture lost 900,000 jobs. It notes that Indonesia needs to ensure new labor market entrants are equipped to support economic growth, and that labor institutions and social protection systems need to provide support. The document then reviews trends in the Indonesian labor market, including slow job growth, uneven outcomes across groups, and modest growth in manufacturing employment. It examines labor migration trends and the increasing role of women in migration.
Trend of Remittance inflow to Nepal, impact of COVID-19 and role of the gover...Tilak Mahara
The matter presented in the slide is related to the trend and structure of remittance inflow to Nepal for the last 27 years and also tried to show the effect of COVID-19 on the economy highly based on remittance income.
The PDF file of the matter is also available with the following link;
Link: https://knoweco11.blogspot.com/2020/05/Remittance-in-Nepal-Fact-trend-and-effect-of-COVID-19.html
African Lions Author Workshop 2015: Kenya Country Case StudyUNU-WIDER
This document provides a case study on Kenya's economic performance and growth drivers from 1960 to 2014. It summarizes that:
1) Kenya experienced strong growth in the 1960s-1970s but saw declining growth in the 1980s-1990s, with recovery in the 2000s driven by policy reforms.
2) Population growth has declined but Kenya remains youthful, presenting both challenges and opportunities for job creation.
3) The labor market has increasingly informalized, with most workers in low-paying informal jobs, though formal wages have risen recently.
4) Accumulating human capital and boosting productivity, especially in agriculture, remain important for sustaining growth and reducing poverty.
Growth and Structural Transformation in Ethiopiaessp2
1) The document discusses Ethiopia's goals of rapid economic growth, poverty reduction, and structural transformation of the economy away from agriculture.
2) While Ethiopia has achieved 10% GDP growth, only 27% of increased worker productivity has come from structural change, lower than other fast growing countries.
3) Investments in urban areas drive the most growth but investments in agriculture and rural non-farm economy are more effective for poverty reduction, especially if they reduce underemployment.
- China has experienced tremendous economic growth and transformation over the past few decades since opening its economy and transitioning to a market system. It has become one of the world's largest economies and industrial powers through implementing strategies such as special economic zones, township and village enterprises, investing heavily in research and development, and decentralizing fiscal powers.
- Sri Lanka can learn from China's emphasis on gaining benefits from its comparative advantages, adopting good decentralization policies, using learning-by-doing approaches, implementing reforms like China's household responsibility system in agriculture, and ensuring policies are designed to maximize economic benefits rather than be constrained by ideology or history. Maintaining favorable trade relations with key Western markets like China has also been important for its economic
This presentation looks at some key factors related to South Africa's affordable housing market including market demand and affordable, as well as access to and performance of the mortgage sector
This document provides an outline and overview of Nigeria's economic growth and development challenges. It discusses Nigeria's strong GDP growth over the past decade, population growth, opportunities for economic diversification and a demographic dividend. However, growth has not translated to significant reductions in poverty or improvements in human development. Key challenges include overdependence on oil, lack of infrastructure, security issues, and high unemployment despite employment-intensive growth. The population is growing rapidly which will increase pressures to generate sufficient jobs.
This document proposes a model to realize the growth potential of India's North-East region by building connectivity, increasing employment opportunities, and promoting tourism and trade. It outlines the formation of a central government system with various departments to oversee the implementation of the model. This would include recruiting 70,000 volunteers from the region to create awareness campaigns and address issues like unemployment, low exports, and lack of infrastructure. The estimated total cost is 5 billion rupees. The impact would be increased agriculture, connectivity to other states, industrialization, exports, and overall economic growth and development in the North-East region by addressing current challenges.
Impact of globalisation on poverty,inequality and employmentAvi Vani
Globalization has impacted poverty, inequality, and employment in India. While it has led to some reduction in poverty, the decline has been insufficient and inequality remains high. Globalization contributed to increased productivity and wages, which helped reduce absolute poverty. However, rural-urban disparities in income persist. Employment in manufacturing and services has grown, but agriculture employment has declined slowly despite a decreasing share of agriculture in GDP. Unemployment rates have generally fallen but rural unemployment remains a concern, especially in agriculture. Overall, globalization's effects have been mixed, with both opportunities and challenges for reducing poverty and generating employment.
This document summarizes the contribution of remittances to Nepal's economy. It finds that remittances are the largest source of foreign income and third largest source of remittances globally. Between 2063-2069, most Nepalese migrant workers went to Qatar, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Kuwait. Remittances have increased Nepal's foreign exchange reserves, reduced poverty, and improved human development indicators. However, remittances have also caused inflation and decreased domestic productivity by reducing the labor force. The document calls for harnessing remittances more productively to stimulate development.
Vietnam has a large working population engaged across three main sectors - industry, agriculture, and services. The labor force has grown significantly in recent years and is experiencing a shift towards more technical jobs. By law, both employers and employees in Vietnam must contribute to social insurance and medical insurance programs, providing benefits like unemployment allowances and compensation for work-related injuries. Many companies also offer additional voluntary benefits to attract and retain workers.
Rural employment is essential for India as the country faces economic crises. Encouraging agriculture and rural industries can benefit the economy. There is a need to address both challenges and opportunities for rural employment. Strategies are needed to generate employment as unemployment and poverty continue to increase despite government programs. Providing at least 100 days of work through programs like MGNREGA can help address rural unemployment. Overall, more focus is needed on rural development, industrialization, infrastructure and policies to raise employment levels in India.
Implications of Agricultural Productivity Growth for Structural Change and ...essp2
This document summarizes a presentation on agricultural productivity growth and structural change in Ethiopia. The key points are:
1) Ethiopia has experienced rapid economic growth averaging 10% annually since 2002, with growth occurring across all sectors. Agriculture remains an important driver of growth, growing at 7% annually.
2) While agriculture's share of employment has fallen from 80% to 73% according to surveys, this may overstate structural change due to changes in survey methodology. Adjusting for this, agriculture's employment share is estimated to have fallen more slowly to 78%.
3) Positive structural change, where workers move from low- to high-productivity sectors, accounted for 25% of growth in worker productivity between
Design principles and common security related programming principlesSaurav Aryal
Design principles and common security related programming principles, principle of least privilege,principle of least common mechanism, trust in the system
This document discusses strategic change and its management. It defines strategic change as changing objectives and vision when current strategy loses relevance. It identifies external forces like politics, economy, and technology and internal forces like objectives, culture and resources that drive strategic change. It also describes diagnosing change situations by analyzing type of change, context, organizational culture and driving/resisting forces. Finally, it discusses styles of managing change through communication, collaboration and direction and roles of strategic leaders, middle managers and outsiders in leading change.
4th Modern Marketing Reckoner by MMA Global India & Group M: 60+ experts on W...Social Samosa
The Modern Marketing Reckoner (MMR) is a comprehensive resource packed with POVs from 60+ industry leaders on how AI is transforming the 4 key pillars of marketing – product, place, price and promotions.
End-to-end pipeline agility - Berlin Buzzwords 2024Lars Albertsson
We describe how we achieve high change agility in data engineering by eliminating the fear of breaking downstream data pipelines through end-to-end pipeline testing, and by using schema metaprogramming to safely eliminate boilerplate involved in changes that affect whole pipelines.
A quick poll on agility in changing pipelines from end to end indicated a huge span in capabilities. For the question "How long time does it take for all downstream pipelines to be adapted to an upstream change," the median response was 6 months, but some respondents could do it in less than a day. When quantitative data engineering differences between the best and worst are measured, the span is often 100x-1000x, sometimes even more.
A long time ago, we suffered at Spotify from fear of changing pipelines due to not knowing what the impact might be downstream. We made plans for a technical solution to test pipelines end-to-end to mitigate that fear, but the effort failed for cultural reasons. We eventually solved this challenge, but in a different context. In this presentation we will describe how we test full pipelines effectively by manipulating workflow orchestration, which enables us to make changes in pipelines without fear of breaking downstream.
Making schema changes that affect many jobs also involves a lot of toil and boilerplate. Using schema-on-read mitigates some of it, but has drawbacks since it makes it more difficult to detect errors early. We will describe how we have rejected this tradeoff by applying schema metaprogramming, eliminating boilerplate but keeping the protection of static typing, thereby further improving agility to quickly modify data pipelines without fear.
Introduction to Jio Cinema**:
- Brief overview of Jio Cinema as a streaming platform.
- Its significance in the Indian market.
- Introduction to retention and engagement strategies in the streaming industry.
2. **Understanding Retention and Engagement**:
- Define retention and engagement in the context of streaming platforms.
- Importance of retaining users in a competitive market.
- Key metrics used to measure retention and engagement.
3. **Jio Cinema's Content Strategy**:
- Analysis of the content library offered by Jio Cinema.
- Focus on exclusive content, originals, and partnerships.
- Catering to diverse audience preferences (regional, genre-specific, etc.).
- User-generated content and interactive features.
4. **Personalization and Recommendation Algorithms**:
- How Jio Cinema leverages user data for personalized recommendations.
- Algorithmic strategies for suggesting content based on user preferences, viewing history, and behavior.
- Dynamic content curation to keep users engaged.
5. **User Experience and Interface Design**:
- Evaluation of Jio Cinema's user interface (UI) and user experience (UX).
- Accessibility features and device compatibility.
- Seamless navigation and search functionality.
- Integration with other Jio services.
6. **Community Building and Social Features**:
- Strategies for fostering a sense of community among users.
- User reviews, ratings, and comments.
- Social sharing and engagement features.
- Interactive events and campaigns.
7. **Retention through Loyalty Programs and Incentives**:
- Overview of loyalty programs and rewards offered by Jio Cinema.
- Subscription plans and benefits.
- Promotional offers, discounts, and partnerships.
- Gamification elements to encourage continued usage.
8. **Customer Support and Feedback Mechanisms**:
- Analysis of Jio Cinema's customer support infrastructure.
- Channels for user feedback and suggestions.
- Handling of user complaints and queries.
- Continuous improvement based on user feedback.
9. **Multichannel Engagement Strategies**:
- Utilization of multiple channels for user engagement (email, push notifications, SMS, etc.).
- Targeted marketing campaigns and promotions.
- Cross-promotion with other Jio services and partnerships.
- Integration with social media platforms.
10. **Data Analytics and Iterative Improvement**:
- Role of data analytics in understanding user behavior and preferences.
- A/B testing and experimentation to optimize engagement strategies.
- Iterative improvement based on data-driven insights.
Orchestrating the Future: Navigating Today's Data Workflow Challenges with Ai...Kaxil Naik
Navigating today's data landscape isn't just about managing workflows; it's about strategically propelling your business forward. Apache Airflow has stood out as the benchmark in this arena, driving data orchestration forward since its early days. As we dive into the complexities of our current data-rich environment, where the sheer volume of information and its timely, accurate processing are crucial for AI and ML applications, the role of Airflow has never been more critical.
In my journey as the Senior Engineering Director and a pivotal member of Apache Airflow's Project Management Committee (PMC), I've witnessed Airflow transform data handling, making agility and insight the norm in an ever-evolving digital space. At Astronomer, our collaboration with leading AI & ML teams worldwide has not only tested but also proven Airflow's mettle in delivering data reliably and efficiently—data that now powers not just insights but core business functions.
This session is a deep dive into the essence of Airflow's success. We'll trace its evolution from a budding project to the backbone of data orchestration it is today, constantly adapting to meet the next wave of data challenges, including those brought on by Generative AI. It's this forward-thinking adaptability that keeps Airflow at the forefront of innovation, ready for whatever comes next.
The ever-growing demands of AI and ML applications have ushered in an era where sophisticated data management isn't a luxury—it's a necessity. Airflow's innate flexibility and scalability are what makes it indispensable in managing the intricate workflows of today, especially those involving Large Language Models (LLMs).
This talk isn't just a rundown of Airflow's features; it's about harnessing these capabilities to turn your data workflows into a strategic asset. Together, we'll explore how Airflow remains at the cutting edge of data orchestration, ensuring your organization is not just keeping pace but setting the pace in a data-driven future.
Session in https://budapestdata.hu/2024/04/kaxil-naik-astronomer-io/ | https://dataml24.sessionize.com/session/667627
Beyond the Basics of A/B Tests: Highly Innovative Experimentation Tactics You...Aggregage
This webinar will explore cutting-edge, less familiar but powerful experimentation methodologies which address well-known limitations of standard A/B Testing. Designed for data and product leaders, this session aims to inspire the embrace of innovative approaches and provide insights into the frontiers of experimentation!
Beyond the Basics of A/B Tests: Highly Innovative Experimentation Tactics You...
Socio economic dimensions
1. Socio-Economic Dimensions
The socio-economic dimension indicates the demographic features
which affect the economy directly or indirectly. Some of the important
variables to reflect the socio-economic dimension in Nepal are :
1.Population
2.Population Density
3.Age and sex structure
4.Employment trends
5.Labour Market Issues
6.Migration and Foreign Employment
2. 1.Population
• Population is the most influencing socio-economic element that affects the
business firm.
• Population size reflects the market potentialities.
Census Year Population Annual Exponential Growth
rate (%)
1911 5,638,749 -
1920 5,573,788 -0.13
1930 5,532,574 -0.07
1941 6,238,649 1.16
1952/54 8,256,625 2.27
1961 9,412,996 1.64
1971 11,555,983 2.05
1981 15,022,839 2.62
1991 18,491,097 2.08
2001 23,151,423 2.25
2011 26,494,504 1.35
3. 2011-Present
Year Population Male Female
2011 26,494,504 12,849,041 13,645,463
2012 26,875,445 13,032,023 13,843,422
2013 27,264,592 13,219,533 14,045,059
2014 27,660,775 13,411,039 14,249,736
2015 28,062,832 13,605,956 14,456,875
2016 28,469,460 13,803,646 14,665,815
2017 28,879,636 14,003,583 14,876,054
2018 29,291,746 14,204,970 15,086,776
Central Bureau Of Statistics
5. 2.Population Density
• Population density is the number of people per unit of area , usually
quoted per square kilometer.
• Population density is the pattern of people living in different areas.
• Some places are sparsely populated and others are densely
populated.
• According to world bank(2015), the population density of Nepal in
1961 was 71. However , it increased to 199 in 2015.
6. Population Density Data
Year Value (people per square kilometer)
1961 71.48
1971 85.62
1981 106.64
1991 134.58
2001 168.55
2005 178.86
2008 184.69
2009 186.54
2010 188.51
2011 190.63
2012 192.88
2013 195.22
2014 197.58
2015 199.90
2016 202.18
7. Current Status
• As of 2018 , the population density of Nepal is 207(P/Km²).
• The population in rural areas stands to be 81 percent and urban
areas 19 percent (5,811,187).
• It can be noticed that there is a significant trend of urbanization in
Nepal.
• The population is concentrating in city and town areas.
• With the distribution and density of population in Nepal, a number of
effects to the business sector may be noticed.
• For examples concentration of business activities in the urban areas,
growth of market economy, lack of agricultural workers in rural area.
8. Population distribution of Nepal(census 2011)
by Geographical regions
Region Population Percentage (%)
Mountain 17,81,792 6.73
Hill 1,13,94,007 43.00
Terai 1,33,18,705 50.27
Total 2,64,94,504 100
9. 3.Age and Sex Structure
• A business has great concern over age and sex structure of the
population.
• It is the base of market segmentation to formulate marketing and
other strategies by focusing on the target customers as male or
female , young or old , etc.
10. As of beginning of 2018
Age Male Female Percentage(%)
Under 15 5,172,133 4,978,930 34.6
Age from 15-64 8,598,690 9,335,091 61.1
65+ 596,931 680,613 4.4
11. • Median age 23.2 years
• Sex ratio 0.98(14,662,281 men to 14,898,573 women)
• Life expectancy 66.2 years (64.9 men ,67.4 women)
Age dependency Ratio
• Dependency Ratio of a population is a ratio of people who are
generally not in labor force (the dependents) to workforce of a
country ( the productive part of population).
• The dependent part includes the population under 15 and over 64.
• The productive part of population accordingly consists of population
between 15 to 64 years.
• The total dependency ratio of population in Nepal is 63.7%.
• Child dependency ratio is 56.6%.
• Aged dependency ratio is 7.1%.
12. 4.Employment Trends
• With the increase in cost of living and desire of better facilities ,
people see for employment.
• It is the main source of livelihood for people.
• Employment condition is one of the indicators of economic
development of a country.
• Labor force in Nepal is gradually shifting from agricultural sector to
other sectors mainly in service sectors.
14. 5.Labour Market Issues
• Labour market is where workers seeking jobs and employers interact each
other.
• Simply , it refers to demand and supply for labour.
• The labour market determines the allocation of labour and its costs.
• There are many issues governing labour market in Nepal and they are:
1.Employment dominated by agriculture sector
2.Higher number of women in labour force
3.A slight decline in labour force participation rate
4.Increase in unemployment rate
5.Low labour productivity
6.Migration for foreign employment
7.Pervalence of child labour
8.High dependency on informal sector
15. 6.Migration and foreign employment
• Migration is the movement of person or group of people to settle in
another place.
• Migration can be both internal or external, temporal or permanent.
• People migrate for several purposes that may be security, education ,
employment, better facilities.
• There is high tendency of migration in Nepal.
• People living in Himalayan and hilly region migrate to terai in search
of better opportunities and living standard.
16. Foreign employment
• Foreign employment is the main reason of international migration
from Nepal.
• More than 3.8 million permits to work abroad (excluding India) were
issued by the government during the 1993/94-2014/15 fiscal years,
which represent almost 14 percent of the population.
• There has been huge increase in inflow of remittances, from 58.6
billion rupees in 2003/04 to NRP 589.5 billion in 2014/15.
• According to world bank , Nepal holds the second position among the
countries to receive highest proportion of remittance to GDP in 2016.
• Therefore remittance is a major contributor to development financing
in Nepal.
17. Status of foreign employment by country
S.NO Country In 2006/07 In 2015/16
1. Qatar 59705 1096073
2. Malaysia 74029 1096073
3. Saudi Arabia 39279 720856
4. U.A.E 25172 436422
5. Kuwait 2441 107759
6. Bahrain 1200 42007
7. Oman 509 28254
8. S. Korea (including EPS) 765 29549
9. Lebanon 0 12554
10. Israel 405 6445
11. Afghanistan 182 8717
12. Japan 0 14450
13. Other countries 84 49195
Total 204533 4040178