This document discusses the impacts of globalization and neoliberal policies on poverty in India. It argues that while India has experienced significant economic growth through globalization and becoming more competitive internationally, this has come at the cost of neglecting the country's large agricultural sector and rural poor populations. As a result, poverty remains widespread and inequality between the rich and poor has increased. It also discusses the rise of new social movements in India that are challenging the government and globalization policies to better advocate for the needs and rights of marginalized groups.
We have extensively researched on the economy of India and came up with PPT summary of 22 slides which includes relevant data and analysis that will help students of B.com, BMS, BBA or any other stream as Economics is a subject that everyone should understand . We hope the PPT will deliver exclusive knowledge about Growing Economy of India
The studies on poverty and academic research, the “urban” has not yet been a significant part of it. Rapid rates of urbanization in Bangladesh is giving rise to increasing living in urban poor settlements. The livelihoods and challenges of these urban populations are unique and diverse. Nonetheless these poor urban settlements remain often invisible and their needs unserved. Thus the impact of unbridled urbanization deepens the scale and severity of urban poverty. In Bangladesh, urban poverty is found to be neglected in reducing poverty discourses such as research, policy and action. Urban poverty reduction will be subsequently important to the ability to meet national goals for poverty reduction that means policy and action must pay more attention to the urban poor.
Urban poverty:
Urban poverty is usually defined in two ways:
i. as an absolute standard based on a minimum amount of income needed to sustain a healthy and minimally comfortable life, and
ii. as a relative standard that is set based on average the standard of living in a nation.
Narratives of urban poverty in Bangladesh describe its characteristics, painting destructive pictures that prolong negative public and official perceptions of urban poverty and prevent greater action and commitment to the urban poor. They present images of squalid living conditions in dirty and unhygienic ‘slums’, where residents are exposed to high under- and unemployment and many are engaged in social disorders, such as crime, violence, drug addiction etc.
Poverty : The greatest challenge faced by the Indian Economy, Class XII (C.B....AnjaliKaur3
Meaning of poverty.
Who is Poor?
Measures of Poverty; Absolute and relative poverty.
Poverty Line.
Categorizing poor.
Causes of poverty.
Measures to remove poverty.
Growth-Oriented Approach.
Specific alleviation Program.
Meeting the minimum needs program.
Shortcomings of PAPs.
For more content check www.LearnWithAnjali.com
Issues and options for housing the urban poor in indiaJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper looks at the current status of Housing in India, roadblocks which are hampering the supply of housing the poor and suggests few strategies for creating housing stock for them to achieve the objective of Housing for All by 2022
We have extensively researched on the economy of India and came up with PPT summary of 22 slides which includes relevant data and analysis that will help students of B.com, BMS, BBA or any other stream as Economics is a subject that everyone should understand . We hope the PPT will deliver exclusive knowledge about Growing Economy of India
The studies on poverty and academic research, the “urban” has not yet been a significant part of it. Rapid rates of urbanization in Bangladesh is giving rise to increasing living in urban poor settlements. The livelihoods and challenges of these urban populations are unique and diverse. Nonetheless these poor urban settlements remain often invisible and their needs unserved. Thus the impact of unbridled urbanization deepens the scale and severity of urban poverty. In Bangladesh, urban poverty is found to be neglected in reducing poverty discourses such as research, policy and action. Urban poverty reduction will be subsequently important to the ability to meet national goals for poverty reduction that means policy and action must pay more attention to the urban poor.
Urban poverty:
Urban poverty is usually defined in two ways:
i. as an absolute standard based on a minimum amount of income needed to sustain a healthy and minimally comfortable life, and
ii. as a relative standard that is set based on average the standard of living in a nation.
Narratives of urban poverty in Bangladesh describe its characteristics, painting destructive pictures that prolong negative public and official perceptions of urban poverty and prevent greater action and commitment to the urban poor. They present images of squalid living conditions in dirty and unhygienic ‘slums’, where residents are exposed to high under- and unemployment and many are engaged in social disorders, such as crime, violence, drug addiction etc.
Poverty : The greatest challenge faced by the Indian Economy, Class XII (C.B....AnjaliKaur3
Meaning of poverty.
Who is Poor?
Measures of Poverty; Absolute and relative poverty.
Poverty Line.
Categorizing poor.
Causes of poverty.
Measures to remove poverty.
Growth-Oriented Approach.
Specific alleviation Program.
Meeting the minimum needs program.
Shortcomings of PAPs.
For more content check www.LearnWithAnjali.com
Issues and options for housing the urban poor in indiaJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper looks at the current status of Housing in India, roadblocks which are hampering the supply of housing the poor and suggests few strategies for creating housing stock for them to achieve the objective of Housing for All by 2022
Do the Slum Dwellers Enjoy the Basic Constitutional and Economic Rights as a ...Basharat Hossain
Bangladesh is a country of about 156million people including nearly 7.81
million of slum people. This paper investigates 28 years data for 1986- 2014
periods on the living standard of slum dwellers of Bangladesh. It presents
the different forms of deprivations, sufferings and miseries of slum people
from basic needs including social, constitutional and economic rights.
More specifically, the wretchedness of slum dwellers in housing, drinking
water, sanitation, food intake, healthcare, education, employment, income
patterns, social status and security, economic and public assistance has
been explored in this paper. In addition, poverty scenario and services of
social organization among slum people has been focused in this paper.
Finally, it recommends some policies to improve the living conditions of
slum dwellers in Bangladesh.
Keywords: Slum Dwellers, Standard of Living, Basic Needs, Constitutional
and Economic rights, Bangladesh
JEL Classification Code: I31, I38, I13, I18, I25, E26, O18, O15, O17
The Planning Commission set up a Working Group in 1962. It recommended that the national minimum for a household of 5 persons should be not less than Rs. 100/- per month for rural and Rs. 125/- for urban at 1960-61 prices.
This is my Entry for the 28 States of Techkriti,IITK .It emphasizes why it is important to share the fruits of development with the poor and include them in the mainstream.
Article tries to portray, definne, decipher and to bring out the status, pecularities, issues and roadblock in Rural Housing of India. Article also tries to define that rural housing remains different and distict from urban housing and has to be dealt on different footing in its planning , designing, construction, materials and technologies.. Rural housing remains simple, cost-effective, meeting individually and severally , multiple requirements of the rural setting. However, rural housing needs needs focussed attention of professionals looking at the local options and local materials/technologies. Rural housing offers enormous opportunities of innovations and experimenatation in housing sector,. based on the local knowledge, available wisdom, available materials and currently used technologies. Architects and Engineers need to redo their agenda to make value addition to rural housing which remains vital for Indian economy, living, nealth and hygiene besides tackeling the issue of global warming and increasing carbon footprints/minimising energy annd resource consumption..
Poverty has been assigned as the number one problem for development of Bangladesh.
Though the country is making significant progress in the socio-economic field, poverty reduction is rather slow. This is mainly because of its high population size of 130 million (population census-2001) in an area of 1,41,000 sq. km. with a population density 840 per sq. km.
Every year, about 2 million population are adding to its population size. Country’s resources are struggling to support such increasing population.
Do the Slum Dwellers Enjoy the Basic Constitutional and Economic Rights as a ...Basharat Hossain
Bangladesh is a country of about 156million people including nearly 7.81
million of slum people. This paper investigates 28 years data for 1986- 2014
periods on the living standard of slum dwellers of Bangladesh. It presents
the different forms of deprivations, sufferings and miseries of slum people
from basic needs including social, constitutional and economic rights.
More specifically, the wretchedness of slum dwellers in housing, drinking
water, sanitation, food intake, healthcare, education, employment, income
patterns, social status and security, economic and public assistance has
been explored in this paper. In addition, poverty scenario and services of
social organization among slum people has been focused in this paper.
Finally, it recommends some policies to improve the living conditions of
slum dwellers in Bangladesh.
Keywords: Slum Dwellers, Standard of Living, Basic Needs, Constitutional
and Economic rights, Bangladesh
JEL Classification Code: I31, I38, I13, I18, I25, E26, O18, O15, O17
The Planning Commission set up a Working Group in 1962. It recommended that the national minimum for a household of 5 persons should be not less than Rs. 100/- per month for rural and Rs. 125/- for urban at 1960-61 prices.
This is my Entry for the 28 States of Techkriti,IITK .It emphasizes why it is important to share the fruits of development with the poor and include them in the mainstream.
Article tries to portray, definne, decipher and to bring out the status, pecularities, issues and roadblock in Rural Housing of India. Article also tries to define that rural housing remains different and distict from urban housing and has to be dealt on different footing in its planning , designing, construction, materials and technologies.. Rural housing remains simple, cost-effective, meeting individually and severally , multiple requirements of the rural setting. However, rural housing needs needs focussed attention of professionals looking at the local options and local materials/technologies. Rural housing offers enormous opportunities of innovations and experimenatation in housing sector,. based on the local knowledge, available wisdom, available materials and currently used technologies. Architects and Engineers need to redo their agenda to make value addition to rural housing which remains vital for Indian economy, living, nealth and hygiene besides tackeling the issue of global warming and increasing carbon footprints/minimising energy annd resource consumption..
Poverty has been assigned as the number one problem for development of Bangladesh.
Though the country is making significant progress in the socio-economic field, poverty reduction is rather slow. This is mainly because of its high population size of 130 million (population census-2001) in an area of 1,41,000 sq. km. with a population density 840 per sq. km.
Every year, about 2 million population are adding to its population size. Country’s resources are struggling to support such increasing population.
Pakistan Rural Investment Climate Survey: Background and Sample Frame Desgnidspak
The main purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of rural non-farm sector in Pakistan. The non-farm sector can absorb a large number of rural labour force in various activities such as, industry, trade/business, craft, and services and thus can play an important role in increasing employment and income. Rural areas of Pakistan are characterized by higher incidence of poverty, lower levels of literacy, poor health status, low access to basic services and amenities, and higher levels underemployment as compared to the Urban areas. The paper presents the nature of rural non-farm sector in Pakistan by analyzing the data of Labour Force Survey and Small and Household Manufacturing Industries
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Reverse Migration Due to Long Lockdown in India- Is it Sustainable?Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The ill fate of the migrants and their struggle to return home has been the highlights of media for many days now. The migrants do not want to come back to the cities in the future due to the traumatic experience faced. They are now eager to return to their land and sustain on the bare minimum that can be earned over there. As per the NSSO and Census data, there has been a significant migration to the urban cities from the rural areas; majority of these are of intrastate rural-urban migration nature. But the Census data does not consider the short- term circular migrants who account for a large percentage of the total migrant workforce. As per a survey conducted by NSSO in 2007-08, there had been 12.58 million short term migrant workers residing in rural India. They primarily shift to urban areas due to lack of return from agriculture and lack of opportunities in the rural areas. It has been observed that majority of the short term migrants possess low education level and belong to the low income strata with very meager ownership of assets. These migrants are primarily involved in hazardous low paying jobs in the urban cities without any social security. The ill treatment by the employers and lack of access to the facilities in their city of work is forcing them to return to their villages. In this study we have tried to analyse whether enough jobs can be created to absorb the reverse migrants.
Bangladesh's massive urban sector, comprising 525 urban centres, continues to grow. The BBS reports that 21 per cent of the urban population is below the poverty line, a third of whom is extreme poor.
this paper presentation gives you brief knowledge about poverty . this is basically made from concepts of class 11 economics book. this is helpful for teachers .
India’s wealth and poverty levelsThis study will focus on the ec.docxdirkrplav
India’s wealth and poverty levels
This study will focus on the economic standards of India and the factors that have lead India to have a wealth and poor population at the same time. India over the last couple of year, it has experienced an increased per capita income due to its increased work force. Also, India has been known as one of the countries with a large population languishing over poverty.
India has been experiencing an increase in its economic growth rate over the last four years. In the fiscal year 2014 - 2015 the country had a 7.4% economic increase compared to a 6.9% increase in the fiscal year 2013 - 2014. The country is projecting an economic increase in the fiscal year 2015- 2016 of 7.5%. India was listed the 19th largest merchandise in the year 2013 and with a large export of services which saw India in the 6th position worldwide. The country is not only in the top service export list but also in the import list it was ranked 7th importing merchandise of worthy of $616.7 billion in a total.
In fact, this increase in India’s economic growth has been due to an increased output and high performance of two industries that are the agriculture industry and manufacturing industries. These industries the largest India’s economic growth shareholders and their performance influence the country’s economic growth rate in every fiscal year (Maddison, 2013).
Moreover, India has been among the best known manufacturing industry in the world. This has in turn led the government to allow investors in the country to invest in the sector. The fast growing and large population has provided force labor to the upcoming industries (Maddison, 2013). A large percentage of India’s population is comprised of poor citizens who in turn provide cheap labor to the industries, hence low input which gives the companies large marginal profits.
In addition, the large Indian population has also been a target for the manufacturing industries whose final products are consumed locally in the country before they are exported to other countries. India’s large population has been in the service that also has contributed to the county’s economic growth (Maddison, 2013). The service sector offers services like the tourism, heath care; telecommunication and trade travel services between other many services. These statistics shows that India has been experiencing an increase in its economy.
Furthermore, India is one of the countries that are known to poses both a rich group of individuals and at the same time a large population in poverty. The number of poor in India is reducing significantly over the past four years. Though there are different methods to measure poverty a conclusion has been achieved that India has a large population living under the poverty line. India’s population has been increasing yearly at a rate of 1.8 million people (Krishna, 2006). This has led to their population reaching 1.28 billion people. According to a research curried out by the wo.
Inclusive growth in India- prospects and challenges Jagriti Rohit
India’s government has made “inclusive growth” a key element of their policy platform, stating as a goal: “Achieving a growth process in which people in different walks in life… feel that they too benefit significantly from the process.” (Ahluwalia, 2007)
Case study on India: Governance gap through Globalization, Neo-liberalism and rise of NSMs
1. Case study on India: Governance gap through Globalization, Neo-liberalism and rise of NSMs
One cannot deny the fact that India since its independence from British Empire has been
one of the poorest countries in the world. But after sixty five years as a free country, poverty is
still its major barrier to be considered as a developed country (Berrebi, n.d.).
Overpopulation, lack of social infrastructures, illiteracy, unemployment and tribal
deprivation to public investments are the primary reasons for the large proportion of poverty in
the country. Since India is still strongly inclined in its customs and culture, majority of its
population are composed of tribes and scheduled caste that are greatly dependent on agrarian or
agricultural practices. However, little has been acted by the government upon the lack of
irrigations and agricultural extension services to the rural areas in India. Thus, the neglect of
agricultural assistance to tribal areas has resulted to lower output and has gained much less yield
from agriculture. This sector, rural poor, of the society constitutes the majority proportion of the
poor in the country. On the other hand, there are attempts to alleviate poverty by investing on
irrigation, agriculture and rural development, however, the policy has largely neglect the
deprived tribal regions. As a proof, when India started promoting „rained farming‟ its focus was
still on dry lands where there is no source of water nor agricultural inputs while the water
abundant regions of tribal India remained neglected. Public attention has been largely limited to
curative health care and public distribution on urban selected districts and little has given to cater
to the livelihoods of tribal people. “In the absence of appropriate policy action to support
agriculture development, tribal communities have increasingly been obliged to evolve a lifestyle
of low productivity rained farming followed by distress migration” (Verma, Shilp, 2007).
Occupational mobility has been the last resort of the rural poor and tribesman and in
hopes of experiencing a standard living; they found their selves on the populated urban cities. In
search for that kind of living or even just for survival, they have experienced the opposite. They
live in sub-human areas as well as they have limited access to basic necessities. Majority has
failed to eat at least 2 meals a day. This scenario of struggling to survive entails how urban areas
are seen as a dreamland to many that turns out to be their worst nightmare. This exemplifies rural
migration that in effect creates a large proportion of urban poverty in the country (AZAD India
Foundation, 2010).
2. “The Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2008 shows that improving
agricultural labour productivity could have a profound impact on poverty reduction. For
example, raising the region‟s average agricultural labour productivity to the level seen in
Thailand would take 218 million people – a third of the region‟s poor – out of poverty. India,
China, Bangladesh and Indonesia would gain the most.” (Heyzer, 2008)
Evidently, India has failed to eradicate or even lessen poverty to the minimal level
primarily because it has neglected the citizens who need it most. The country has the best
poverty alleviation program in the world but the government has considered its people as mere
objects of these development projects and citizens ended up being used by the elites for their self
interest. This has resulted to the disarticulation of the primal demands and needs of the people.
For an instance, the regional tribes in water abundant areas that are more willing for the
improvement of the yields of their lands were not given much attention and focus for public
investments. Only if these demands were sufficed that the country will experience the alleviating
status it wanted (Verma, Shilp, 2007). “The county has become less effective in delivering those
functions that were important for its development in the modern era, including redistribution,
structural regulation and the delivery of public services” (Taylor, 2010).
Despite of its internal problems, India is one of the most promising countries in terms of
its competitiveness in global realm. Its economy is one of the fastest growing most especially in
terms of being the major outsource service provider across countries as well to its technological
advancements in software development and telecommunication. However, India cannot claim its
position as developed as long as there is still a great proportion of its population faced in major
social issues. With a population of nearly 1.2 billion, overpopulation is also one of the major
problem the country is facing along with it is the inability of the government to provide social
infrastructures such as roads for better transportation and trade, primary and secondary schools
which lead to increasing illiteracy of its citizen. (Berrebi, n.d.) This can be clearly manifested in
rural regional tribes. Development projects to only selected areas have lead to a greater disparity
between the rural and urban. Even the country has its duality element of being an industrial and
agricultural country (Richardson, 2002); India still being greatly independent into its agrarian
conventional ways cannot neglect its agricultural aspect. Its focus merely on its technological
and industrial aspect, has make India less effective in delivering its function that are requisite to
3. its full development, including the large divide in rural and urban because of stagnation on
conventional ways in rural areas and over advancement in rural areas – creating disparity. As
well as it created a large gap between the poor and the rich. Still the lack of infrastructures most
especially secondary schools in deprived areas has lead to greater illiteracy proportion (Berrebi,
n.d.) It shows that its focus on being globally competitive has resulted to the stagnation in its
agrarian aspect.
India after its independence has experienced a lot of pressure both internally and
externally in order to address the dilemmas left to it as a newly free country. The country started
in a closed economy, an autarky one, without the externalities and outside pressure. Its national
economy has cut its ties with the world economy. Slanted against agriculture and exports, this
resulted to a “command and control economy” where its economy has been stagnant and its
share to the rest of the world has significantly declined. (Nayar, 2006) Being in an unhealthy
state, India has made its act in reconciling itself to the global realm.
India‟s reconciliation to the world has been marked by the globalization in the country. It
opened up its economy to direct investments from the international realm and removing barriers
and obstructions to the entry of multinational and transnational companies in India. Along with it
are major shift from quantitative restrictions to tariffs and import duties which entails major
import liberalisation programs. Thus, globalization with these policy reforms has been identified
to bloom in the year of 1991. The process of globalizing India has generated substantial gains for
the country. “It has a favourable impact on the overall growth of the economy”; from the 8th
position in the 1990s to 4th place in 2001 (Goyal, 2006). However, globalization and neoliberal
policies is a double edged sword in the country. Preponderantly, India has an economy with
agrarian in nature and more than 56% of its population has its livelihood dependent in agriculture
and other associated occupation. Certain development and welfare projects were mandated by
the constitution to improve the lives of these people in the most deprived sections in the country
but its gains are just marginal. As the economic reforms in 1980s, weaker sections became worse
off. With the entry of machineries and more skilled labor force, unskilled and semi-skilled
labourers have become irregular employers and fewer days were given to them. In general,
people of India led to “miserable conditions” most especially to the farmers. Liberalization as
encompassed in globalization resulted to decline in agriculture public investment. From 3.5%
4. food grain production on pre-globalization it went down to 1.7% (post-globalization) primarily
because of the diminution in subsidies of farmers. Along with it, income of a common man did
not increase hence it significantly decrease from 193 points average national income to just 122
points. The turnout resulted quite opposite to the expected globalized India. As a domino effect
to low subsidy to Indian farmers and imposition of low tariffs on imports, it resulted to labor
migration from agriculture to industrial occupation. Primarily, this is also due to tight
competitiveness of markets internationally that domestic farmers cannot withstand to the high
standards of the global realm (Muralidhar, 2011). Faced by economic crisis on the same year,
1991, major shifts were made – into a neoliberal capitalist reform. Balance of payment crisis,
large budget deficit and fiscal overload has pressured to this paradigm shift. (Singh, 2011) The
shift is made possible by IMF‟s granting of „structural adjustment loan to India. However,
attached on it are major economic reforms for the country. Chiefly these reforms has its objective
to gradually eliminate government intervention to the market, as well as to privatize government
owned corporations and to lessen barriers of imports which eventually will enable for free trade
and reduce export subsidies – “ a dramatic departure from the protectionist, socialist nature of the
Indian economy up until then” (Muralidhar, 2011). But on the contrary, agrarian reforms were
not deliberately accepted by all as the agricultural growth has significantly drop from 4.69%
(1991) to 2.06% in 1997.
For an instance, Andhra Pradesh‟s farmers before liberalization had an access to seeds
from government institutions and had its own seeds produced with assured high quality. But with
liberalization, country‟s seed markets were opened to international agricultural enterprises like
Monsanto and Cargill and following IMF‟s preconditions of adopting deregulation terminated
the seed processing in 24 to just 14 units. This has lead to increase seed prices as well as
unregulated market. Anticipating higher yields, the farmers invested much on seeds that are
genetically modified because of its promising gains. Opposite to the expectation it has yield
lower than promised. Production has not been proportion to heavy investment in seeds that has
left the farmers in greater debt. Deregulation and infusing competition through fewer barriers to
entry in seed markets had allowed for less quality and abundant availability of fake seeds that led
to crop failures. In addition of IMF‟s precondition is the devaluation of Rupee – India‟s
currency. It has led to cheaper agricultural products of India to the world therefore making it
look attractive to global market. This has encouraged farmers to grow a mix of traditional crops
5. and cash crops that are export oriented. Thus, it needs more inputs than traditional crops require
like insecticides, fertilizers and water. Policies had lessened subsidies on pesticides therefore
inflation on pesticide and fertilizer prices. Along with it is the increase in electricity tariff which
originally is also subsidized. A need for faster harvest and production has increased cost of
production – needed more water and water pumps therefore higher consumption of electricity.
Opening India‟s market and entirely getting rid of import restrictions has allowed for surplus in
imports which pressured prices of domestic products to lower (even with higher production cost)
(Muralidhar, 2011).
Evidently, globalizing India has made the country a service oriented one and has
neglected its agricultural aspect. Low cost and skilled labourers had made India competitive
worldwide. (Business, Investment, Sourcing and Manufacturing in India, 2012). Indeed, a
service oriented country that gives focus on the outsourcing, software and call centres industry
has helped in the booming of its own economy (EconomyWatch Content, 2010). However,
many believe that process of globalization in India has contributed to the rising disparity between
the poor and the rich– those who only benefits are the skilled and educated citizens
(Globalization and Poverty, 2012).
Widening gap between the poor and rich as just one of the many offshoots of social
changes occurring in India has resulted to the rising movements against LPG (Liberalization,
Privatization and Globalization) in the country. Save the Nation, Build the Nation Campaign
(Desh Bachao, Desh Banao Abhiyan) has been advocated by the National Alliance of People‟s
Movement (Nilsen, 2007). It is one specific manifestation of citizens‟ greater political
participation. The movement‟s campaign aims to fight for the right of the marginalized and
deprived people. It desires for a new set of policies that will promote alternative development
with “equality, justice and sustainability as value goals and suitable technology, democratic
planning and cooperative enterprises as the means” (National Alliance of People's Movements,
2003). NAPM is a continuous battle of the people versus corruption, suppressed rights, caste
system and communalism. It adheres for social equity and secularism. It fights against anti-
people politics and economy wherein citizens‟ needs and demands are not articulated or is
opposed to. The National Alliance of People‟s Movement is composed of two hundred different
kinds of movements in the country. It unifies struggles of different marginalized sections
6. affirming “people‟s right to life and livelihood and primacy to community ownership of natural
resources” (National Alliance of People's Movement [NAPM], 2003).
The campaign “Save the Nation, Build the Nation Campaign” started in Kerala to protest
against the factory of Coca-Cola in the place. This protest symbolizes a struggle against
globalization. The campaign crossed through 19 states and concluded in Ayodhya. Women,
children, farmers and workers in marginalized sectors originally had to defend and support their
lives and livelihood on their own but with the establishment of the movement; it had empowered
the marginalized sectors of the country. It had allowed the masses to challenge the government,
its processes and acts. As they are supported by artists, intellectuals and professionals that are
voluntarily willing to be part of a transformative movement – towards a casteless decentralized
system as well as the use of appropriate technology. The social movement had given power to
the people. Farmers, farm labourers, fisher folks, Dalits (the untouchables) had fought for their
right to land, water, forest and other resources (National Alliance of People's Movement
[NAPM], 2003).
In conclusion, indeed, globalization entwined in it is the neoliberal policies have made
India competitive worldwide. However, being competitive to the rest of the world is not enough
in order to claim that a country is better off than yesterday. The rise of new social movements
(NSMs) had allowed the citizens as part of the civil society to be watchdogs of the activities of
the government. Likewise, all the concerns and demands of the citizens will be heard as well as
they can perform their task of checks and balances. Indeed, India owned one of the world‟s
fastest growing economies nevertheless its progress as country per se cannot be concluded if
internal issues are still the major barrier or hinder in its true development.
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