This document discusses Madeleine Leininger's transcultural nursing care theory over 5 articles. The theory focuses on providing culturally congruent care by understanding patients' cultural values and beliefs. It presents cases that apply the theory, such as caring for a Bedouin woman with cancer. The theory includes 3 modes of care - culture care re-patterning, accommodation, and preservation. It aims to improve healthcare by reducing conflicts between patients' cultures and provided care. The theory changed how nursing care considers cultural diversity and improved quality of life outcomes.
The demographic profile of the countries suggests that countries are rapidly becoming heterogeneous, multicultural societies. So it is imperative that nurses develop an understanding about culture and its relevance to competent care. Transcultural nursing represents and reflects the need for respect and acknowledgement of the wholeness of all human beings.
It is essential to remember that regardless of race ethnicity or cultural heritage, every human being is culturally unique. Professional nursing care is culturally sensitive, culturally appropriate and culturally competent
189JOURNAL OF TRANSCULTURAL NURSING JULY 2002Leininger .docxaulasnilda
189
JOURNAL OF TRANSCULTURAL NURSING / JULY 2002Leininger / CULTURE CARE THEORY
Culture Care Theory: A Major Contribution
to Advance Transcultural Nursing
Knowledge and Practices
MADELEINE LEININGER, PhD, LHD, DS, CTN, FAAN, FRCNA
This article is focused on the major features of the Culture
Care Diversity and Universality theory as a central contrib-
uting theory to advance transcultural nursing knowledge and
to use the findings in teaching, research, practice, and consul-
tation. It remains one of the oldest, most holistic, and most
comprehensive theories to generate knowledge of diverse and
similar cultures worldwide. The theory has been a powerful
means to discover largely unknown knowledge in nursing and
the health fields. It provides a new mode to assure culturally
competent, safe, and congruent transcultural nursing care.
The purpose, goal, assumptive premises, ethnonursing
research method, criteria, and some findings are highlighted.
This article is focused on the 2001 Pittsburgh Precon-
ference theme “Major Contributions of Book Authors to
Transcultural Nursing Knowledge and Practices.” As the
founder of the discipline and author of 28 books and 220 pub-
lished articles, I hold that my Culture Care Diversity and Uni-
versality theory has made a significant contribution to estab-
lish and advance transcultural nursing research knowledge
and practice since the mid-1950s. This article is a brief synop-
sis of culture care theory with its unique features and major
contributions to support transcultural nursing as a discipline
and practice field.
In establishing this new discipline, different lines of think-
ing and practice were essential. It necessitated futuristic
vision, risk taking, commitment, patience, and leadership to
challenge many traditional nursing ideas and practices.
Unquestionably new knowledge and practices were essential
for nurses to function in a rapidly changing multicultural
world. Substantive theory-based research knowledge was
greatly needed with a global and comparative focus to care for
people of diverse cultures. Culturally based care knowledge
was the major missing area in nursing in the mid-20th century
and still is in some places in the world. I coined the construct
of culturally congruent care, which is the central goal of the
theory.
In my first two books,Nursing and Anthropology(1970)
and Transcultural Nursing: Concepts, Theories, Research,
and Practice(1978), the nature, rationale, need, and theoreti-
cal base were given to establish transcultural nursing. Nurses
needed in-depth knowledge of cultures with an anthropologi-
cal view and in-depth, culturally based care phenomena. I
held that care was the essence of nursing and had meaning
within cultural contexts. Care was not fully known and valued
in nursing, and so it was a challenge to get nurses interested in
the Culture Care theory in the 1950s and 1960s as the medical
mind-body treatments and symptoms held nurses’ interests
and practices (Leini ...
The demographic profile of the countries suggests that countries are rapidly becoming heterogeneous, multicultural societies. So it is imperative that nurses develop an understanding about culture and its relevance to competent care. Transcultural nursing represents and reflects the need for respect and acknowledgement of the wholeness of all human beings.
It is essential to remember that regardless of race ethnicity or cultural heritage, every human being is culturally unique. Professional nursing care is culturally sensitive, culturally appropriate and culturally competent
189JOURNAL OF TRANSCULTURAL NURSING JULY 2002Leininger .docxaulasnilda
189
JOURNAL OF TRANSCULTURAL NURSING / JULY 2002Leininger / CULTURE CARE THEORY
Culture Care Theory: A Major Contribution
to Advance Transcultural Nursing
Knowledge and Practices
MADELEINE LEININGER, PhD, LHD, DS, CTN, FAAN, FRCNA
This article is focused on the major features of the Culture
Care Diversity and Universality theory as a central contrib-
uting theory to advance transcultural nursing knowledge and
to use the findings in teaching, research, practice, and consul-
tation. It remains one of the oldest, most holistic, and most
comprehensive theories to generate knowledge of diverse and
similar cultures worldwide. The theory has been a powerful
means to discover largely unknown knowledge in nursing and
the health fields. It provides a new mode to assure culturally
competent, safe, and congruent transcultural nursing care.
The purpose, goal, assumptive premises, ethnonursing
research method, criteria, and some findings are highlighted.
This article is focused on the 2001 Pittsburgh Precon-
ference theme “Major Contributions of Book Authors to
Transcultural Nursing Knowledge and Practices.” As the
founder of the discipline and author of 28 books and 220 pub-
lished articles, I hold that my Culture Care Diversity and Uni-
versality theory has made a significant contribution to estab-
lish and advance transcultural nursing research knowledge
and practice since the mid-1950s. This article is a brief synop-
sis of culture care theory with its unique features and major
contributions to support transcultural nursing as a discipline
and practice field.
In establishing this new discipline, different lines of think-
ing and practice were essential. It necessitated futuristic
vision, risk taking, commitment, patience, and leadership to
challenge many traditional nursing ideas and practices.
Unquestionably new knowledge and practices were essential
for nurses to function in a rapidly changing multicultural
world. Substantive theory-based research knowledge was
greatly needed with a global and comparative focus to care for
people of diverse cultures. Culturally based care knowledge
was the major missing area in nursing in the mid-20th century
and still is in some places in the world. I coined the construct
of culturally congruent care, which is the central goal of the
theory.
In my first two books,Nursing and Anthropology(1970)
and Transcultural Nursing: Concepts, Theories, Research,
and Practice(1978), the nature, rationale, need, and theoreti-
cal base were given to establish transcultural nursing. Nurses
needed in-depth knowledge of cultures with an anthropologi-
cal view and in-depth, culturally based care phenomena. I
held that care was the essence of nursing and had meaning
within cultural contexts. Care was not fully known and valued
in nursing, and so it was a challenge to get nurses interested in
the Culture Care theory in the 1950s and 1960s as the medical
mind-body treatments and symptoms held nurses’ interests
and practices (Leini ...
Trans Cultural Nursing Concepts and Assessment by Azhar.pptxAzhar Munawar
Describe concept of trans-cultural nursing.
Explain key concepts related to trans-cultural nursing.
Identify the components of cultural assessment
Integrate concepts of trans-cultural nursing care throughout the life span.
Identify nursing frameworks and theories applicable to trans-cultural nursing.
Examine culturally related issues across the life span.
Explore the role of family and cultural practices related to the developmental stages.
Her Culture Care Diversity & Universality theory was one of the earliest nursing theories and it remains the only theory focused specifically on transcultural nursing with a culture care focus.
Her theory is used worldwide.
Dr. Leininger served as dean and professor of nursing at the university of Washington and Utah and she helped initiate and direct the first doctoral programs in nursing.
Transcultural nursing topic is very important for nursing students. Transcultural nursing is a comparative study of cultures to understand similarities (culture universal) and difference (culture-specific) across human groups.
Running Head W2 Case StudiesW2 Case Studies2.docxjenkinsmandie
Running Head: W2: Case Studies
W2: Case Studies
2
Bismit Pratapsingh
University of the Cumberland’s
ITS-531-09 Business Intelligence
Professor: Dr. Michael Jones
1st Nov 2019
Table of Contents
Introduction2
Application case 2
1. Description of the benefits of implementation of continental go forward strategy2
2. Explanation of the reason for which it is important to use a real time data warehouse2
4. Strategic advantage of using real time system rather than using a traditional information system3
Application case4
1. Premier 4
2. Primary challenges of premier to achieve the vision4
3.
Solution
provided by IBM and other partner4
4. Results and other benefits5
Conclusion5
Introduction
Airlines domain has a number of critical aspects that are required to be integrated within the account. It can be stated that all the significant management of this study are required to be managed in such a way the accountability is maximized. It is quite critical to understand that the essential elements are required to be managed extensively within the business domain. This study includes aspects such as go forward strategy and real time dta warehousing. Application case
1. Description of the benefits of implementation of continental go forward strategy
Go forward strategy refers to a critical element that is associated with four interrelated parts within the same time limit that relates as a strong apparatus for setting the association with in the right choice. The advantages in this domain are dynamic in nature. The primary advantages in this domain can be identified below.
· Go forward strategy have helped the continental airlines for setting up a range of noteworthy approaches for modifying the industry status from first to top selection
· The discovery as well as innovation has reformed as progressively based for supporting the specific activities.
· The strategy is extremely vital in terms of quality management
· Cost reduction is another prime benefit in relation to the continental go forward strategy
· Disposal of fraud is another critical element that is incorporated within the beneficiary account.
2. Explanation of the reason for which it is important to use a real time data warehouse
Real time data warehouse is extremely critical to be implemented by airlines. It can be identified that the airlines have multiple domains that are required to be taken into account by the airlines. A number of critical alignments are associated with it. Data warehousing is one of the primary aspects within the context of airlines domain. It is quite evident that all the systematic management in this domain are required to be integrated in such a manner that the accountability is maximized. It is quite important to understand that all the situational perspectives are required to be integrated within this domain for the betterment of the organization. The refresh rate of real time data warehousing is extremely high. As a result of that, RDW is ext.
Running head VENICE FAMILY CLINIC 1VENICE FAMILY CLINIC.docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: VENICE FAMILY CLINIC 1
VENICE FAMILY CLINIC 4
Venice Family Clinic
Introduction
Venice Family Clinic (VFC) is well‐known for giving quality wellbeing services to populaces deprived through a powerful volunteer model. Established in 1970, it has a long history of volunteerism, which has been coordinated into the way of life of the association. There is great leadership involvement in the model just as an internal framework set up to enlist and support volunteer doctors, including clinic space, systems for scheduling patients, and a full‐time volunteer organizer. Additionally, VFC has longstanding relationships with private healthcare facilities in the region.
A department likely to exist within the organization
VFC has a unit that offers psychiatric health services that incorporates counseling, mental services, and psychosocial support identified with the social stress of poverty, homelessness, joblessness, and aggressive behavior at home. Services include emergency intercession just as an individual, family, and group treatment. Albeit, once in a while, challenges make it difficult to pick an ideal setting; it is significant as well, where conceivable, think about privacy. VFC thinks about confidentiality as one of the keys to excellent communication, as the client is probably going to reveal data of a private and sensitive nature (Carroll & Richardson, 2016).
The financial condition of the Clinic
Venice's family clinic financial report of 2012 current liabilities is 3,398, 342, while the total existing assets total up to 9,913,386. Therefore, 2.89 is the current ratio of the clinic. This ratio is somewhat high, which implies, the clinic is not using its financial capabilities resourcefully. The clinic, however, is in a position to meet its short-term financial obligation because it has good liquidity. Conversely, 0.21 is the debt to equity ratio, which means the facility can manage its daily operations without getting help from financiers. At the beginning of the year, net resources remain at 20,690,947, while toward the end of the year, the net resource was 18,876, 692, which suggests that the facility has a net loss of 1,841,255. This clearly shows the medical clinic will experience financial constraints in sustaining its operations. Therefore, the clinic needs to control its cost to avoid losing the money (Carroll & Richardson, 2016).
Healthcare trends likely to affect the Clinic
Today, health care systems are determined to provide a patient-centered treatment, which is a trend brought about due to technology proliferation. Most health centers are integrating technology in their operation, clinical aspects, as well as administrative. As healthcare transform to becoming more goals focused and systemic, they are coming up with approaches and techniques aimed to improve the patient’s experience. Analytics are also involved in helping hospitals foresee future trends and guide decision making.
In Venice Fami.
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Trans Cultural Nursing Concepts and Assessment by Azhar.pptxAzhar Munawar
Describe concept of trans-cultural nursing.
Explain key concepts related to trans-cultural nursing.
Identify the components of cultural assessment
Integrate concepts of trans-cultural nursing care throughout the life span.
Identify nursing frameworks and theories applicable to trans-cultural nursing.
Examine culturally related issues across the life span.
Explore the role of family and cultural practices related to the developmental stages.
Her Culture Care Diversity & Universality theory was one of the earliest nursing theories and it remains the only theory focused specifically on transcultural nursing with a culture care focus.
Her theory is used worldwide.
Dr. Leininger served as dean and professor of nursing at the university of Washington and Utah and she helped initiate and direct the first doctoral programs in nursing.
Transcultural nursing topic is very important for nursing students. Transcultural nursing is a comparative study of cultures to understand similarities (culture universal) and difference (culture-specific) across human groups.
Similar to Running head THE TRANSCULTURAL NURSING CARE THEORY 1THE TRANSC.docx (20)
Running Head W2 Case StudiesW2 Case Studies2.docxjenkinsmandie
Running Head: W2: Case Studies
W2: Case Studies
2
Bismit Pratapsingh
University of the Cumberland’s
ITS-531-09 Business Intelligence
Professor: Dr. Michael Jones
1st Nov 2019
Table of Contents
Introduction2
Application case 2
1. Description of the benefits of implementation of continental go forward strategy2
2. Explanation of the reason for which it is important to use a real time data warehouse2
4. Strategic advantage of using real time system rather than using a traditional information system3
Application case4
1. Premier 4
2. Primary challenges of premier to achieve the vision4
3.
Solution
provided by IBM and other partner4
4. Results and other benefits5
Conclusion5
Introduction
Airlines domain has a number of critical aspects that are required to be integrated within the account. It can be stated that all the significant management of this study are required to be managed in such a way the accountability is maximized. It is quite critical to understand that the essential elements are required to be managed extensively within the business domain. This study includes aspects such as go forward strategy and real time dta warehousing. Application case
1. Description of the benefits of implementation of continental go forward strategy
Go forward strategy refers to a critical element that is associated with four interrelated parts within the same time limit that relates as a strong apparatus for setting the association with in the right choice. The advantages in this domain are dynamic in nature. The primary advantages in this domain can be identified below.
· Go forward strategy have helped the continental airlines for setting up a range of noteworthy approaches for modifying the industry status from first to top selection
· The discovery as well as innovation has reformed as progressively based for supporting the specific activities.
· The strategy is extremely vital in terms of quality management
· Cost reduction is another prime benefit in relation to the continental go forward strategy
· Disposal of fraud is another critical element that is incorporated within the beneficiary account.
2. Explanation of the reason for which it is important to use a real time data warehouse
Real time data warehouse is extremely critical to be implemented by airlines. It can be identified that the airlines have multiple domains that are required to be taken into account by the airlines. A number of critical alignments are associated with it. Data warehousing is one of the primary aspects within the context of airlines domain. It is quite evident that all the systematic management in this domain are required to be integrated in such a manner that the accountability is maximized. It is quite important to understand that all the situational perspectives are required to be integrated within this domain for the betterment of the organization. The refresh rate of real time data warehousing is extremely high. As a result of that, RDW is ext.
Running head VENICE FAMILY CLINIC 1VENICE FAMILY CLINIC.docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: VENICE FAMILY CLINIC 1
VENICE FAMILY CLINIC 4
Venice Family Clinic
Introduction
Venice Family Clinic (VFC) is well‐known for giving quality wellbeing services to populaces deprived through a powerful volunteer model. Established in 1970, it has a long history of volunteerism, which has been coordinated into the way of life of the association. There is great leadership involvement in the model just as an internal framework set up to enlist and support volunteer doctors, including clinic space, systems for scheduling patients, and a full‐time volunteer organizer. Additionally, VFC has longstanding relationships with private healthcare facilities in the region.
A department likely to exist within the organization
VFC has a unit that offers psychiatric health services that incorporates counseling, mental services, and psychosocial support identified with the social stress of poverty, homelessness, joblessness, and aggressive behavior at home. Services include emergency intercession just as an individual, family, and group treatment. Albeit, once in a while, challenges make it difficult to pick an ideal setting; it is significant as well, where conceivable, think about privacy. VFC thinks about confidentiality as one of the keys to excellent communication, as the client is probably going to reveal data of a private and sensitive nature (Carroll & Richardson, 2016).
The financial condition of the Clinic
Venice's family clinic financial report of 2012 current liabilities is 3,398, 342, while the total existing assets total up to 9,913,386. Therefore, 2.89 is the current ratio of the clinic. This ratio is somewhat high, which implies, the clinic is not using its financial capabilities resourcefully. The clinic, however, is in a position to meet its short-term financial obligation because it has good liquidity. Conversely, 0.21 is the debt to equity ratio, which means the facility can manage its daily operations without getting help from financiers. At the beginning of the year, net resources remain at 20,690,947, while toward the end of the year, the net resource was 18,876, 692, which suggests that the facility has a net loss of 1,841,255. This clearly shows the medical clinic will experience financial constraints in sustaining its operations. Therefore, the clinic needs to control its cost to avoid losing the money (Carroll & Richardson, 2016).
Healthcare trends likely to affect the Clinic
Today, health care systems are determined to provide a patient-centered treatment, which is a trend brought about due to technology proliferation. Most health centers are integrating technology in their operation, clinical aspects, as well as administrative. As healthcare transform to becoming more goals focused and systemic, they are coming up with approaches and techniques aimed to improve the patient’s experience. Analytics are also involved in helping hospitals foresee future trends and guide decision making.
In Venice Fami.
Running head VIGNETTE ONEVIGNETTE ONE 2VIGNETTE ONE .docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: VIGNETTE ONE
VIGNETTE ONE
2
VIGNETTE ONE
2
Vignette One
California Southern University
Vignette One
Question 1
Jack is unwilling association with women is due to his fear to get trapped in their love. This is a result of his mother’s unconditional love. His mother consistently gave him a warm, unconditional love. She constantly attempted to draw Jack under the care of her while securing him. She didn't give Jack time to act naturally and to communicate. Jack was limited to a life with instructions and reliance to his parents. Jack may have built up his character further from the time he began lacking parental control because of his folks' separation. He likewise built up an existence of self-will in his connections with the people around him. Jack lack of self-will made him feel less worth. Several drives might have originated to explain Jack’s view of his life as just an image and nothing more than that. Such drives include a feeling of anger and resentment. He was too reliant on his parent’s instructions thus lacking an opportunity to grow as an independent individual. Jack has chronic worry emanating from ruminative thoughts and an anticipation to failure.
The most probable explanation to his condition is presence of an aggressive drive. Aggression is basically a typical psychological feature in males. The organizing feature in males results from hormones within their body (Parsons & Zhang, 2014). Male species always feel the urge to control and organize issues around them. Jack’s mother did not allow him to experience control thus slow development of anger. Aggression might be resulting from a response to hardships, threats and injuries. Jack developed a hostile aggression that developed from fear, anger, frustrations, feeling of loneliness and pain. He developed a character of unwillingness to become vulnerable to people surrounding him. Jack lacked enough parental care since the divorce withdrew his mother’s unconditional love. The divorce did not stop her from loving him. Explain. These experiences are related to Jack’s current relationship with women. He relates lack of love to all women using his mother as a reference. Jack struggles to be independent since his mother overprotected him.
Question 2
Jack describes his father as a controlling and cruel person who had archaic ideas. Jack’s rejection of his father has a number of underlying psychological aspects. The feeling of hate towards his father is apparent and it resurfaces in Jack’s adult life. He deals with sadness, anger and rejection. Jack felt the need to escape from his father’s control thus creating a defense mechanism. He developed a defense mechanism of defiance. At the end, he ended up becoming the exact opposite of what his father wanted him to be. An over controlling father led to anxiety symptoms and thus Jack feels the urge to rebel. There are certain psychological factors and aspects involved in the way Jack rejects his father’s wishes. The .
Running Head VIGNETTE ONE2VIGNETTE ONE ANALYSIS.docxjenkinsmandie
Running Head: VIGNETTE ONE
2
VIGNETTE ONE ANALYSIS
Vignette Analysis One
John Doe
California Southern University
<The vignette is located on the last page of this document. Do not include the vignette in your assignment>
Narrative Therapy
A narrative therapist would listen respectfully to John and Mary’s stories, and to understand the influence that these stories have had on their lives (Corey, 2013). “Because of the power of dominant culture narratives, individuals tend to internalize the messages from these dominant discourses, which often work against the life opportunity of the individual” (p. 410). Growing up in a culture where he may have experienced racism and prejudice, John may have internalized a story that children must toughen up to the world. “Within the family, African-American parents use a number of disciplinary actions that prepare children to live in a racist environment where unfairness and discrimination are common. In that vein, respect for authority is typically nonnegotiable in African-American families; children who are disrespectful receive the most severe forms of punishment-usually physical” (Evans, 2013, p.65). Thus, the heavy-handed discipline John experienced himself as a child may be an acceptable cultural narrative of his own parenting style with his sons today. John’s view of the school of hard knox may represent his narrative that his sons should attend school where they will learn to, cope with racism, which includes developing a tough skin. Mary may have internalized a story from her own childhood where traditional African-American mothers raise daughters to be empowered and independent but for their sons, independence is not stressed as strongly and punishment is not as severe, often enabling their male children (Evans, 2013). This could explain her desire to protect and her sons from harmful aspects of life and John’s harsh disciplinary measures. The therapist must be aware of stereotyping and learn how to recognize diversity issues and work with John and Mary in the context of their worldview. It is an ethical obligation for counselors to develop sensitivity to cultural differences (Corey, 2013). While John’s style of discipline may be culture-laden, the therapist must look at his or her own professional obligation according to the legal and ethical code of the state in which they work.
Listening with an Open Mind
Narrative therapists must listen to clients without judgment or blame, affirming and valuing them. This might be difficult for the therapist in the vignette since there is already a judgment on John through problematic narratives of the therapist’s own father. The therapist may have difficulty working with John without imposing their value systems and interpretations. The therapist must listen to this couple’s problem-saturated stories without getting stuck (Core.
Running head UNIT 6 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ASSIGNMENT 1 U.docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: UNIT 6 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ASSIGNMENT 1
Unit 6 Annotated Bibliography Assignment
Kacey Smith
Purdue University Global
Please note that this is a sample Unit 6 Assignment to help inspire and guide your own
original writing of the assignment. Be sure to review the assignment instructions and grading
rubric, complete each task in the instructions, and contact the instructor with any questions.
Commented [S1]: The title page and document
are properly formatted in APA 6th edition style.
For tips on formatting, see the Writing Center’s
Citation Guides page:
https://library.purdueglobal.edu/writingcenter/cita
tionguides
https://library.purdueglobal.edu/writingcenter/citationguides
https://library.purdueglobal.edu/writingcenter/citationguides
UNIT 6 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ASSIGNMENT 2
Unit 6 Annotated Bibliography Assignment
Thesis statement: Despite assertions that bullying is just kids being kids, the behavior actually
comes from not understanding differences, disabilities, and specialness – a problem parents,
educators, and others who work with children can use fiction to solve.
Constantinescu, C. & Samuels, C. A. (2016, September 6). Studies flag potential downside to
inclusion. Education Week. Retrieved from www.edweek.org.
Constantinescu and Samuels review studies that suggest inclusion of special education
students with typical peers can be problematic, particularly for younger children. In fact, several
studies indicated that typical children in kindergarten and first grade who have special needs
peers in their classes are more likely to have behavior issues, problems with social skills, and
lower scores in reading and math (2016). The article describes the experience of one education
teacher who expressed concern that inclusion of special needs students in the classroom
negatively influences the behavior of other students by precipitating and increasing incidents of
verbal and/or physical conflict between the students (Constantinescu & Samuels, 2016).
Education Week has been publishing since 1981, and they cover different angles on an
array of education-related issues. The authors have published other articles in Education Week
and elsewhere. The topics are all about education, but not all are focused on inclusion or special
needs students, which helped me conclude that they do not have a biased agenda. Within the
article, they cite research studies to support their ideas, and this article was published in 2016,
making it recent.
This article could be seen as a challenge to my argument. Clearly, the described situation
is unacceptable, but inclusion is not the problem; it is a lack of strategies and support to teach all
Commented [S2]: Don’t forget to include your
revised thesis statement!
Commented [S3]: Place the citation (using the
hanging indent) before the annotation.
Commented [S4]: The annotations need to
include a s.
Running head VULNARABE POPULATION 1VULNARABLE POPULATION .docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: VULNARABE POPULATION 1
VULNARABLE POPULATION 7
People diagnosed with HIV/AIDS
Student
Tutor
Course
Date
HIV/AIDS is one of the many factors that are usually affecting the world. Research shows that a total number of 1.1 million people are living with HIV, and 75% of the population in amerce don’t know that they get infected with the virus (Burkholder & Nash, Special populations in health care, 2013). HIV/AIDS affects people from all genders, races, and ethnic age. Today the most significant population of people living with HIV/AIDS are more affected in terms of Medicare and Medicaid. Healthcare facility though they offer antiretroviral which helps prolong patients with HIV it’s not sufficient enough to a permanent solution.
HIV/AIDS is more severe among the young generation. The youth are more likely to get HIV/AIDS than the old due to so many activities to which they indulge. When it comes to age HIV/AIDs, the young are more like to survive longer if they engage early with the treatment procedure and healthier factor than the old. When the old generation gets infected with HIV/AIDS that creates a crisis in the next generation in terms of survival, those affected are more likely to lose jobs, education, and health care to discrimination and end up relying on aid. The reliance on welfare is more likely to happen among those with HIV/AIDS as well to help mitigate their health condition.
According to research, those populations with HIV/AIDS are more likely to spend most of their incomes on healthcare than other items. HIV/AIDS populations are more like not to get hired on a job due to health issues and risk poverty lines. When a country has a large population of people with HIV/AIDS the country is headed in crisis and is likely to lead under a financial crisis to healthcare management. Infrastructure development and other beneficial programs that might benefit the country are halted to stop epidemic rise of HIV/AIDS in the country. There are no special jobs designed for those with HIV/AIDS, thus forcing the broad population into poverty. To mitigate the income crisis the government and private parties should work together and find way to help create specific jobs and cheap healthcare programs.
Analyze the intersection of social, political, and economic factors affecting vulnerability (must address all three factors)
Social factors that affect the population with HIV/AIDS. Communities with a higher living among poverty line is more affected with HIV/AIDS than those community among the wealthy status. Those based on the poverty line spend the little they have in healthcare; the more the population is affected by healthcare problems, the likelier infrastructure and development get halted. Those, however, living in wealthy communities they have enough money to pay for healthcare and support infrastructure and other development as well. Social factor have a significant role in how they treat and mitigate the spread of .
Running head UNDERSTANDING THE TARGET MARKETS .docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: UNDERSTANDING THE TARGET MARKETS 5
The following research is of a marketing plan for Apple Inc.’s iPhone. An accurate report of numerous factors, which enlighten Apple Inc.’s iPhone, along with the demographics of customers who buy the product. Some of the crucial components created in this paper consist of client analysis, opportunities of Apple Inc., and their main threat, and awareness on the targeted market.
Understanding Target Markets
Client Analysis
It is distinct that the desire for innovation and technology motivates the customers to purchase Apple iPhones. Apple is a corporation that has put its emphasis on technology innovation; therefore, it has become a favorable choice of purchase from the consumers. A majority of Apple’s clientele are fascinated by the fact that the organization can uphold its position concerning their innovative values as well as their leadership. The market of the Apple iPhone comprises of the customers in the high-social class (Khan et al., 2015).
Regarding this state, the customer’s pay rate permits them to buy the merchandise. Another thing, which observed is that many of Apple’s clientele are young adults who spend cash on such items and relish on having extravagances like an iPhone. Similarly, Apple Inc. can control the fascination of its clienteles by steadily improving the technology associated with the iPhone.
Opportunities
the organization has the opportunity of increasing its market section and proliferating sales of the phones in the market if it only makes use of the following commendations:
1. with a focus on the Asian and African markets, the middle-class persons in Africa are vexing to shift their class and have a better status; hence, they are chasing high-end gadgets that will display their anticipated level (Khan et al., 2015).
2. The Asian market is growing to be important in Apple Inc. Asian nations have gotten financial solidity over the previous years, signifying that the inhabitants are more enthusiastic about buying high-end merchandise like the Apple iPhone. Also, the Asian market is one of the best markets that Apple Inc. ought to survey since they will have the capability of selling their products.
Present Threats
Chinese organizations display a strong presence in similar market section as Apple Inc. Apple will require to do a lot concerning advertising the iPhone. The probabilities of trades in China duplicating Apple Inc.’s merchandise are high, meaning Apple ought to have the capability to make the iPhone striking to the developing market (Blenko et al., 2016). Furthermore, Apple Inc.ought to persist in growing its market as well as product to the precise target audience in order to remain competitive. Apple Inc. should be dependent on increasing technology and staying advanced; this will assist them in becoming and remaining an essential product in overseas markets. Generally, Apple Inc. has bo.
Running head VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEM.docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 1
VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 3
Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems
Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems
Evaluations on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among veterans is imperative for a positive health outcome. The evaluations and analysis of the results ensure that barriers to treatment are addressed and have access to the available support systems. Studies carried out have depicted the successes of the treatments and support programs in the health systems to veterans. Modifications on the systems have also been recommended to combat and control PTSD. Alternative approaches such as computerized systems, natural treatment methods, and home-based systems are also essential in providing a holistic approach in PTSD treatments. Treatment methods success ensures that veterans do not fall victim to depression, which can result in chronic diseases. This can be as a result of negative health behaviors and lifestyles. Understanding the consequences of PTSD among veterans will ensure that approaches utilized offer not only treatment methods but also offer support systems for general wellbeing.
The first source focuses on the treatment and success of three-week outpatient program by “evaluating patterns and predictors of symptom change during a three-week intensive outpatient treatment for veterans with PTSD.” The study is evidence-based on statistics drawn from the program and modifications for optimal success rates. 191 veterans were the participants in the research comprising of a daily group and individual Cognitive Processing Therapy (Zalta et al., 2018). The data was analyzed from the sample cohorts in accordance with military and demographic characteristics. Measures in the study involved treatment engagement as well as comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment changes (Zalta et al., 2018). The results showed progress in the evaluation of predictors and patterns in treatment changes. Procedures utilized involved group sessions with daily activities for the development of the treatment program. Self-report metrics were also applied in the procedures as control groups were challenging in the study. Modified and intensive outpatient (IOP) treatment to veterans showed high success levels in the program (Zalta et al., 2018).
The second source examines a new treatment in exploring the feasibility of computerized, placebo-controlled, and home-based executive function training (EFT) on psychological and neuropsychological functions. The source titled “Computer-based executive function training for combat veterans with PTSD” shows trials in assessing feasibility and predictors output. The study shows how the functions can be useful in brain activation combating PTSD in veterans. Symptoms experienced after treatment on PTSD cases are stimulated through neural and cognition reactivity, which can be contr.
Running head UNITED STATES COAST GUARD1UNITED STATES COAST G.docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: UNITED STATES COAST GUARD 1
UNITED STATES COAST GUARD 9
United States Coast Guard
Jovan Padia
SEC/481
December 2, 2019
Overview
The US Coast Guard is the main organization recognized by the state and tasked with the role of providing security, and navigation guidance in the marine areas of the US ports and waterways. The Coast Guard defends more than 100,000 miles along the coast of the US and inland water routes. It also protects the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), which comprises 4.5m miles2, which covers from above the Arctic Circle to below the equator, which is from Puerto Rico to Guam (United States Coast Guard 2016). The area covered is comprised of nine time zones, and this makes it the biggest EEZ.
The Coast Guard is part of the defence forces in the US and the only military branch in the Department of Homeland Security. It is not only part of the defence forces tasked with protection, but it is also the first respondent in disasters. The Coasts Guards are the first to respond and offer humanitarian help during distress, especially during natural and human-made disasters onshore and in the sea. The Coast Guard is also a law enforcement agency and a member of the intelligence community that has the regulatory role as well. The Coast Guard has a legal mandate on issues that revolve around maritime transportation, the shipping in and out of hazardous material, oil spillage responses, administering bridges, piloting, and operation of vessels and the building of vessels (United States Coast Guard 2016). Although the Coast Guard is usually under Homeland Security, it can be moved temporarily to the Navy, especially during cases of war.
Roles and Missions of The US Coast Guard/ Strengths of US Coast Guard
The US Coast Guard has several strengths when it comes to its roles and missions. One of the strong points of the Coastal Guard is maintaining maritime safety. In maintaining maritime safety, the Coastal Guard works towards eliminating deaths, injuries, and property damage that may occur in the course of transport, fishing, recreation, and any other activities on the water. The Coastal Guard also conducts missions such as investigations, preventing disasters from happening, and responding when disasters happen. They make sure that all the people operating vessels in the sea are licensed. They also conduct ice patrol to ensure that vessels do not run into the areas that are frozen.
The other strength of the Coastal Guard is that they participate in national defence. The Coastal Guard supports the National Security Strategy. Often, they operate under Homeland Security, but in instances of war, they are shifted to operate under the Navy. In national defense, the Coastal Guard is supposed to conduct maritime military interceptions, respond to military distress calls, secure ports, engage in peacetime military engagements, and oversee the coastal sea control operations.
The other strong role played by the Coast.
Running head VALUES AND NORMS INSIDE A TATTOO PARLORVALUES AND .docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: VALUES AND NORMS INSIDE A TATTOO PARLOR
VALUES AND NORMS INSIDE A TATTOO PARLOR 2
Values and Norms Inside a Tattoo Parlor
An Observational Study
Cascadia Community College
Introduction:
I have chosen to research the values and norms of the subculture surrounding tattoos. While many cultures the world over have had a reverent and traditional relationship with tattooing and other body modifications for generations, western culture has only become more accepting of this form of artwork in the past couple of decades. I was interested in studying this subculture because of the still-evolving shift of opinions about body modification. As mainstream culture becomes increasingly accepting of tattoos, the spaces where they are obtained are, in turn, more popular. Just over a decade after the turn of the twenty-first century, about 40% of Americans between 26 and 40 years old are tattooed (Larsen, Markham, & Patterson 2014), and even television shows centered on tattoos have become successful. However, there is still a fair amount of misunderstanding between mainstream western culture and tattoo culture. At present, there are still individuals and groups, usually who are more conservative, that look down on tattoos, not only on the grounds of relation to criminal activity, but also that the very act of getting tattooed is unsanitary and dangerous. Even in more accepting spaces, people with several visible tattoos are exoticized and can be subjected to repetitive and invasive questions surrounding their body art. In observing a tattoo parlor, I hoped to answer the following questions: In what ways can the process of tattooing be considered dangerous, if any? In what ways do the norms and values of this subculture differ from those of the western mainstream?
Literature Review:
In their review, Larsen, Markham, and Patterson (2014) share various studies reflecting a historically negative public opinion – a “stigma of deviance” – surrounding tattoos in western culture, dating as far back as the ancient Greeks. Deviance, as defined by McIntyre, is “the flip side of conformity” (2014), and the sanctions placed to prevent it from infiltrating the mainstream can have serious consequences. Tattoos represented the “other” in terms of social status and were even given involuntarily as a means of visually differentiating the tattooed person from the rest of society. Later, voluntary tattoos in the west were sought out mainly by criminals, or by those in the military. Tattooed people were not only avoided socially but could also be barred from employment in many spaces. While the twentieth century saw tattoos gain traction as a means of carving out identity, or a form of postmodernist self-expression, they describe a “tattoo Renaissance” taking place in the relatively recent 1980s. At this time, there was a growing focus on the artistry and creativity of tattooing, rather than the denouncement of the “type” of person who would seek it. The stigm.
Running Head VIGNETTE ONE5VIGNETTE ONE ANALYSIS.docxjenkinsmandie
Running Head: VIGNETTE ONE
5
VIGNETTE ONE ANALYSIS
Vignette Analysis One
John Doe
California Southern University
<The vignette is located on the last page of this document. Do not include the vignette in your assignment>
Narrative Therapy
A narrative therapist would listen respectfully to John and Mary’s stories, and to understand the influence that these stories have had on their lives (Corey, 2013). “Because of the power of dominant culture narratives, individuals tend to internalize the messages from these dominant discourses, which often work against the life opportunity of the individual” (p. 410). Growing up in a culture where he may have experienced racism and prejudice, John may have internalized a story that children must toughen up to the world. “Within the family, African-American parents use a number of disciplinary actions that prepare children to live in a racist environment where unfairness and discrimination are common. In that vein, respect for authority is typically nonnegotiable in African-American families; children who are disrespectful receive the most severe forms of punishment-usually physical” (Evans, 2013, p.65). Thus, the heavy-handed discipline John experienced himself as a child may be an acceptable cultural narrative of his own parenting style with his sons today. John’s view of the school of hard knox may represent his narrative that his sons should attend school where they will learn to, cope with racism, which includes developing a tough skin. Mary may have internalized a story from her own childhood where traditional African-American mothers raise daughters to be empowered and independent but for their sons, independence is not stressed as strongly and punishment is not as severe, often enabling their male children (Evans, 2013). This could explain her desire to protect and her sons from harmful aspects of life and John’s harsh disciplinary measures. The therapist must be aware of stereotyping and learn how to recognize diversity issues and work with John and Mary in the context of their worldview. It is an ethical obligation for counselors to develop sensitivity to cultural differences (Corey, 2013). While John’s style of discipline may be culture-laden, the therapist must look at his or her own professional obligation according to the legal and ethical code of the state in which they work.
Listening with an Open Mind
Narrative therapists must listen to clients without judgment or blame, affirming and valuing them. This might be difficult for the therapist in the vignette since there is already a judgment on John through problematic narratives of the therapist’s own father. The therapist may have difficulty working with John without imposing their value systems and interpretations. The therapist must listen to this couple’s problem-saturated stories without getting stuck (Core.
Running head USING IT TO MODEL BEHAVIOR FOR POLICY MAKING .docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: USING IT TO MODEL BEHAVIOR FOR POLICY MAKING 1
USING IT TO MODEL BEHAVIOR FOR POLICY MAKING 9
Using IT to Model Behaviour for Policy Making
Naga Devika Cheekati
University of The Cumberlands
Annotated Bibliography
Li, W., & Zhang, X. (2014). Simulation of the smart grid communications: Challenges, techniques, and future trends. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 40(1), 270-288.
Li and Zhang (2014), investigate how technology can be used in a simulation that would aid in determining how effectively smart grid technology can be implemented. The successful implementation of smart grid technology requires the combination of several different frameworks that rely on information communication technology to aid in the regulation of power created and supplied. A simulation of possible communication networks that can be used is made in the study as a way of testing the viability of a smart grid system and its application in reality. The paper successfully identifies various simulation frameworks that can be used to successfully gauge how the system can be created. The findings show that information technology can play an integral role in creating simulations that can support policymaking.
Sarabando, C., Cravino, J. P., & Soares, A. A. (2014). Contribution of a computer simulation to students' learning of the physics concepts of weight and mass. Procedia Technology, 13, 112-121.
Sarabando, Cravino, and Soares (2014) investigate the use of computer simulation to analyse how students learn key concepts of physics. Software is used to analyse common learning processes used in teaching physics. Students in the sample population were asked to carry out learning activities ordinarily on the traditional learning environment. The results were then compared to learning activities that were carried out using computer software. The findings showed that the use of computer simulation in learning improved the retention rate, while the language used by teachers also impacted the speed of learning. The findings of the study can be used in the formulation of learning policies, which shows that IT simulation can be successfully used in the formulation of public policy.
Mensah, P., Merkuryev, Y., & Longo, .. F. (2015). Using ICT in Developing a Resilient Supply Chain Strategy. Procedia Computer Science, 43, 101-108.
Mensah, Merkuryev, and Longo (2015) analyse how simulation can be used to improve supply chain performance. According to the study, many different factors impact on the performance of a supply chain, some of which are not taken into consideration when designing supply chain activities. Through simulation aided by information technology, all key factors that influence the performance of the supply chain can be analysed in-depth and included in simulation models. The models are then used to analyse how a supply chain will perform under different c.
Running head USING BENTONITE TO EXTRACT CU2+1USING BENTONITE.docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: USING BENTONITE TO EXTRACT CU2+1
USING BENTONITE TO EXTRACT CU2+15
Using Bentonite to Extract Cu2+
Name
Institution
Abstract
This study was aimed at determining and comparing the potential of various weights of activated bentonite (BN). BN is an essential adsorbent used to remove copper sulfate in aqueous systems. This bentonite composes of 1M ammonium chloride i.e. NH3CL ratio; 1:1, w/w. The investigation of the adsorption ability of the naturally activated material (BN) to adsorb copper sulfate (CUSO4.5H2O) was investigated using UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Raw BN (unheated) has the adsorption ability and thus eliminates copper (II) ions from this aqueous solution. BN has approximately 62% efficiency of eliminating Cu2+ from copper sulfate. Various studies have determined that the removal efficiency of copper (II) ions increase with the rise in temperature of BN with temperatures not exceeding 200 C having about 69% efficiency. The percentage was seen to rise to close to 90% when BN was treated thermally. The optimal values of the removal rate of Cu2+ resulted when the BN dosage was 0.4g/100mL.
1.0 Introduction
The existence of heavy metals in most of the aquatic systems has raised significant concern owing to their high toxicity. The contamination of water with heavy metals results from daily human activities. It has been observed that lead concentration in areas inhabited by people is 20 times higher than in regions that are not influenced directly by the actions of people. As a result, various regulations and laws have been enacted to control effluence with these heavy metals. Thus, the Environmental Protection Agency, an institution set by the federal government to adjust and observe pollutants discharge in the environment, has set the allowable limits of massive metal emissions as copper 1.3 ppm, mercury two ppb, cadmium 5ppb, lead 15 ppb and chromium 100 ppb (EPA). Copper is one of the conventional metal as it is used in metal mechanic manufactories, industrial plant, and also in food production. Although many laws have set limits of allowable copper emissions, excess of its compounds are prevalent in water bodies. Therefore, it has become necessary to find ways of safely removing copper from aqueous solutions.
This study is aimed at investigating the efficiency of an adsorbent material BN in adsorption of CuSO4 from aqueous solutions. The investigation was conducted using the usages rates of BN, the influence of BN dose, and results from other batch adsorption studies.2.0 Literature Review
In the last few decades, contamination of water resources with ions from heavy metals has increased, becoming a global concern. Studies have shown that some metals are toxic to the ecological environment and human lives. Copper sulfate is a compound of copper and sulfur which forms a heavy metal precipitate in water bodies. However, copper in controlled amounts is essential in life forms due to its extensive role in the ge.
Running Head: UNIT 6 ASSIGNMENT 1 1
UNIT 6 ASSIGNMENT 1 9
Xavier Williams
Unit 6 Assignment 1
Introduction
This course is designed for the department of engineering. In this engineering course, I will teach the learners about water resource engineering. They will learn Integrated Water Resources Development (IWRD) and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) as a general framework for Water Resources Engineering. The students will mention water challenges experienced in their locality. This will be done in groups of five students with the aim of stating challenges of water and how to solve them. At the end of each lesson the teacher will lead in demonstration of various water resources and how water from the sources can be harnessed. The following will be the student learning goals; Learners will be able to understand elements integrated water resources management. Learners will be able to know erosion and deposition in rivers, Learners will be able to learn laws governing water in their country and internationally, Learners will be able to know erosion and deposition in rivers, Learners will be able to sit in groups and discuss different water sources.
Since this is an engineering lesson, it will be necessary to conduct a practical experience. Learners play an active role and engage more during practical exercises than in theoretical practices. During practical exercises, students get a chance to utilize what they learnt in class and build confidence while at it to deal with real world situations. Allowing students to have discussions in groups’ plays a great role in learning experience by enhancing democratic learning, complements reflective learning and accommodates individual difference. Therefore, I aim to mix the low-ability learners with the high ability learners and help in leading discussions to ensure achievement of learning goals by the end of the course.
Learning goals
Learning goals state what the teacher intends the students to achieve as a result of a successful completion of the teaching experience. It could be at the end of a program, a course or learning experience. A course learning goal explains what the students will be capable to perform at the end of a course while program goal is what the student is capable of achieving at the end of their degree or diploma certificate. A well state learning goals should state the outcomes (Marzano, 2010). This is basically what the student will be in a position to do after they successfully complete the course. They should be simple and clear such that everyone comprehends them. They should focu.
Running head UNIT 2 ASSIGNMENT 1 Unit 2 Assignment St.docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: UNIT 2 ASSIGNMENT 1
Unit 2 Assignment
Student Name
Purdue University Global
Please note that this is a sample Unit4 Assignment to help inspire and guide your own
original writing of the assignment. Be sure to review the assignment instructions and grading
rubric, complete each task in the instructions, and contact the instructor with any questions.
Commented [S1]: The title page and document
are properly formatted in APA 6th edition style.
For tips on formatting, see the Writing Center’s
Citation Guides page:
https://library.purdueglobal.edu/writingcenter/cita
tionguides
https://library.purdueglobal.edu/writingcenter/citationguides
https://library.purdueglobal.edu/writingcenter/citationguides
UNIT 2 ASSIGNMENT 2
Unit 2 Assignment
One of the most interesting aspects of persuasion is that it can apply to so many different
areas in life, from the personal to the professional to the academic. A few months ago, I had an
opportunity to use persuasive writing on Facebook to help my cousin reach an important
decision. She had posted about wanting to adopt a cat but mentioned that she didn’t like having
to fill out the lengthy application that her local shelter required. She posted a little rant about this
and ended it with, “Maybe I should just buy a kitty at the pet store. It’d be a lot less
complicated!” As someone who has several rescue animals, I have strong feelings about this
subject, and I wanted to address this in a message to her. I told her about my experience adopting
my pets and how rewarding it was to know that these surrendered animals had found a loving
home with me. I even did a little research and shared some statistics I found: Over three million
unwanted cats are brought to shelters each year, and a significant percentage of them end up
getting euthanized (ASPCA, 2018). Since my cousin is a very down-to-earth person, I wrote
about all this in a way that I knew would speak to her: factually and straightforward, with a little
humor thrown in (I included some funny stories about Tippy, my newest rescue). She ended up
thanking me profusely for the message, and not two weeks later she was back on Facebook
again, posting pictures of the beautiful domestic shorthair cat she adopted from the shelter.
Another equally important area of persuasive communication is that which occurs in a
professional context. As a future psychologist, I will likely be responsible for proposing
treatment plans and collaborating on treatment plans in a team setting as well. For the time being,
I am working in a call center, and I recently had a firsthand experience with persuasive
workplace communication. My coworkers and I had been talking among ourselves about how
nice it would be to have “Casual Fridays” where we could have the option of wearing jeans to
Commented [S2]: This is a specific example of
persuasive writing in a personal context.
Commented.
Running head Uber Case Study2Uber Case Study.docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: Uber Case Study
2
Uber Case Study
Uber Case Study
XXX Student Name
June 30, 2018
I. Overview of Uber
Uber is a ride sharing company that was launched in San Francisco in 2010 when UberCab connected its first rider with a town car for a ride across the city (Uber.com). The company was designed to allow consumers to hail a ride from local drivers with the simple push of a button (using an app), and has since disrupted the taxi cab industry. The inception of Uber brought new technology and ideas into a transportation sector historically lacking in innovation and customer service. The company’s founders saw an opportunity to use technologies such as smartphones, GPS and Google Maps to improve transportation and the result has been a more convenient, faster and cheaper service.
Uber is headquartered in San Francisco, California and operates by charging consumers for rides. This is primarily how the company generates revenue (although they do participate in some advertising on their website). The Uber app facilitates the location of a driver and the transfer of funds. The fare is then charged to the consumer’s credit card (Investopedia.com, 2018). Uber quickly raised money and launched operations in hundreds of cities; it is now in over 65 countries and cities worldwide. Last year, Uber announced it had completed 4 billion trips (15 million trips are completed each day) (Uber.com).
Since 2010, Uber’s service offerings have become quite expansive. Although they initially offered only full service luxury vehicles, now when hailing a ride consumers have choices such as Uber Pool, Uber X, Uber XL and Uber Black. These choices were non-existent previously with taxi cab companies. More recently, Uber has entered other markets such as the food delivery business. They now offer services such as UberEATs which delivers food from local restaurants (Ubereats.com, 2018).
To understand Uber’s main competitors and market structure, it is important to understand some of the history behind taxi companies, especially in major cities. Taxi cab drivers had a monopoly prior to Uber entering in many cities such as New York. In 1937, New York City passed the Haas Act which established a licensing system to influence supply. The system required taxi drivers to purchase a medallion in order to operate. The government sells limited numbers of medallions which allows them to control competition and entry into the market. This is at the expense of consumers since it restricts supply and keeps costs high. Despite a growing population, the number of available medallions has remained partially fixed, only increasing marginally. Taxi drivers with a medallion enjoy high profits and have fewer incentives to ensure satisfaction. Today, the number of medallions in New York City remains capped, maintaining a barrier to entry.
After Uber launched in New York City, the prices of medallions dropped significantly; this has be.
Running Head Unit I1Running Head Unit IUnit I.docxjenkinsmandie
Running Head: Unit I
1
Running Head: Unit I
Unit I Scholarly Activity
Student Name
Institution
Attitude refers to the tendency of positively or negatively responding to a particular situation, idea, person, or object. An individual's attitude affects the choices they make, as well as how they respond to rewards, incentives, and challenges. Abortion, on the other hand, refers to the termination of a pregnancy by removing an embryo or fetus before its survival in the environment outside the uterus. When an abortion happens without intervention is known as a miscarriage. Induced abortion is what happens when there are intentional steps and procedures put in place to end a pregnancy. There are different attitudes toward abortion among various groups of people (Fabrigar & Wegener, 2010).
A significant percentage of women have a positive attitude towards abortion and support it if the pregnancy was unplanned. Women desire to terminate an unwanted pregnancy. Some women also argue that abortion should be legalized while another portion is against the idea of legalizing it. Most of those who support its legalization have practiced or have helped others abort. Most people who believe in God do not support abortion because they think only God has permission to terminate one's life. They view abortion breaking the commandment, which states that thou shall not kill. Many religious leaders are also not in support of abortion since it is a way of murdering an innocent soul (Doran & Nancarrow, 2015). In most countries, abortion under the law is illegal except when the life of the mother is in danger, and the only way of saving the life of that mother would be by terminating the pregnancy.
Attitude affects the daily decision in my life as well of those around me. For example, my negative attitude towards a certain meal makes me avoid making it when it's my turn to prepare food at home. This causes chaos at home since my not liking the meal does not necessarily mean that the other members of the family do not like it. Also, sometimes, a day doesn't always go the way I wanted. This makes my moods and reactions for the rest of the day change, which profoundly affects those around me. This is due to most of the choices I make will be negative based on how the day has been.
My research about abortion has affected my view of the abortion issue. I have learned that it is not always that abortion is deliberate since sometimes miscarriage can occur without the consent of the pregnant woman. Sometimes it is understandable for the abortion to be affected, especially if the life of the mother is in danger. For example, if the child has died while still in the womb, the only way to save the mother's life would be by inducing them so that the child is removed.
Choosing the topic of abortion might lead to cropping up of different issues such as debates on whether abortion should be accepted or not as well as counseling issues. Counseling on pregnancy mig.
Running Head TYPOLOGY 1 TYPOLOGY 5 Typology The s.docxjenkinsmandie
Running Head: TYPOLOGY 1
TYPOLOGY 5
Typology
The social justice case in Cortez Multimedia results to diverse counsellors increasing
their assertiveness and awareness of the vulnerabilities which place people at risk of
like in the case of Paula Cortez. 1 For instance, counsellors might use activities which
are mindfulness-based such as body awareness exercises and body scans to aid
clients to be able to differentiate between past and current experiences. In such a
case, I would use group therapy to help her feel better about herself and know that
she is not the only one undergoing the difficult moments (Toseland, et.al, 2017).
1 In addition, group therapy is essential in establishing support as well as rapport
and helps in guaranteeing motivation among different members in a given group in a
therapy among victims of thinking about suicidal concerns. The kind of therapy
entails of joining the purposes of the miscellaneous people of the group and
therapists or rather counsellors who have dealt with such specific individuals. A
group therapist is anticipated to be unequivocal and reassuring as well as places
stress and puts augmented concentration towards the progress and development of
the upcoming of different people, especially like in our case of Paula Cortez, who
might have gone through a lot.Also, according to Carl Rogers’s, “person-centered
group therapy and the democratic leadership style would be a better fit in that
person-centered group therapy is distinguished by the conditions of the group as
impacted by the leader” (Berg et.al, 2018).
2 There are several fields that are addressed by internet-based-psychological-
interventions (IBPI). These include; 2 substance and alcohol abuse, self-help
therapies for addiction, sex disorders, anxieties and many other mental and
behavioral issues or disorders that consist of self-imaging/eating, sleeping disorders,
and smoking cessation.Most of these internet interventions are cognitive
programmers of behavior who get proposed as guided self-help programmers on the
internet. Also, these system analysts are pure self-help database critics while others
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https://class.waldenu.edu/webapps/mdb-sa-BBLEARN/originalityReport?attemptId=68a7a93b-0671-4f3e-adbf-c9c81e5fbbb6&includeDeleted=true&course_id=_16598286_1
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https://class.waldenu.edu/.
Running head U.S. HEALTHCARE EXECUTIVES 1U.S. HEALTHCARE EX.docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: U.S. HEALTHCARE EXECUTIVES
1
U.S. HEALTHCARE EXECUTIVES
7
Week 2 Assignment-Operational challenges, trends and issues for the U.S. Healthcare Executives
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Introduction
A healthcare system is an organization of funds, individuals, and institutions which provide healthcare to satisfy the health requirements of a society. Globally, healthcare systems vary depending on the specific healthcare needs of particular states. Nevertheless, the common aspects of public and private care are often similar (Drummond, Sculpher, Claxton, Stoddart & Torrance, 2015). Over the years, we have witnessed the systems evolving, and with this constant change, it is vital to analyze operational challenges, trends, and issues for the U.S. healthcare executives. In this paper, the main areas that will be discussed are operational challenges, trends, and problems experienced in the United States health care executives.
Challenges experienced in the healthcare workplace
Various problems have been experienced in the healthcare workplace relating to healthcare provision in the United States. Financial difficulties are one of the main challenges being experienced in the healthcare workplace in the United States. The vital financial problems arise due to lack of enough finances for implementation of new technologies to improve healthcare delivery process (Mayes, 2017). Most healthcare facilities lack adequate funds to implement advanced technologies that can be used to increase the quality of healthcare delivery. As a result, this has reduced healthcare quality improvement plans in the United States. Therefore, there is a need for federal governments to meek proper arrangements to fund all healthcare activities to improve services delivery in the health sector.
Besides, healthcare professionals to comply with federal requirements for electronic health records is another challenge that has been experienced in the United States healthcare workplace. For the past year, some healthcare professionals have failed to comply with federal government guidelines regarding health care delivery (Mayes, 2017). Furthermore, the increasing number of patients who cannot pay for health care services is a significant challenge that has been experienced in the United States healthcare delivery systems. These finance challenges adversely affect healthcare delivery system in the United States.
Work overload is another major challenge that has been experienced in the United States health sectors (Mayes, 2017). Observations for past years reveal that work overload at the workplace affects the performance of health care professionals in the United States. Most healthcare professionals are assigned many responsibilities at workplaces, which reduces their efficiency.
Another cause of the rising cost of healthcare is the introduction of government programs. For example, Medicare assists those without insurance, which led to an incre.
Running head TYPE THE TITLE OF YOUR PAPER HERE1TYPE THE T.docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: TYPE THE TITLE OF YOUR PAPER HERE
1
TYPE THE TITLE OF YOUR PAPER HERE
2
Add Title Here, up to 12 Words, on One to Two Lines
Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees
Institutional Affiliation(s)Author Note
Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.
START TYPING YOUR PAPER HERE
Ident the first line.
Make sure that you keep typing your paepr here…
Prof. Martin Hyatt
ENGLISH COMPOSITION I
Essay 2
The following essay is based on the poetry selections from the textbook or the short story,“Cathedral,” by Raymond Carver.
Please choose one of the following topics.
Complete a 2-3 page (500-750 word) essay on your chosen topic. This essay is due Week 12, of the semester. The essay should be typed, double-spaced using 12 point font. You should use Times New Roman or Courier font.
Do not use “I” in the paper.
NO LATE PAPERS WILL BE ACCEPTED.
Topics (CHOOSE ONLY ONE)
You can choose to write about Fences or about “Cathedral.”
Poetry Selections
1. Choose one of the poems we read. What is the main idea of this poem? (Remember, the main idea is the theme.) Why is the theme important to the poem and to society as a whole?
2. Compare and contrast two of the poems. What makes these two poems similar and different? Why are these two poems considered to be important? What can we learn from them?
“Cathedral”
1. How does the narrator of “Cathedral” change throughout the story? What does this narrator learn?
2. What does this story tell us about transformation? What does the story tell us about the way in which we see others in society?
1
Cathedral
By Raymond Carver (1981)
This blind man, an old friend of my wife’s, he was on his way to
spend the night. His wife had died. So he was visiting the dead wife’s
relatives in Connecticut. He called my wife from his in-law’s. Arrangements
were made. He would come by train, a five-hour trip, and my wife would
meet him at the station. She hadn’t seen him since she worked for him one
summer in Seattle ten years ago. But she and the blind man had kept in
touch. They made tapes and mailed them back and forth. I wasn’t
enthusiastic about his visit. He was no one I knew. And his being blind
bothered me. My idea of blindness came from the movies. In the movies, the
blind moved slowly and never laughed. Sometimes they were led by seeing-
eye dogs. A blind man in my house was not something I looked forward to.
That summer in Seattle she had needed a job. She didn’t have any
money. The man she was going to marry at the end of the summer was in
officers’ training school. He didn’t have any money, either. But she was in
love with the guy, and he was in love with her, etc. She’d seen something in
the paper: HELP WANTED—Reading to Blind Man, and a telephone
number. She phoned and went over, was hired on the spot. She worked with
this blind man all summer. She read stuff to him, case studies, reports, that
sort of thing..
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
Running head THE TRANSCULTURAL NURSING CARE THEORY 1THE TRANSC.docx
1. Running head: THE TRANSCULTURAL NURSING CARE
THEORY 1
THE TRANSCULTURAL NURSING CARE THEORY 8
The Transcultural Nursing Care Theory of Madeline Leininger
Student’s name
Instructor
Course
Date
Transcultural Nursing Theory Articule #1
Leininger, M. (1994). Quality of life from a transcultural
nursing perspective. Nursing Science Quarterly, 7(1), 22-28.
Leininger explains her belief in this article that the quality of
life is derived from her theory of culture care diversity and
2. universality. She tries to demonstrate how medical attendants
should adopt a transcultural nursing perception in improving the
quality of life as compared to how it has been perceived in most
of the traditional and patterned descriptions. She talks about the
five cultures that she says when appropriately incorporated in
nursing care, a more advanced discipline and profession of
culturally constituted care patterns will be attained. These
cultures include: Mexican Americans, Philippine Americans,
Anglo-Americans, Gadsup of New Guinea and Native North
Americans. The article delved more on universality rather than
diversity (p 26).
It is complex when one tries to understand the quality of life,
and thus, different approaches of culturally patterned care are
used to describe the conditions and expressions of humans. The
symbolic, expression and meaning referents in most cases are
influenced by diversity in humans. According to Leininger, the
quality of life should be understood from an inside culturally
patterned establishment in order for the results to be accurate
and reliable (p 28). The underlying challenge existing in
nursing practice is to help health care providers distinguish and
identify the inside and outside patterned expressions and
meanings linked with the quality of life to help nurses make
sound treatment decisions, behaviors and counseling.
In summary, the article revealed that the quality of life is in a
large part described by culturally patterned and articulated
through our way of living as well as the prevailing cultural
ideas. Leininger concludes by stating that, what determines the
quality of life is not universal. However, further research is
needed to validate and understand more the meaning of quality
of life.
Transcultural Nursing Theory Articule #2
Nashwan, A., & Mansour, D. (2015). Caring for a Bedouin
female patient with breast cancer: An application of Leininger’s
theory of culture care diversity and universality. Global Journal
of Medicine and Public Health, 2(3), 1-6.
In this article, the transcultural cultural theory as developed by
3. Madeleine Leininger shows how patient care should be
administered based on one’s practices, values, and cultural
beliefs. Madeleine Leininger presents her arguments in this
article using a clinical encounter that relates to her transcultural
nursing care theory of a Bedouin woman client who is being
assessed, diagnosed and treated for malignant growth (p 4).
Upon the arrival of the client in the facility with complaints of
pain and other symptoms of cancerous growth in her right
breast, nurses are mandated to educate the woman about the
beliefs and traditions of the Bedouin community so as to
provide treatment that aligns with her culture. When it comes to
providing medical care by considering cultural factors of the
Bedouin community, healthcare providers must use a holistic
approach that is not limited to being culturally sensitive
towards them.
The interdisciplinary team taking assessments, diagnosis,
performing testing procedures, and administering treatment
should apply transcultural theory while performing these tasks
in order to validate this theory. I believe, therefore, when
nurses considered the cultural background of the client helped
the client/family to build trust and feelings of attachment with
health care providers rather than conflicts among them.
Furthermore, Leininger’s theory also helps nurses to deliver
care using a holistic care approach, which strongly correlates
with the Bedouin culture that medical treatment using drugs
should be provided alongside medicinal herbals to prevent
deterioration of illnesses.
To be perfectly honest, the most significant thing I have learned
was to respect the difference despite its structure or content,
likewise, the significance of cultural competence as a capacity
of people and frameworks to react deferentially and viably to
individuals of all classes, cultures, races, ethnic differences and
religions in a way that perceives, insists, and values the cultural
contrasts and likenesses and the value of people, families, and
communities and ensures and saves the dignity of each.
Transcultural Nursing Theory Articule #3
4. Busher Betancourt, D. A. (2016). Madeleine Leininger and the
transcultural theory of nursing. The Downtown Review, 2(1), 1.
In the late 50s, Leininger was able to identify as well as relating
different cultural background behaviors of children who were
employed in a “child guidance home” (p 1). She learned that it
is important to focus on early child’s healthcare development in
the early stages. This forced Leininger to research what was
lacking in the nurse’s knowledge at that time that cultural
diversity is an important factor to be considered while providing
care. Later, he came up with a transcultural theory of nursing
that changed the way nursing care was being practiced. The
focus of her theory is to enlighten nurses to consider different
cultures as well as be prepared to care for patients using
acceptable approaches that meet the patient’s cultural demands.
Healthcare facilities in some of the developed countries like the
United States serve as the international destination in providing
advanced care. Patients from different backgrounds come into
the hospital with the hope of receiving services that meet their
needs especially services that do not overlook cultural beliefs
and values. Leininger’s theory acts as a platform for nurses to
provide culturally sensitive care. Therefore, hospitals aiming to
deliver culturally congruent and positive care; people’s quality
of life must be respected whereby all nurses are forced to
understand different cultural values and beliefs of people to
deliver culturally congruent and positive health care.
The expertise of a nurse is significant during the management
process of the disease since there can be not curing without
caring. Transcultural nursing theory is only effective and
successful when nurses provide care by understanding their
diverse patients in every stage of the treatment journey. Hence,
Madeleine’s theory unlocks the cultural competence of our
present nursing practice that has a fascinating history and
traditionally diverse future.
Transcultural Nursing Theory Articule #4
Leininger, M. (2007). Theoretical questions and concerns:
Response from the theory of culture care diversity and
5. universality perspective. Nursing Science Quarterly, 20(1), 9-
13.
This source is describing the reason behind Leininger’s
pioneering work of developing a ground-breaking culturally
congruent care theory. In the 1950s, culturally congruent care
was practiced in the hospitals that nurses failed to associate
care with patient’s diversity and universality perspective. The
practice of the model in responding to theoretical concerns in
those hospitals was geared towards addressing the cultural
dynamics and how nurses related with their clients during care
delivery. As a result of its focus, healthcare providers needed a
theory that could explain the outcome of the type of care they
would offer in response to sub-standard care provided.
In the aspects of nursing, Leininger’s theory ought to
characterize different cultural traits and differentiate those
behaviors as either diverse, implying it’s supposed to be
exceptional to the particular culture experienced, or universal
implying it is encountered in many cultures. Globally,
Madeleine’s experience as an anthropologist alongside her
intercultural theory adequately laid a framework for
representing different cultures. Practicing medical caretakers
can apply this distinguishing evidence and order of cultural
values in delivering congruent competent care based on a
cultural foundation. Health care industries apply this cultural
care approach to meet their patient’s needs without overlooking
their background cultural aspects.
Unlike theories that focus primarily on diagnosis, Leininger’s
theory is holistic because it incorporates everyone as a whole.
Three modes of care are used in this holistic theory to change
the traditional intervention approaches of treating patients. The
first mode of care is culture care re-designing and rebuilding;
the second mode is culture care convenience, and lastly,
supported and safeguarded culture care. Nurses are in a position
of incorporating planned congruent care in these three modes as
well as presenting a domain helpful for ideal wellbeing working
for the patient.
6. Transcultural Nursing Theory Articule #5
Clarke, P. N., McFarland, M. R., Andrews, M. M., & Leininger,
M. (2009). Caring: Some reflections on the impact of the
culture care theory by McFarland & Andrews and a conversation
with Leininger. Nursing Science Quarterly, 22(3), 233-239.
The article discusses the efforts and supports Madeleine
Leininger brought in founding the transcultural nursing and care
for any human culture. In her theory, she came up with an
ethnonursing method of practicing care that describes the
importance of understanding a patient’s cultural background
because people have different beliefs, ideas, values and the care
for each is different. In modern hospitals, her contributions are
greatly felt in the field of culture care. She wanted her theory to
give meaning to other people as well as health outcomes to
relate to culture. On page 238, the theory explains how nurses
should apply ethnonursing strategy in merging knowledge of
diversities, and universals among cultures in association to
values, beliefs, disease patterns, wellness, health, and
humanistic care. The theory employs a comparative focus to
explore values, expressions, patterns, and lifeway’s within and
between cultures (p.238).
In this article, three modes of cultural aspect are deemed
important by Madeleine Leininger. These modes are: re-
pattering, accommodation, and preservation. Nursing cultural
competency has been measured along with these three modes as
well as how congruent care should be administered. To
demonstrate her key components of the theory, Leininger’s
sunrise model has been used in practice for a long time.
However, the theory is full of assumptions. Some of the
assumption Leininger sunrise model is having is that care is
essential to healing and curing as well as cultural differences
between the patient and the caregiver is experienced in any
human culture globally (p 236). Nursing practices change
changed all over the world through her theory as it focused on
care. She emphasized that nurses' personal believes or
professional backgrounds should not interfere with the type of
7. care supposed to be offered to patients. Her theory has
improved the culture of care and the overall nursing profession.
UNPROTECTED DATA: REVIEW OF INTERNET
ENABLED PSYCHOLOGICAL
AND INFORMATION WARFARE
Francisco GARCIA MARTINEZ
Illinois Institute of Technology, School of Applied Technology,
Chicago, Illinois, USA
[email protected]
Maurice DAWSON
Illinois Institute of Technology, School of Applied Technology,
Chicago, Illinois, USA
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Since the last elections in the United States, France, and other
nations, fake
news has become a tool to manipulate voters. This creation of
fake news creates a
problem that ripples through an entire society creating division.
However, the media
has not scrutinized enough on data misuse. Daily it appears that
there are breaches
causing millions of users to have their personal information
taken, exposed, and
sold on the Dark Web in exchange of encrypted currencies.
Recently, news has
surfaced of major social media sites allowing emails to be read
8. without user
consent. These issues bring upon concern for the misuse of data
and more
importantly, how can this be used for information warfare and
the exploitation of
targeted groups through the use of the Internet. It is essential
that organizations
continuously review current data policies to ensure that they do
not become victims
of information warfare.
KEYWORDS: data misuse, information warfare, Internet
security, intelligence
1. Information Warfare
In the battlefield, there is a type of
warfare known as psychological operations.
This aspect of warfare is used to create a
favorable image, gaining adherents, and
undermining opponents had already become a
significant weapon of 20th-century warfare.
However, “they are neither a substitute for
power nor a panacea” (Headquarters
Department of the Army, 1979, pp. 1-5) but
employed correctly they can be instrumental,
making the difference between success or
failure in military operations. And not
exclusively military operations, but also in
numerous other fields, such as technology or
marketing.
Information warfare is, in general
terms, a way of protecting one’s information
infrastructure while attacking someone else’s
by using computers. In the past century, it
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21. governments making use of Information
Warfare tactics to provide information to a
private organization within the country
from a competitor of a foreign country.
Elbirt gives an example of this kind of
activity in his paper: “Hitachi paid IBM a
reported $300 million in a settlement
agreement after being caught spying on a
new generation of IBM computer equipment
and that French intelligence was proven to
have spied on Boeing to help Airbus”
(Elbirt, 2003, p. 5).
Economic espionage, or global level
attacks, refer to the government’s use of
Information Warfare techniques to combat
other countries or their allies in the desire of
improving their economy or obtaining a
better combative position. Nonetheless,
these attacks are not limited to government
activities, but they also include terrorist
groups, such as Anonymous, Al-Qa’ida, or
the famous Chinese cyber espionage group,
Axiom. However, they require a large
number of people involved and a significant
monetary investment. A key aspect of being
successful at the global level relays on
being capable of organizing this vast
number of people while maintaining a high
level of privacy.
Concerning data collection, databases
can represent a great source of useful data
22. within the information warfare. Numerous
access control countermeasures have been
developed and are implemented, preventing
unauthorized users from accessing and
retrieving confidential information.
Nevertheless, those techniques do not
address the inference control problem,
where a user could perform legitimate
general queries to the database as a whole
while restricting him from extracting
individual’s private information (Elmasri,
2008). Clifton and Marks (1996) introduce
some possible solutions in their paper.
To ensure that a company cannot infer
private data from public data to, later, use it
to gain a better position than its competitors
in the information warfare.
2. All Source Intelligence
Analyzing data could provide valuable
information regarding an organization’s or
individual’s activity with the use of Open
Source Intelligence (OSINT) tools. OSINT
data is unclassified information or data that is
publicly available. OSINT is not to be a
substitute for other sources of intelligence but
rather complement existing methods to
collect information such as Geospatial
Intelligence (GEOINT), Signal Intelligence
(SIGINT), Human Intelligence (HUMINT),
and Measurement Intelligence (MASINT).
This data collection method relies on
information that is found publicly without the
need to request access to it, and it can be used
to generate reports (Stalder & Hirsh, 2002).
23. Having access to this data allows an attacker
to develop an intelligence analysis on the
target. This analysis can be a culmination of
information about the target’s movements,
online behaviors, technical data, and more.
With the Internet, several applications such as
Maltego can make the profession of an
OSINT analyst done with ease. This means
they can create transforms, perform sentiment
analysis of words, and review other public
databases with ease.
3. Misuse of Data
The widespread use of newer
technologies and their correspondent tools
and apps leads to infinite quantities of data
released to the Internet. However, the most
critical finding in the last recent years is
that all this data has a value. All this
information which was practically
discarded was a source of intelligence that
traditionally took a significant work effort
to collect. Hence, enterprises have
increased their investments in software,
hardware, staff, education, and other
associated items that constitute the digital
world, by 50 %, to $4 trillion (Gantz &
Reinsel, 2011). Grantz and Reinsel state in
their paper that “the amount of information
individuals create themselves – writing
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24. documents, taking pictures, downloading
music, etc. – is far less than the amount of
information being created about them in the
digital universe” (Gantz & Reinsel, 2011,
p. 1). Therefore, we cannot imagine how
significant this amount of data is, and even
less wonder how to handle it. That is why
companies are putting all their efforts to be
able to generate value by extracting just the
right information, or even by misusing the
data for different purposes for what it was
collected. Being capable of doing so would
enormously help to position themselves in
the “pole position” of the information
warfare.
It cannot be denied that the new
features included in popular apps usually
make someone’s life easier. However, the
actual goal of the company for developing
that new functionality remains unthinkable
and unknown to the end user. These goals
can range from the selling of data to third
parties or collecting data to sell other
products to the end user (Ahmed, 2004).
It was probably not to make everyone’s lives
more comfortable but to know more about
them; to gather more useful information
about the people which can later be
transformed into personal-oriented marketing
strategies and, eventually, more revenues to
the corporation. What enterprises usually
achieve with these techniques is to get more
private information about their users’ data, or
25. metadata, which, as a result, is growing
extremely faster than the actual data itself.
In recent years several patents can be found
that deal with mobile data collection to
(Sinisi, 2007). Facebook’s new “face
recognition” or “tag suggestion” feature is an
excellent example of this. This functionality
identifies a user’s face in a picture and
notifies him of the uploaded photo. Thus, the
user can decide whether to be tagged in the
photo or, even more, report someone who has
uploaded a picture of him without consent.
Although several privacy experts claim that it
is an excellent advance in protecting
someone’s privacy preventing fraud and
identity theft, what Facebook does is
maintaining what it is called a “template”
(Fussell, 2018). This template is a string of
numbers that is unique for each user, which
could be considered similar to a fingerprint.
As a consequence, Facebook becomes the
owner of extremely protected biometric
data of its customers, that could later be
tasked for malicious purposes.
According to John T. Soma et al.
personally identifiable information (PII)
“is now a commodity that companies trade
and sell” (Soma, Couson & Cadkin, 2009,
p. 1). Furthermore, it is equaling or even
surpassing the value of traditional financial
assets in large corporations. Nevertheless,
the question is: are companies benefitting
from the use and trade of PII without
protecting the privacy interests of those PII
26. owners? This entails consequences for
commercial and technological sectors.
In the marketing industry, the benefits
of using PII are double (Soma, Couson &
Cadkin, 2009). Imagine that an online store
sells alcohol to its consumers. Collecting
data such as gender or nationality may not
make any difference, but, if it also collected
age values, it could significantly narrow its
target to old enough consumers. Thus, the
store would not only increase its revenues
by approaching more likely possible buyers
but also reduce costs by discarding
underage consumers. Moreover, consumers
can also benefit from companies keeping
their PII, tailoring them future activity.
Cloud computing is becoming an
excellent solution for many small and
medium companies since it represents a
great way of saving money by sharing
resources with other organizations and
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avoid buying and maintaining their servers.
However, regarding security, cloud
providers may have to face different risks
and challenges to the ones in conventional
IT environments. From the end user’s point
of view, they are still reticent to cloud
27. computing technologies, concerned about
their data privacy and security issues —
even more after knowing about the most
significant cloud computing providers
security breaches. Google Gmail was
exposed to a severe vulnerability up to
4 hours in its VMware virtualization for
Mac version in 2009, where attackers could
take advantage of this vulnerability to
execute malicious code on the host (Chen &
Zhao, 2012). Microsoft Azure also suffered
a severe outage accident on its cloud
services for 22 hours earlier this year.
Concerning the health sector, due to
the augment of health information available
in the Internet, patients tend to look for
their symptoms online, sharing especially
private data to everyone, without
considering its associated security risks.
Researchers comment that “Both specialists
and patients can benefit from linking family
health profiles so that all relevant
information is available for reference when
the need arises” (Gajanayake, Iannella &
Sahama, 2011, p. 31) obviously, developing a
safe and private environment. The access of
illegitimate persons to one’s health
information can have critical consequences
when later being disclosed or misused since it
contains sensitive data tremendously useful
for ransom ware or social engineering attacks.
Thus, they propose an information
accountability mechanism as the solution to
information misuse in the health field.
Moreover, they claim that with their approach
28. “when inappropriate misuse is detected, the
agent defines methods of holding the users
accountable for misuse” (Gajanayake,
Iannella & Sahama, 2011, p. 37).
4. PII Exploits
Krishnamurthy and Wills define
personally Identifiable Information (PII) as
“information which can be used to
distinguish or trace an individual’s identity
either alone or when combined with other
public information that is linkable to a
specific individual” (Krishnamurthy &
Willis, 2009, p. 7). The term encompasses
any information that can uniquely identify
an individual, such as name, birthday,
address, phone number, social security
number, fingerprints, or a face photo.
Social networking sites are web-based
services that allow their members to build a
public or semi-public profile and connect
with other strangers based on shared
interests, hobbies, or political thoughts
(Boyd & Ellison, 2007). We could say that
social media is an expansion of traditional
media, offering individuals highly capable
and nearly unlimited ways of
communicating and networking with others.
There are many different kinds of social
media business models, varying from
sharing live-photos of places you are
currently visiting activities focused on
growing your professional network and
seek jobs. Nevertheless, just like everything
29. in this world, social networking sites also
have their drawbacks. Users do not often
realize the massive amounts of personal
data that they are sharing with their network
and thus, how they are being exposed to
exploits of these data.
All social networks offer a wide range
of possibilities concerning the privacy
settings of their members. If an individual
leaves these settings public by default, this
can constitute a breach of privacy.
Consequently, a malicious user can perform
a reconnaissance attack and gather as much
possible information to conduct a
successful social engineering attack later.
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However, having a public profile is not the
only vulnerability to private information on
a social networking site. In their paper, P.
Gundecha et al. discuss how a social media
user can become way more exposed to
exploits of his data by merely adding a
vulnerable friend. They define a vulnerable
friend “from an individual user’s
perspective is dependent on whether or not
the user’s friends’ privacy settings protect
the friend and the individual’s network of
friends (which includes the user)”
(Gundecha, Barbier & Liu, 2011, p. 511).
30. Hence, a single user’s privacy settings can
compromise its entire network.
Frequently, social media websites
partner with third-party servers to provide
content and advertisements to their users.
Although these websites claim in their
privacy policies that they share cookies to
third parties to offer a better user experience
to their members, these cookies do not
exclusively consist of Internet Protocol (IP)
addresses (Symantec Corporation, n.d.). What
is more, some third-party servers are in fact
trackers or aggregators, that follow the user
habits before, while and after the user’s
interaction with the social media application
(Krishnamurthy & Willis, 2009).
Krishnamurthy and Wills define this action of
combining this PII with other information and
sharing it to external websites as “leakage”.
In their paper, they present a study
demonstrating how Online Social Networks
(OSN) often provide information linked to a
particular person to third parties via a
combination of HTTP headers and cookies.
Most of the times, when a person
publishes a document or picture on the
Internet, he is not aware of the PII or other
identifiers attached to it, even less how to
remove them. There are countless situations
in which personal information is retrieved
from documents with inappropriate
security. Therefore, this private data can
further be used to commit malicious
31. activities. An example of information leak
caused by inadequate attempts to secure
protected information took place in 2000
when a secret CIA document about a coup
in Iran was published in The New York
Times website (Aura, Kuhn & Roe, 2006).
The company unsuccessfully tried to erase
the names of the persons involved by just
painting white squares over their names.
As a consequence, the names were still in
the publication’s metadata and could easily
be retrieved.
5. Where Stolen Data Can Be
Found: Dark and Deep Web
The types of data captured through
poor security practices and improper coding
techniques provide not only side channels
into the organizations but a plethora of
details. For example, a photo provides lots of
metadata that can give insight into camera
type, specific detailed information of photo
taken, latitude, and longitude coordinates.
These items can be used to create an
intelligence analysis of a target with the
number of connected devices and those on
the Web with a lack of security protections.
However, the key is where these stolen data
and information end up do.
The definition of the Internet as the
mainstream perceives does not entirely
represent what the entity is. Because of an
increasing number of static HyperText
Markup Language (HTML) pages, there is an
32. enormous amount of information hidden in the
layers of deep and dark Web where most
search engines cannot have access (see Figure
no. 2). The pathway to these remote Web
locations is provided through static Uniform
Resource Locator (URL) links due to their
existence being depended on responses to
queries submitted through the query interface
of an underlying database. It is estimated that
43,000 to 96,000 deep Web sites exist along
with 7,500 terabytes of data (He, Patel, Zhang
& Chang, 2007).
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There are several specialty search
engines such as TORCH and the Onion URL
Repository which index as many deep
websites that can be found. The key to these
types of search engines is that they do not act
like traditional searches. You need to have
access to TOR networks which work as a
semi-autonomous network that provides
private browser and viewing of sites. Once
you are on this network, you still be able to
access repositories of different search engines
usually broken down by subject matter and
start you dig into the deep web.
38. Another item of note is the deep web,
and the dark web is not the same thing. While
you may make use of TOR to access the dark
web search engines that index the deep web.
Both these environments are independent of
each other. Deep websites sites can be found
using traditional browsing methods as long as
you know the URL for it where dark websites
leverage a software package like TOR to
access the pages.
The Onion Router (TOR) gained
popularity when the news was released
around the globe about Edward Snowden
exposing what the American government was
doing with citizens’ data. The tool of choice
used was TOR. The Tor Browser can be used
on Gnu Not Unix (GNU) Linux, Windows,
and Mac without the need for installation of
any software (Tor Project, n.d.). Tor was
developed further by the Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DARPA) after the
first principle of onion routing developed
from a United States Naval Research
Laboratory scientist. In Figure no. 4 shown
are two Tor Browsers on Ubuntu Linux.
The other browser shows The Uncensored
Hidden Wiki and some onion links that have
been verified. The first browser window
displays the welcome message for
anonymous exploration.
Figure no. 4: TOR Browsers
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TOR is native in the Tails Operating
Systems (OS) Tails is a Debian based Linux
distribution which primary goal is the
preserve privacy and anonymity to beat
surveillance.
In recent years, organizations such as
the NSA have been attacks this browser. One
attack revealed was the exploitation of the
Tor Browser Bundle. When using the Tor
Browser security that leaves a system
vulnerable such as Flash become enabled in
this attack (Schneier, 2013). This attack
targeted the Firefox browser by identifying
the Tor Users and executing attacks against
the browser (Schneier, 2013). Other tools
detected Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
through Capability Network Exploitation
(CNE), which is the starting point for finding
Tor users. Researchers at the University of
Waterloo and Stony Brook University discuss
active attacks for website fingerprinting to
identify destination web pages by passively
observing their communication traffic (Wang,
Nithyanand, Johnson & Goldberg, 2014).
However, these attacks have not
deterred the use of Tor Browser. For users
conducting illicit activities, this browser
allows for undetected movement. One
40. needs not to look too far to see the activities
that occur on the Dark Web from the sale of
illicit narcotics to human trafficking.
Services from experienced hackers to
assassins can be located using Tor and
exploring Hidden Wiki.
Some browsers allow the user to
protect their privacy. One such browser is
Searx that does not share the users’ IP, search
history, and aggregates the results of more
than seventy search engines (Tauber, n.d.).
Searx browsers allow for advertisement
filtering, personalization, and use of HTTP
POST by default. Figure no. 5 shows the
results of a search of Illinois Institute of
Technology that populates that allows for
files to be downloaded; pages scraped and
allowed customization in terms of time.
Figure no. 5: Searx Browser
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There have been several occasions
where the Tor network has been abused for
personal gain. In 2013 a Harvard University
student used this mean of anonymity to send
emails to the school for a hidden bomb threat
to avoid a final exam (Lin, Tong, Zhijie &
Zhen, 2017). Silk Road is an online black
market being accessed by nearly one million
41. users through the exclusive access of the
Onion Router. It includes illegal services like
drug trafficking, child pornography, and arms
trafficking; the value of its transactions has
been calculated to be worth $12 billion.
Its operations were shut down in October
2013 by the Federal Bureau of Investigation
(Lin, Tong, Zhijie & Zhen, 2017).
“Anonymous” the notorious worldwide
hacker organization, launched a DDoS attack
against Sony Corp in April 2011. They used
the anonymous network and managed to steal
the personal data of nearly 1 billion people.
This attack had a disruptive financial impact
of $171 million (Lin, Tong, Zhijie & Zhen,
2017).
6. Using Web for Targeted Warfare
Researchers have discovered that
Internet sites such as YouTube Kids and
YouTube have detected unsafe content
through nefarious promoters that target kids
through psychological means (Kaushal,
Saha, Bajaj & Kumaraguru, 2016). This
means that the threat landscape is altering
to include all active users regardless of age
or other constraints previously considered
off limits. In the past mainly adults have
been the targets of individuals or nation
states however due to technological
advances and increased connectivity any
connected user can be a target.
Reviewing the Open Web Application
42. Security Project (OWASP) top 10 over the
last ten years, it is apparent that the same
critical web application vulnerabilities are
still found (Wichers, 2013). One such
vulnerability is the Common Weakness
Enumeration (CWE) 89: Structured Query
Language (SQL) Injection, which is rather
easy to exploit using an application called
sqlmap. A simple search of php?id=[number]
while bringing up several websites through a
query that can be a potential target.
7. Conclusion
The misuse of data and deficiency of
knowledge to apply security controls is a
critical issue across enterprise networks.
The Internet has allowed for older
techniques used for warfare to be
modernized at levels that make a novice
intelligence analyst near a Subject Matter
Expert (SME). This is a drastic change to
the landscape of the current battlefield in
which is still evolving with the ever
expansion of networked systems such as the
Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G. The
apparent scarcity of applied cybersecurity
protections is allowing for threat agents to
take advantage of organizations and
individuals that lack the necessary
knowledge for ensuring protection. This,
combined with laws that do not require
companies to have stronger security, enable
attackers to perform exploits continuously.
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