This document provides an overview of project management using agile methodology. It discusses how agile project management has become more widely used in software development. The research aims to change project managers' mindsets to use agile methodologies for projects in FDA-regulated industries. It reviews literature on agile practices and their incorporation in FDA industries. The research questions how to change mindsets, what managers should do to incorporate agile, and how agile practices can improve project success in FDA-regulated projects.
We started this Academic Writing Help in the year 2011.Writekraft Research & Publication: www.writekraft.com 1000s of students have graduated across the globe from our in-depth research.
We help students with the following services:
1. Thesis Writing (from 50 pages and above)
2. Dissertation writing
3. Research Writing for Publishing
4. Data Analysis
5. Research Proposal Writing
6. Study Plan
7. Plagiarism Report
Contact us at shivam.writekraft@gmail OR call us on +917753818181, +919838033084
The charges are fair and we allow negotiations as per the student’s budget. You can also inbox me for more direction.
Agile methodologies in_project_managementPravin Asar
In today's unpredictable markets, companies are feeling the squeeze to achieve more with fewer resources in shorter periods of time. In addition to controlling operational costs, IT is looking to increase the value of information to make the business more profitable. So, necessity to complete and develop projects with changeable requirement ,short period of time ,easily to manage risk , adaptability to changing market requirements has become undeniable main principles for each organization ‘s approach .While traditional methodologies or heavy weight with huge bulk of documentation and long term for planning and designing significantly affects the speed of developing process and customer satisfaction. Hence, using innovative methods for building project are important matter which has introduced in the recent years. Light weight methodologies evolve to meet changing technologies and new demands from users in dynamic business environment.
As a result, agile methodologies and practices emerged as an explicit attempt to more formally embrace higher rates of requirements change.
Agile development methodologies claim to go a step further in overcoming the limitations of traditional one and coping with high speed and high changes on relationships with customers and responsiveness to changes of business processes.
This paper is an evaluation of the agile development methodologies. Furthermore, it includes a discussion about the critical success factors of the agile methodologies, reasons for its failure. A case-study gives a real-world success story.
An Assessment of Project Portfolio Management Techniques on Product and Servi...iosrjce
The crises of product and service innovation in most organisations due to global competition and
the need for scientific research in the project portfolio management discipline were factors that motivated this
research. The purpose of this study is to investigate how project portfolio management(ppm) contributes to
product and service innovation. A questionnaire was developed to gather data to compare the PPM methods
used, PPM performance and resulting new product success measures in sixty Nigeria organisations in a diverse
range of service and manufacturing industries. The study findings indicated that PPM practices have a greater
impact in the new product and services success rate. Also, business strategy method result in better alignment
of the projects in the portfolio. This conclusion is supported by the 0.630 Pearson correlations at 0.000
significance between percentage of successful products and PPM performance level. The results reveal that for
better innovation outcomes, management should place a priority on developing and improving PPM.
Master Thesis proposal Agile TransformationHammad Saif
The motivation for this research project is twofold. First, the curiosity of learning and getting the knowledge about why more and more companies are moving towards becoming agile and secondly, how the agile practices and Manifestos can be aligned and implemented with the company objectives with effectiveness.
The agile software development methods have demonstrated success in increasing responsiveness to the needs of customers. So the most of software industry preferred the agile methods. These methods have
increased demand by the companies, but the agile methods at larger scale are more challenging and
problematic compared to the smaller projects. For that, to become the norm for a large and complex project a new adaptive agile framework is proposed. Also, the proposed framework will help to achieve long-term organizational and learning of agile teams and help to increase the employee motivation and satisfaction by improving their skill. Thus the organizations will have success in sustaining their team and increasing its productivity.
We started this Academic Writing Help in the year 2011.Writekraft Research & Publication: www.writekraft.com 1000s of students have graduated across the globe from our in-depth research.
We help students with the following services:
1. Thesis Writing (from 50 pages and above)
2. Dissertation writing
3. Research Writing for Publishing
4. Data Analysis
5. Research Proposal Writing
6. Study Plan
7. Plagiarism Report
Contact us at shivam.writekraft@gmail OR call us on +917753818181, +919838033084
The charges are fair and we allow negotiations as per the student’s budget. You can also inbox me for more direction.
Agile methodologies in_project_managementPravin Asar
In today's unpredictable markets, companies are feeling the squeeze to achieve more with fewer resources in shorter periods of time. In addition to controlling operational costs, IT is looking to increase the value of information to make the business more profitable. So, necessity to complete and develop projects with changeable requirement ,short period of time ,easily to manage risk , adaptability to changing market requirements has become undeniable main principles for each organization ‘s approach .While traditional methodologies or heavy weight with huge bulk of documentation and long term for planning and designing significantly affects the speed of developing process and customer satisfaction. Hence, using innovative methods for building project are important matter which has introduced in the recent years. Light weight methodologies evolve to meet changing technologies and new demands from users in dynamic business environment.
As a result, agile methodologies and practices emerged as an explicit attempt to more formally embrace higher rates of requirements change.
Agile development methodologies claim to go a step further in overcoming the limitations of traditional one and coping with high speed and high changes on relationships with customers and responsiveness to changes of business processes.
This paper is an evaluation of the agile development methodologies. Furthermore, it includes a discussion about the critical success factors of the agile methodologies, reasons for its failure. A case-study gives a real-world success story.
An Assessment of Project Portfolio Management Techniques on Product and Servi...iosrjce
The crises of product and service innovation in most organisations due to global competition and
the need for scientific research in the project portfolio management discipline were factors that motivated this
research. The purpose of this study is to investigate how project portfolio management(ppm) contributes to
product and service innovation. A questionnaire was developed to gather data to compare the PPM methods
used, PPM performance and resulting new product success measures in sixty Nigeria organisations in a diverse
range of service and manufacturing industries. The study findings indicated that PPM practices have a greater
impact in the new product and services success rate. Also, business strategy method result in better alignment
of the projects in the portfolio. This conclusion is supported by the 0.630 Pearson correlations at 0.000
significance between percentage of successful products and PPM performance level. The results reveal that for
better innovation outcomes, management should place a priority on developing and improving PPM.
Master Thesis proposal Agile TransformationHammad Saif
The motivation for this research project is twofold. First, the curiosity of learning and getting the knowledge about why more and more companies are moving towards becoming agile and secondly, how the agile practices and Manifestos can be aligned and implemented with the company objectives with effectiveness.
The agile software development methods have demonstrated success in increasing responsiveness to the needs of customers. So the most of software industry preferred the agile methods. These methods have
increased demand by the companies, but the agile methods at larger scale are more challenging and
problematic compared to the smaller projects. For that, to become the norm for a large and complex project a new adaptive agile framework is proposed. Also, the proposed framework will help to achieve long-term organizational and learning of agile teams and help to increase the employee motivation and satisfaction by improving their skill. Thus the organizations will have success in sustaining their team and increasing its productivity.
Agile techniques that utilize iterative development are broadly used in various industry projects as a lightweight development technique which can satisfy the continuous changes of requirements. Short repetitions are used that are required for efficient product delivery. Traditional and old software development methods are not much efficient and effective to control the rapid change in requirements. Despite the benefits of Agile, criticism on agile methodology states that it couldn’t succeed to pay attention to architectural and design issues and therefore is bound to produce small design-decisions. The past decade has observed numerous changes in systems development with many organizations accepting agile techniques as a viable methodology for developing systems. An increase in the number of research studies reveals the growing demand and acceptance of agile methodologies. While most research has focused on acceptance rate and adaptation of agile practices, there is very limited knowledge of their post-adoption usage and incorporation within organizations. Several factors explain the effective usage of agile methodologies. A combination of previous research in Agile Methodologies, Diffusion of Innovations, Information Systems implementation, and Systems Development has been carried out to develop a research model that identifies the main factors relevant to the propagation and effective usage of agile methodologies in organizations.
State of agile - How are companies increasing agilitySantiago Advisors
Changing external market conditions, sociocultural trends as well as novel technological capabilities and learnings from different domains all have contributed to the rise of “agility” to one of the most promoted management trends. Companies of all sizes and businesses have initiated Agile initiatives in various ways. But what are the concrete employed measures and what are the actual benefits that these initiatives generate? – Read the insights from interviews with many experts in different functional areas and industries on the current state of agile in our study that we performed together with the department for corporate development and organization of the University of Cologne.
How to Increase the Value of the PMMMs as a Business-oriented FrameworkYasmin AbdelAziz
An organization’s effectiveness partly depends
on the success of its projects. With this in mind, many
efforts have been spent in recent decades to enhance the
project management culture, but results are still highly
unsatisfactory. Project Management Maturity Models
(PMMMs) are seen by both the academic and the
industrial communities as a solid instrument to achieve
this goal. The point at issue is that surveys and researches
show PMMMs must be better linked to business and
financial performance. The aim of this paper is to explore
the scope for improvement to evolve PMMMs as
business-oriented frameworks.
Project Management: A Critical Examination of the PPARS ProjectOlivia Moran
This document explores the different aspects of Project Management and critically examines
the management of the recent PPARS project. This was a project which involved the development of a personnel and recruitment system for the HSE in Ireland.
It will also highlight the traps and obstacles
associated with the management of this project.
CHAPTER 2 Strategic Management and Project SelectionMore and m.docxcravennichole326
CHAPTER 2
Strategic Management and Project Selection
More and more, the accomplishment of important tasks and goals in organizations today is being achieved through the use of projects. The phrases we hear and read about daily at our work and in conversations with our colleagues, such as “management by projects” and “project management maturity,” reflect this increasing trend in our society. The explosively rapid adoption of such a powerful tool as project management to help organizations achieve their goals and objectives is certainly awesome. In addition to project management’s great utility when correctly used, however, its utility has also led to many misapplications. As frequently noted by both consultants and industry project experts, there are many projects that:
• fall outside the organization’s stated mission,
• are completely unrelated to the strategy and goals of the organization, or
• have excessive funding levels relative to their expected benefits.
In addition to the growth in the number of organizations adopting project management, there is also accelerating growth in the number of multiple, simultaneous, and often interrelated projects in organizations. Thus, the issue naturally arises as to how one manages all these projects. Are they all really projects? (It has been suggested that perhaps up to 80 percent of all “projects” are not actually projects at all, since they do not include the three project requirements for scope, budget, and due date.) Should we be undertaking all of them? Among those we should implement, what should be their priorities?
It is not unusual these days for organizations to be wrestling with hundreds of new projects. With so many ongoing projects it becomes difficult for smaller projects to get adequate support, or even the attention of senior management. Three particularly common problems in organizations trying to manage multiple projects are:
1. Delays in one project cause delays in other projects because of common resource needs or technological dependencies.
2. The inefficient use of corporate resources results in peaks and valleys of resource utilization.
3. Bottlenecks in resource availability or lack of required technological inputs result in project delays that depend on those scarce resources or technology.
As might be expected, the report card on organizational success with management by projects is not stellar. For example, an early research study (Thomas et al., 2001) found that 30 percent of all projects were canceled midstream, and over half of completed projects were up to 190 percent over budget and 220 percent late. This same study found that the primary motivation of organizations to improve and expand their project management processes was due to major troubled or failed projects, new upcoming mega-projects, or to meet competition or maintain their market share. Those firms that “bought” project management skills from consultants tended to see it as a “commodity.” These fi ...
Why agile project management is better than waterfallOrangescrum
Agile project management is increasingly preferred over Waterfall today. However, agile project management is advisable for the small teams and startups with less number of people involved in projects. http://blog.orangescrum.com/
Agile project management and normativeGlen Alleman
Reform of the traditional approaches to managing software development projects is driven by several factors, not the least of which is some spectacular failures of soft-ware projects. Ranging from the IRS, to the FAA, to large e–commerce systems, we all have some “war story” of a major failure that can be traced to non–technical causes.
Agile software development methodologies have gained traction in the recent past since it was introduced in the mid 90s. They have also been highly adopted in the software development group. In the past 15 years, there have been enormous researches which have been done on agile methodologies and surveys done on the methods of agile methods. In this paper, a survey of various studies on agile methodologies will be conducted using a compare and review review method. There is also a mention of the other agile methods which have not been widely researched. Mrunmayee Gondhalekar | Yogeshchandra Puranik "Agile Methodologies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42493.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comcomputer-science/other/42493/agile-methodologies/mrunmayee-gondhalekar
Agile Project Management Methods of IT ProjectsGlen Alleman
Agile project management methodologies used to develop, deploy, or acquire information technology systems have begun to enter the vocabulary of modern organizations. Much in the same way lightweight and agile manufacturing or business management processes have over the past few years. This chapter is about applying Agile methods in an environment that may be more familiar with high ceremony project management methods – methods that might be considered heavy weight in terms of today’s agile vocabulary.
Running head PHD IT 1PHD IT 5Written Interview Qu.docxtodd581
Running head: PHD IT 1
PHD IT 5
Written Interview Questions: PhD IT
Student’s name
Professor’s name
Course title
Date
Phd IT
Q 1: Information technology research interests, importance, and inspiration
Information technology must not be underestimated. Organizations now recognize information technology as a first mover advantage over the competitors. The increased desire for smart cities, sophisticated robotics, and now that the society is in the information age requires technology wizards to help in the transition. Notably, increased cyber attacks reports need more research. I am interested in finding out the emerging threats and safety precautions to lend a hand in reducing losses as a result the threats. The other is data breaching. The wide embrace of electronic commerce and storage of information electronically has led to the breach of sensitive information. Studying information technology in-depth will grant insights on how to govern information. Big data is common today. I would wish to know about the analytics of big data and its applications to make sound decisions. Risk is a fact. Knowledge on enterprise risk management is essential for the management of risks. Information technology varieties reflect the need to research about the technologies for a global world. Data is becoming more complex, calling for data science knowledge.
Q 2: Reasons for selecting PhD in information technology including University of the Cumberlands
Now that the world is driven by information technology is a sign of growth. To a student, this implies increased job opportunities which is a plus if one has a doctorate degree. A doctorate person can fit in careers that require high technology such as information technology consultant, strategist, architect, director, and chief information officer over a master’s person. A PhD will therefore, grant me the theories and strategies important to become a leader in technology management. University of the Cumberlands was chosen because it has been certified by the National Security Agency as well as Homeland Security as a center of excellence in the prevention of cyber threats (University of the Cumberlands, 2018). The university also offers the chance to study online and takes into account the student’s schedule to have time for work and home.
Q 3: Strengths verses weaknesses including impacts
More research is expected of a PhD student. The ability to research and write well will be beneficial in delivering the needed content. A thinker is also required to present substantive knowledge. Sacrifice in terms of time and effort is a must to graduate within the allocated duration. I am well-prepared to pursue this study because of the focus that I have. Additionally, I have shared about my interests and goals with my mentor therefore, assured that I am in the correct field. The selected mentor is knowledgeable about information technology and will get to this person when faced by any challenge. I a.
Running head PERSONALITY INVENTORIES1PERSONALITY INVENTORIE.docxtodd581
Running head: PERSONALITY INVENTORIES 1
PERSONALITY INVENTORIES 9
Personality Inventories as Evidence of Personality
Matthew M. Rosario
University of the Rookies
May 15, 2018
Abstract
It can be difficult to understand law in relations to psychology and the way behavior can be explained in a more practical application. Unfortunately, the advancement of psychology and the perception of law are at a constant struggle with each other because law is specific and psychology is changing. Understanding how juror verdict come to be not from a lawyer standpoint by a psychological one can be beneficial as far a juror selection. Juror selection is the most important part during pre-trial services. Being able to use science to investigate juror personality in regards to personality evidence can create a new theory in psychology and law once the research begins and the length and understanding of the topic is better. This paper will outline information of my research topic.
Personality Inventories as Evidence of Personality
It can be difficult to understand law in relations to psychology and the way behavior can be explained in a more practical application. Unfortunately, the advancement of psychology and the perception of law are at a constant struggle with each other because law is specific and psychology is changing. Law does not change in theory, but psychology does which enhances psychological understanding of the world. Being able to identify juror in favor of a particlar postion during “Voir Dire” can be beneficial during legal preceedings. Voir dire is the ability to rehabilitate the jury by allowing the judge and attorney to observe and ask questions to eliminate bias jurors before selecting the final 12 jurors who will preside over the case (Erik, Marek, 2016). Unfortunately, this method can be used in order to evaluate which juror would be most benefical for a particlar lawyer during a trial. In other words, lawyers have the ability to munapluate the selction process in order to gain juror in their favor. According to Schuller, Erentzen, Vo, and Li (2015) it is the right for one to be tried by an impartial and independent jury from one’s peers, but this can be difficult when peers can be prejudice or possibly chosen by attorneys to benefit their position. At this time there is mininal psychological assessement being conducted in order to understand the jurors position outside of their biases. Because this is a new topic emerging in studies, more research needs to be conducted in order to understand the bases of trial science and the annotation of using trial consultant to create mock trials for juror selection for their advantage. Due to trial science being a new specialty this lead to the research topic can personality inventories indicate a juror verdict during trial? Many researchers concluded that juror background demographic information, education and personality could influence a juror verdict, but did not con.
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Similar to Running head PROJECT MANAGEMENT BY USING AGILE METHODOLOGY 1PR.docx
Agile techniques that utilize iterative development are broadly used in various industry projects as a lightweight development technique which can satisfy the continuous changes of requirements. Short repetitions are used that are required for efficient product delivery. Traditional and old software development methods are not much efficient and effective to control the rapid change in requirements. Despite the benefits of Agile, criticism on agile methodology states that it couldn’t succeed to pay attention to architectural and design issues and therefore is bound to produce small design-decisions. The past decade has observed numerous changes in systems development with many organizations accepting agile techniques as a viable methodology for developing systems. An increase in the number of research studies reveals the growing demand and acceptance of agile methodologies. While most research has focused on acceptance rate and adaptation of agile practices, there is very limited knowledge of their post-adoption usage and incorporation within organizations. Several factors explain the effective usage of agile methodologies. A combination of previous research in Agile Methodologies, Diffusion of Innovations, Information Systems implementation, and Systems Development has been carried out to develop a research model that identifies the main factors relevant to the propagation and effective usage of agile methodologies in organizations.
State of agile - How are companies increasing agilitySantiago Advisors
Changing external market conditions, sociocultural trends as well as novel technological capabilities and learnings from different domains all have contributed to the rise of “agility” to one of the most promoted management trends. Companies of all sizes and businesses have initiated Agile initiatives in various ways. But what are the concrete employed measures and what are the actual benefits that these initiatives generate? – Read the insights from interviews with many experts in different functional areas and industries on the current state of agile in our study that we performed together with the department for corporate development and organization of the University of Cologne.
How to Increase the Value of the PMMMs as a Business-oriented FrameworkYasmin AbdelAziz
An organization’s effectiveness partly depends
on the success of its projects. With this in mind, many
efforts have been spent in recent decades to enhance the
project management culture, but results are still highly
unsatisfactory. Project Management Maturity Models
(PMMMs) are seen by both the academic and the
industrial communities as a solid instrument to achieve
this goal. The point at issue is that surveys and researches
show PMMMs must be better linked to business and
financial performance. The aim of this paper is to explore
the scope for improvement to evolve PMMMs as
business-oriented frameworks.
Project Management: A Critical Examination of the PPARS ProjectOlivia Moran
This document explores the different aspects of Project Management and critically examines
the management of the recent PPARS project. This was a project which involved the development of a personnel and recruitment system for the HSE in Ireland.
It will also highlight the traps and obstacles
associated with the management of this project.
CHAPTER 2 Strategic Management and Project SelectionMore and m.docxcravennichole326
CHAPTER 2
Strategic Management and Project Selection
More and more, the accomplishment of important tasks and goals in organizations today is being achieved through the use of projects. The phrases we hear and read about daily at our work and in conversations with our colleagues, such as “management by projects” and “project management maturity,” reflect this increasing trend in our society. The explosively rapid adoption of such a powerful tool as project management to help organizations achieve their goals and objectives is certainly awesome. In addition to project management’s great utility when correctly used, however, its utility has also led to many misapplications. As frequently noted by both consultants and industry project experts, there are many projects that:
• fall outside the organization’s stated mission,
• are completely unrelated to the strategy and goals of the organization, or
• have excessive funding levels relative to their expected benefits.
In addition to the growth in the number of organizations adopting project management, there is also accelerating growth in the number of multiple, simultaneous, and often interrelated projects in organizations. Thus, the issue naturally arises as to how one manages all these projects. Are they all really projects? (It has been suggested that perhaps up to 80 percent of all “projects” are not actually projects at all, since they do not include the three project requirements for scope, budget, and due date.) Should we be undertaking all of them? Among those we should implement, what should be their priorities?
It is not unusual these days for organizations to be wrestling with hundreds of new projects. With so many ongoing projects it becomes difficult for smaller projects to get adequate support, or even the attention of senior management. Three particularly common problems in organizations trying to manage multiple projects are:
1. Delays in one project cause delays in other projects because of common resource needs or technological dependencies.
2. The inefficient use of corporate resources results in peaks and valleys of resource utilization.
3. Bottlenecks in resource availability or lack of required technological inputs result in project delays that depend on those scarce resources or technology.
As might be expected, the report card on organizational success with management by projects is not stellar. For example, an early research study (Thomas et al., 2001) found that 30 percent of all projects were canceled midstream, and over half of completed projects were up to 190 percent over budget and 220 percent late. This same study found that the primary motivation of organizations to improve and expand their project management processes was due to major troubled or failed projects, new upcoming mega-projects, or to meet competition or maintain their market share. Those firms that “bought” project management skills from consultants tended to see it as a “commodity.” These fi ...
Why agile project management is better than waterfallOrangescrum
Agile project management is increasingly preferred over Waterfall today. However, agile project management is advisable for the small teams and startups with less number of people involved in projects. http://blog.orangescrum.com/
Agile project management and normativeGlen Alleman
Reform of the traditional approaches to managing software development projects is driven by several factors, not the least of which is some spectacular failures of soft-ware projects. Ranging from the IRS, to the FAA, to large e–commerce systems, we all have some “war story” of a major failure that can be traced to non–technical causes.
Agile software development methodologies have gained traction in the recent past since it was introduced in the mid 90s. They have also been highly adopted in the software development group. In the past 15 years, there have been enormous researches which have been done on agile methodologies and surveys done on the methods of agile methods. In this paper, a survey of various studies on agile methodologies will be conducted using a compare and review review method. There is also a mention of the other agile methods which have not been widely researched. Mrunmayee Gondhalekar | Yogeshchandra Puranik "Agile Methodologies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42493.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comcomputer-science/other/42493/agile-methodologies/mrunmayee-gondhalekar
Agile Project Management Methods of IT ProjectsGlen Alleman
Agile project management methodologies used to develop, deploy, or acquire information technology systems have begun to enter the vocabulary of modern organizations. Much in the same way lightweight and agile manufacturing or business management processes have over the past few years. This chapter is about applying Agile methods in an environment that may be more familiar with high ceremony project management methods – methods that might be considered heavy weight in terms of today’s agile vocabulary.
Similar to Running head PROJECT MANAGEMENT BY USING AGILE METHODOLOGY 1PR.docx (20)
Running head PHD IT 1PHD IT 5Written Interview Qu.docxtodd581
Running head: PHD IT 1
PHD IT 5
Written Interview Questions: PhD IT
Student’s name
Professor’s name
Course title
Date
Phd IT
Q 1: Information technology research interests, importance, and inspiration
Information technology must not be underestimated. Organizations now recognize information technology as a first mover advantage over the competitors. The increased desire for smart cities, sophisticated robotics, and now that the society is in the information age requires technology wizards to help in the transition. Notably, increased cyber attacks reports need more research. I am interested in finding out the emerging threats and safety precautions to lend a hand in reducing losses as a result the threats. The other is data breaching. The wide embrace of electronic commerce and storage of information electronically has led to the breach of sensitive information. Studying information technology in-depth will grant insights on how to govern information. Big data is common today. I would wish to know about the analytics of big data and its applications to make sound decisions. Risk is a fact. Knowledge on enterprise risk management is essential for the management of risks. Information technology varieties reflect the need to research about the technologies for a global world. Data is becoming more complex, calling for data science knowledge.
Q 2: Reasons for selecting PhD in information technology including University of the Cumberlands
Now that the world is driven by information technology is a sign of growth. To a student, this implies increased job opportunities which is a plus if one has a doctorate degree. A doctorate person can fit in careers that require high technology such as information technology consultant, strategist, architect, director, and chief information officer over a master’s person. A PhD will therefore, grant me the theories and strategies important to become a leader in technology management. University of the Cumberlands was chosen because it has been certified by the National Security Agency as well as Homeland Security as a center of excellence in the prevention of cyber threats (University of the Cumberlands, 2018). The university also offers the chance to study online and takes into account the student’s schedule to have time for work and home.
Q 3: Strengths verses weaknesses including impacts
More research is expected of a PhD student. The ability to research and write well will be beneficial in delivering the needed content. A thinker is also required to present substantive knowledge. Sacrifice in terms of time and effort is a must to graduate within the allocated duration. I am well-prepared to pursue this study because of the focus that I have. Additionally, I have shared about my interests and goals with my mentor therefore, assured that I am in the correct field. The selected mentor is knowledgeable about information technology and will get to this person when faced by any challenge. I a.
Running head PERSONALITY INVENTORIES1PERSONALITY INVENTORIE.docxtodd581
Running head: PERSONALITY INVENTORIES 1
PERSONALITY INVENTORIES 9
Personality Inventories as Evidence of Personality
Matthew M. Rosario
University of the Rookies
May 15, 2018
Abstract
It can be difficult to understand law in relations to psychology and the way behavior can be explained in a more practical application. Unfortunately, the advancement of psychology and the perception of law are at a constant struggle with each other because law is specific and psychology is changing. Understanding how juror verdict come to be not from a lawyer standpoint by a psychological one can be beneficial as far a juror selection. Juror selection is the most important part during pre-trial services. Being able to use science to investigate juror personality in regards to personality evidence can create a new theory in psychology and law once the research begins and the length and understanding of the topic is better. This paper will outline information of my research topic.
Personality Inventories as Evidence of Personality
It can be difficult to understand law in relations to psychology and the way behavior can be explained in a more practical application. Unfortunately, the advancement of psychology and the perception of law are at a constant struggle with each other because law is specific and psychology is changing. Law does not change in theory, but psychology does which enhances psychological understanding of the world. Being able to identify juror in favor of a particlar postion during “Voir Dire” can be beneficial during legal preceedings. Voir dire is the ability to rehabilitate the jury by allowing the judge and attorney to observe and ask questions to eliminate bias jurors before selecting the final 12 jurors who will preside over the case (Erik, Marek, 2016). Unfortunately, this method can be used in order to evaluate which juror would be most benefical for a particlar lawyer during a trial. In other words, lawyers have the ability to munapluate the selction process in order to gain juror in their favor. According to Schuller, Erentzen, Vo, and Li (2015) it is the right for one to be tried by an impartial and independent jury from one’s peers, but this can be difficult when peers can be prejudice or possibly chosen by attorneys to benefit their position. At this time there is mininal psychological assessement being conducted in order to understand the jurors position outside of their biases. Because this is a new topic emerging in studies, more research needs to be conducted in order to understand the bases of trial science and the annotation of using trial consultant to create mock trials for juror selection for their advantage. Due to trial science being a new specialty this lead to the research topic can personality inventories indicate a juror verdict during trial? Many researchers concluded that juror background demographic information, education and personality could influence a juror verdict, but did not con.
Running head: PHASE 2 1
PHASE 1 16
GenY Xploit Implementation Plan
Ken Wiechert
Robert Varela
Lakisha Trammel
Grand Canyon University: ENT-435
06/9/2019
GenY Xploit Implementation Plan
Innovation is a team activity that involves the intersection of different fields, bringing together diverse ideas, abilities, and/or methods that result in a physical product, a process, or a service that impacts society in a timely manner (National Academy of Engineering, 2015). It is imperative to influence innovation in an organization to stay in existence with other competitors. Before Team B can embrace the final phase of implementing a plan that will captivate the audience buy-in power there are two other phases that need to take place. Phase 1 has already been established and that is to purpose several innovative ideas to nominate for our new product along with a description of the models used to circulate an extensive evaluation of each product. Team B evaluated several innovation ideas mainly using the NOMMAR model which evaluated the customer needs, technology options, potential market, business model, realistic approach, and the relevancy (Miller Competition Series, n.d.). Phase 2 will finalize the name of a product, provide a description of the GenY Xploit gaming console, what value will it provide to our customer needs, utilizing the NOMMAR model a detailed implementation plane that that will include contingency, risks, budget, time frame, target market and visuals to increase readability and professional exploits.
GenY Xploit Gaming Console
Team B unanimously nominated the GenY Xploit gaming console for our new product. Introducing the new GenY Xploit gaming console into the market arena will give gamers a whole new jolt of gaming experience. The gaming console will introduce a unique design of software compatibility that will allow gamers to perform cross-platform gaming to compete with each other online no matter what gaming console they are using.
According to Karlsson, & Nystrom (2003), “The introduction of a new product on the market can basically be made in two different ways. A product can be either totally new to the market or it can be the result of a major change in an existing product” (p 136). The Gen Y Xploit is totally a new gaming console product that has the potential to revolutionize the gaming industry all over the world. Team B is excited and ready to establish this new gaming console to the gaming community world which we feel is hungry and ready for a new gaming console to take center stage. If that is not enough, we are confident that GenY Xploit will fulfill all their desires and needs for centuries to come. Presently, the latest marketing model for the gaming industry consists between two competitors, Microsoft Xbox One X and the Sony PlayStation 4 (PS4), even though the Nintendo Switch is a gaming system they are not equally comparable. It is time to beef up the competit.
Running head PERSONAL MISSION STATEMENT1PERSONAL MISSION ST.docxtodd581
Running head: PERSONAL MISSION STATEMENT
1
PERSONAL MISSION STATEMENT
4
Personal Mission Statement
Name
PSY/699
Instructor name
date
Personal Mission Statement
To begin with, I have set my eyes on becoming a social worker. Further, through my involvement in the realm of social work, I hope to help as many individuals as I can. For a long a time, I have exhibited immense passion and the need to come to the assistance of individuals who are grappling with a vast array of unsavory circumstances. My passion is as a result of my experiences of the suffering of many people whom I have interacted with throughout my life. Notably, the majority of these people had to contend with abuse and neglect for a long time. Moreover, my need is as a result of my comprehension of the fact that transforming the globe commences with the assistance of a just a single individual and having the ability to empathize with individuals. Having witnessed so much suffering throughout my life, I feel that it is right for me to do whatever I can to bring smiles to faces of individuals who have faced diverse challenging situations in their life. In this way, I believe that I will be able to bring much-needed positive contributions to my preferred profession.
Further, I bring various positive and unique qualities to social work, the most prominent of which include empathy, active listening, and persuasion. Firstly, empathy relates to the capability of an individual to identify with the situation in which another individual is. Undoubtedly, empathy is immensely critical in the realm of social work owing to the fact that it aids those partaking in the field to not only comprehend but also assist others in ascertaining solutions to their problems. Apart from this, active listening is equally critical in social work because it helps in establishing trust, opening doors, and coming to the discovery of important details regarding the people seeking the assistance of social workers. In this way, their unique circumstances can be understood. Additionally, the value of persuasion cannot be stressed enough, as it aids in influencing, coaxing, or inviting individuals to take action, for instance, when it comes to the transformation of client behavior.
With respect to how I see my role in the profession evolving through time, I hope that I will start working as a child welfare social worker in a hospital. I intend to offer services to children who are grappling with abuse and neglect owing to the actions of their parents. On top of this, I intend to assist children coming from families that do not earn enough income. In addition, I hope that I will become a hospital manager of child welfare five years after starting my practice of social work. Following the attainment of two to three years’ experience as child welfare social worker, on top of undergoing additional management training, I hope that I will be able to land the position. In addition, I intend to start a non-profit communit.
Running head PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENTPERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT.docxtodd581
Running head: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT 6
Personality development
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to explain the concepts and theories of personality development. People tend to think widely about personality at the workplace, in schools, and in other social events. People place immediate focus on the personality and make judgments about shyness, helpful people. (Davis & Panksepp 2018) Personality makes each individual the way they are. Researchers in psychology and other fields have overtime in history researched how the personality of individuals developed. The development of personality refers to the organization of human behavior patterns, which brings uniqueness amongst various individuals. Many factors can result in personality changes such as the genetic factors, the environment one is living, styles of parenting, and other very important variables. The development of personality allows individuals to adopt an impressive personality and makes one be unique. Various psychologists have developed various theories that explain the development of human personality. Some of the theories of personality development include the psychodynamic theory, neural biological theory, the traits theory, and cognitive theory. (Rohsenow & Pinkston-Camp 2016)
Psychodynamic theory
The development of personality takes place through a certain series of stages. Each of these stages has unique conflict features in psychology. The development of human personality is developed from a number of components of the human mind. Feud believed that the three components include the id, the ego, and the superego. The id is concerned with the question "want to do that now," it is characterized by the gratification of certain basic needs and has an aspect of urgency. The superego places focus on some essential rules and morals in society. This is closely related to the commonly referred to as the human conscience. The development happens as individuals grow from childhoods to adulthood. The ego is mainly rational and part of our inner personality. A number of psychologists have criticized the feuds ideas about personality development and have rather applied the effect that the child's environment and their culture affect the development of their personality. (Rohsenow & Pinkston-Camp 2016)Alfred explored and developed a very comprehensive theory of psychodynamic personality.
The psychologists focused on the strong drive, which compensates for inferiority feelings. He developed the idea of an inferiority complex which described a situation where an individual lacks their worth and perceive themselves below the standards of other people in the society. Erickson was another psychologist who was very instrumental in the development of psychological development theory. (Brandes 2019) He argued that the development of the human personality was based on t.
Running Head PERSONAL NURSING PHILOSOPHY 1PERSONAL NURSING P.docxtodd581
Running Head: PERSONAL NURSING PHILOSOPHY 1
PERSONAL NURSING PHILOSOPHY 2
Personal nursing philosophy
Student name
Professor
Course
Date of submission
This paper focuses more on nursing paradigms that are comprised of four key elements. These factors include persons/clients, health, environment, and nursing, where each is subjected to own theoretical connotation and has an essential role in enhancing and promoting healthcare. In this regard, the paper outlines and contrast approaches and is in line with these four approaches in efforts to attain modern health care. Various theories in this regard try to give a vivid description of the environment and critical role in healthcare. All the stakeholders are therefore supposed to collectively work together as one of attaining a competitive advantage, healthcare and create a conducive work plan that total defense potential alignment of healthcare. This theory creates a personal definition that applies to the scenario in an exemplifying the applicability in the nursing processes (Warren W. Tryon, 2019).
In my analysis and interpretation, Person metaparadigm focuses more on recipient care and the patient. This facet extends and encompasses factors such as culture, personal spiritual aspects, family friends, and the associate economic status. This fact has been proved by a research hat outlined that the current world view of nursing has existentialism and humanism transcendence, which are based on their own interpretation and perception. The nature of intensive care that is acceded to a patient in some cases is based on the personal attribute and predetermined forces that surround one self. The third part is always crucial in attaining healthcare through could and proviso of essential secondary services that help in the healing processes. This is a closely associated environment metaparadigm; it deals with both external and external factors that relate to competent and reliable patient care. Some of the factors that are defined in this phase include interacting with patients, which changes the cognitive perspective of the subject. Visitors, as well as surrounding, are vital factors that can be used to determine and offer the best services to a patient (Saul McLeod,, 2015).
Am sure that nurse and the integrated practices of theories have established s scope and level of abstraction that has developed a proper framework through the nursing situation. Through capacity building a convinced that nurse intervention is the road map of attaining all phenomena and goals of universal healthcare. In this case, the use of cognitive theory appliance is predominating, arguing that intellectual structure and processes must be followed. The nurse must, therefore, attain a high degree of competency through the use of one's thought, interpretation of the environment, and correct assumption. In my opinion, this is the most critical aspect that requires professional input to attain effective, effi.
Running Head PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEW1PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEW.docxtodd581
Running Head: PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEW 1
PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEW 2
Philosophical Worldview
Kathy Greggs
Liberty University
05/27/2020
1. Which philosophical worldview most closely aligns with your perspective and the way that you view problems in the world? How so?
The approach in which we view greatly affects the approach in which we take for research purposes. I did not have that idea until I read the philosophical worldview and gained a detailed comprehension of that it involves. From this knowledge, I have found out that from the four philosophical worldview one that closely aligns with my perspective and my view of problems in the world is the pragmatic technique. This is because my approach of viewing and handling issues is based on the experience of the vice theory. Based on pragmatic view, reality exist as physical realities, psychological and social realities that involve subjective experience and perception, language, and culture. Knowledge is based on reality of the world and our experiences (Petersen, & Gencel, 2013).
2. How does understanding the connection between philosophical worldview and research methodology assist in your research approach?
The capability to associate philosophical world views to various research methodologies is essential to me. It aids in making it easier to focus on main issue of research thus making the right decision on the type of data collection methods to be used and the type of data analysis to be used. It is essential to note that the connection between the philosophical worldview and the research approach available since it will aid in defining if I implement the quantitative method or the qualitative approach. Based on the research carried out by Robson and McCarran (2016), the quantitative approach is basically focuses on the natural sciences and numerical data; as the qualitative approach is based majorly on non-numerical data and believed to be better suited for social research on individuals. Nevertheless, as pragmatist both approaches could be implemented based on my perspective or basic consensus.
3. Compare/contrast research philosophical worldview with that of a Christian worldview. Are there any areas that are problematic, or do most philosophical worldviews appear to be congruent with a Christian worldview?
A world view is a way in which we comprehend life and the world as well as the reality. The Christian worldview is a great conceptualization of the world based on a Christian view. Based on the philosophical worldviews, positivism according to me of the only one that is problematic to a Christian word view since it disclaims invisible theoretical concepts (Robson & McCarran, 2016). Post-positivism is a new worldview that tends to replace positivism and it is in line to the Christian worldview since it takes into consideration the uncertainties that positivism rejects. The other approaches are inline to the Christian world view since they are more open to the social n.
Running Head PHIL WORKSHOP1PHIL WORKSHOP 2.docxtodd581
Running Head: PHIL WORKSHOP 1
PHIL WORKSHOP 2
Phil Workshop
Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
Phil Workshop
One
According to Kant’s theory, the wrongness or rightness of actions do not rely on their outcomes but on if they tend to fulfill our responsibilities. Kant believed that there has to be a supreme guideline when it comes to morality which he mentioned to be the categorical imperative. Kant mentioned that when looking at categorical imperative, he believed that whether actions are wrong or right relies not on their consequences although on if an individual fulfils their duties (Bowie, 2002). In the philosophy according to Kant, there are diverse aspects that we learn up to date. These include: ethics, utilitarianism, among others (Winch, 2015). The limitations of this aspect are however somewhat severe. According to research, most philosophers tend to know much about several topics although they do not have any tangible mastery of a particular subject in a thorough way (Hossieni, et.al, 2016).
Both Aristotle and Kant argued that an action was classified to be moral it got to be partaken with a moral result in mind. Aristotle breaks with Kant and believes that there are not such things as the Forms or Eidos which are permanent and eternal and real. Whatever feelings one is subjected to, determines how they develop. It is better that we understand the definition of personifications.
Two
FGM, that is, female genital mutilation is a concept which denotes all the processes that involve total or partial removal of parts of the exterior female genitalia or maybe causing other injuries to the organs for non-medical or cultural reasons. According to a report by the World Health Organization on 31st January, 2018, FGM has no health benefits for women and girls. In addition, it is a violation of the women’ and girls’ violation (Reisel & Creighton, 2015). When it comes to the morals and ethical aspects of FGM, there ought to be a reasoned public dialogue regarding how well to get rid of harmful aspects of the mutilation of female genitals via laws, policies and education.
Also, debate is supposed to get encouraged in diverse academies dealing with bioethics on how medical specialists could fulfil both their moral and ethical duties in the acknowledgement of the religious traditions when it comes to their patients. Goodness is whatever promotes the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. This is because not all actions are morally acceptable despite the positive consequences attained. John Mill explained that the greatest happiness is the pleasure and lack of pain. Happiness is the end desirable thing that either brings pleasure or is a means of pleasure. In that case, FGM is clearly an unethical issue.
When looking at ethical relativism, the theory tends to hold a morality which is relative towards the norms of an individual’s culture. That is, if an action is wrong or right relies upon the moral norms of the c.
Running head PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION-EXISTENCE OF GOD .docxtodd581
Running head: PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION-EXISTENCE OF GOD 1
PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION-EXISTENCE OF GOD 2
Student's name: Emmanuel Domenech
Professor's name: Dr. Tina Wood
Topic: Stage 1: Choosing your Philosophical Question
Institution: University of Maryland University College
Date: April 14, 2019
Final Project Stage 1: Choosing your Philosophical Question
Week Four: Philosopher: Thomas Aquinas, Primary Text: Summa Theologica, Part 1, Question 2, Article 1-3
Q1. Does God really exist?
I am highly interested in supporting the philosophy because it has been a debate that has existed for some millennium. God has been the cause of conflict and the reason for peace in some parts of the world. People who find a reason not to believe in him have always been secluded from the rest. Also, those who trust in him have been seen as hypocrites since their mistakes judge them. This is a philosophy that is interesting since it brings about the relationship between socioeconomic and political aspects of human beings in relation to the influence of a supernatural being. I would like to know that God exists in our world and this starts with the materials presented by the Philosophy of Aquinas. I would not want to choose a side and sound bias, but I would like to use facts to present my findings.
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RUNNING HEAD PERSONAL BRANDING ACTION PLANPERSONAL BRANDING ACT.docxtodd581
RUNNING HEAD: PERSONAL BRANDING ACTION PLAN
PERSONAL BRANDING ACTION PLAN 2
PERSONAL BRANDING ACTION PLAN
NAME
MAY 2019
I) Keywords that best describe myself
a) Strategist
b) Motivator
c) Fitness Consultant
d) Talent enabler
II) Passions and Values
a) Passions
i) Community Service
ii) Healthy and mental fitness living
iii) Mentorship
b) Values
i) Commitment
ii) Integrity
iii) Resilience
III) Value Proposition
I am a servant to my clients. I am entrusted with a task that is vital in personality development. It is paramount that my deeds and speech emulate my training. I am open to criticism and take up challenges easily. This position carries a responsibility to be a custodian of values as well as instill them to those I rub off shoulders with.
IV) Personal Branding/Networking Goals
Develop a blog and post tips twice a week.
Attend organized empowerment talks and apply to become one of the speakers.
Engage in online forums and social media chat rooms.
V) Elevator Pitch
Did you know it takes the average person just two seconds to look at a company logo and decide if they like it? Being a personal trainer, I can tell you for a fact that people judge you as fast as they would with a logo. I am interested in building inter-personal skills as well as maintaining one’s mental fitness. My passion is coming up with unique ways to help my clients express themselves by what they say, do and wear. I would be thrilled to help you achieve your personal goals.
References
How to Give an Elevator Pitch (With Examples). (n.d.). Retrieved from Indeed Career Guide: https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/interviewing/how-to-give-an-elevator-pitch-examples
The Definitive Guide to Personal Branding. (n.d.). Retrieved from Brand Yourself: https://brandyourself.com/definitive-guide-to-personal-branding
.
Running head PERFORMANCE1PERFORMANCE2Case Scena.docxtodd581
Running head: PERFORMANCE 1
PERFORMANCE 2
Case Scenario
Case Scenario
The most striking point in this scenario is that the union’s collective bargaining covenant has “decoupled compensation from performance” (Hale, 2007). This means that the worker performance cannot be incentivized through benefits and compensation. This results to the assumption that without anything to gain it would be meaningless to appraise the performance of the workers. Besides, even from the union’s perspective, having performance metrics in hand, especially if they are trending up, can only strengthen their position at the next negotiation of the collective bargaining agreement.
However, it is also clear that the HR director erred in deciding to evaluate the effectiveness of the performance appraisal process by indexing that supposed effectiveness to the number of managers who adopted the process. That metric is useful only if the frequency of adoption is a proxy for gains in performance, a line of reasoning in need of clarification and exposition. One way for the HR director to flesh this out would be to obtain an understanding of why some managers were adopting the new performance appraisal process and why some were not. If the municipality’s managers are in fact concerned with the performance of their units, the survey would presumably point to ways the managers think the new process helps or does not help them get a handle on the productivity of their employees. The advantage of this would be that the survey would provide invaluable feedback, with which the performance appraisal process could be tweaked to address the concerns of the non-adopters and build upon the positives as seen by the adopters. The takeaway is that it is not entirely correct to assert that “the number of managers using the form has no bearing on productivity” (Hale, 2007) – the number of managers adopting the new process could serve to evaluate the process’ effectiveness, but only with some auxiliary development.
As Hale points out, the most straightforward metric for determining the value of the new appraisal process would be to measure “whether performance had improved” (Hale, 202). But, perhaps just as clearly, there seems to be something wrong with the reasoning implicit in that response. It seems shortsighted to apply the broad desideratum of improved performance to the seemingly more fundamental prerequisite initiative of becoming better able to measure performance (Hale, 2007).
Assuming many additional criteria are required to evaluate the value of the HR director’s new appraisal process. Given that the ‘industry’ in question is a municipality, relevant productivity and people performance metrics are to be found in, for example, time-at-task, attainment of objectives, and rework. For example, if the municipality receives a call about a broken water line, the time-at-task involved in repairs, the successful repair, any need for rework, plus response time, all repr.
Running Head PERTINENT HEALTHCARE ISSUE1PERTINENT HEALTHCAR.docxtodd581
Running Head: PERTINENT HEALTHCARE ISSUE 1
PERTINENT HEALTHCARE ISSUE 2
Analysis of Pertinent Healthcare Issue
Students Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
Impact of increasing cost in a health organization
Introduction
The cost of receiving healthcare service is becoming a serious national healthcare concern. It has been established that the United States spend more on healthcare, in relation to the national income than any other industrialized nation. However, achieving minimum cost means having to make certain hard compromises which have never been easy. For example, low expenditure on research and development, limitation in terms of the choices of health coverage or healthcare providers and having to wait for long before using new technologies. The health system has gone through a series of transformational changes that has seen the cost of healthcare provision sky-rocket. The most affected are among the 41 million uninsured Americans who are unable to cater for the cost of insurance as well as the underinsured whose coverage program cannot cater for their overall health needs. The major catalyst behind the rising cost of healthcare has been; the rising number of aging population that take great benefit from the technologies created for lengthening life span, lifestyle choices like adoption of sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating habits resulting to obesity and cardiovascular disorders among others.
Cost impact on health organization.
Increasing cost has impacted the national health organization/system in so many ways. The impacts are not only experienced by the patients but the providers, employers, payers (insurance bodies) and even other employees within the health organization. Firstly, an array of transformational changes has been made i.e. payment transformation where a shift has been made from volume-based (fee-for service payment) which has high cost implications to value-based models and also the development of primary care in attempt to counter increasing cost. The turnover of healthcare providers has also faced a fair share of cost impact. The providers burdened by the feeling of denying patients services due to inability to cater for cost or lack of insurance loses meaning of services and morale to continue with the service. Consequently, advancement in training and education improve the providers’ patient service and more enhanced application of Evidence-Based practice appears costly and unaffiliated hence promoting low morale. Morbidity and mortality cases has been on the rise. Advanced technology used in diagnosis/treatment of serious medical conditions has become expensive and some of them are not covered by the insurance (core payments) hence late interventions taken after serious damage. The is also an indication of lowered patient engagement as far healthcare decision making is concerned since patients with financial challenge have limited options and are sometimes forced to comply with the physici.
Running head Patient Safety and Risk Management in Dental Pra.docxtodd581
Running head: Patient Safety and Risk Management in Dental Practice: Are There Enough
Guidelines? An Evaluative Study on The Existing System in a Dental College of Riyadh 1
Patient Safety and Risk Management in Dental Practice: Are There Enough Guidelines? An
Evaluative Study on The Existing System in a Dental College of Riyadh
Introduction
While it is essential to the practice of healthcare professionals to concern about patient
safety, it is relatively current that it has been transformed into a specific body of knowledge and
therefore patient safety may be considered as a relatively ‘innovative’ discipline. Its core ideas
are to prevent the occurrence of avoidable adverse events (errors, complications and accidents)
accompanying the practice of healthcare and to reduce the impact of unavoidable adverse events.
This is a simple definition for the multifaceted, complexed nature and many key elements in the
practice of patient safety. There are economic, financial, social, cultural and organizational
matters of a patient safety environment that makes it unpractical to simply define it as the
practicing safe health care or protecting patients from harm by health care professionals. It is
essential for all health care professionals and health care organizations to become more
acquainted with the overall framework of patient safety, to dynamically contribute in hard work
to apply patient safety procedures in everyday practice and to create a culture of patient safety
culture (Yamalik & Perea Pérez, 2012).
There is a constant concern and interest in dentistry for matters related to patients and
practicing safe and quality care in the everyday dental practice. Yet, like other health
professions, more attention is given to patient related matters and safety-related matters
(Yamalik & Dijk, 2013).
Furthermore, there is an emerging professional consideration of risk management, patient
safety and handling errors. Rather than hiding them, errors are now understood as learning
material and by that, the number of publications on dental errors are increasing. As an example,
Patient Safety and Risk Management in Dental Practice: Are There Enough Guidelines? An
Evaluative Study on The Existing System in a Dental College of Riyadh 2
prescribing errors in dental practice is a potential ground for development in the medication
management process and patient safety (Yamalik & Dijk, 2013).
An empirical data on the attitudes of dental professionals and dental auxiliaries about the
reporting of medical errors was collected in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia by Al-Nomay et al., (2017),
most respondents (94.4% of them) expressed that medical errors should be reported. Yet, insights
of the norm, personal preferences and existing practices regarding which type of error should be
reported were inconsistent. Only 17.9% of respondents perceived that reporting errors that results
in.
Running head PayneABUS738001PayneABUS738001.docxtodd581
Running head: PayneABUS738001
PayneABUS738001
Human Resource Management and Employee Turnover
BUS-7380 Qualitative Business Research Design and Methodology
Week 1
Amenia Payne
Dr. Lawrence Ness
May 17, 2020
Introduction to Problem
How an organization along with its performance is affected by human resource management (HRM) policies that play an important role in the organization for performance and growth of employees and organization is a widely discussed topic (Boudreau 1991; Jones& Wright, 1992; Kleiner 1990). Different sources contend that work rehearses that advance superior, for example, exhaustive representative enrollment and choice methods, motivator pay, and execution the executives frameworks, and broad worker inclusion and preparing, will in general upgrade the capacities of a company's present and future representative's information, aptitudes, inspiration, just as the maintenance of value workers (Jones and Wright, 1992; U.S. Division of Labor, 1993). The human asset strategies of the association will be in general assistance +7. The year 2006 was the year when HR managers noticed that were approximately 46% and considered employee turnover their top post priority in workforce and organization and that took the peak from 2012 that was 25% in that year.
Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) explained that it has different causes for lessening employee turnover ought to be imperative for any association that involves (1) employee turnover can turn out to be exorbitant rapidly, (2) undesirable turnover influences the presentation of any association, (3) as the accessibility of talented representatives diminishes, it will turn out to be progressively hard to hold looked for after workers. According to a study, it was analyzed that employee turnover can be too costly that annually it can shoot up to 200% of annual salaries that is a great loss for organizations caused mainly due to turnover. Now with these staggering figures, it is very difficult for organizations today to fully understand the concept of employee retention and turnover and how to decrease the overall process and how to handle turnover (Mayhew, 2019). Similarly, trained employees and loyal workforce of the organization get replaced with new employees that take additional time to get trained hence organizations face a loss of time along with loss of resources and money (Iqbal, 2010). Employee turnover should only be done when it is essential for any organization to replace existing employees with new talent and that will only be done when organizations know that this turnover will give benefit and growth to the organization (Meyer, 2011). Employee turnover has termed as a risky choice as it involves the major risks in any organization for current and future project implications by human resource management (Iqbal, 2010).
An organization’s business strategic plans for execution should be contingent on current and potential employees. Throu.
Running head NURSING RESEARCH 1NURSING RESEARCH 7.docxtodd581
Running head: NURSING RESEARCH 1
NURSING RESEARCH 7
Nursing Research
Student's Name
Institutional Affiliation
Nursing research
Obesity and Weight Management Programs
Introduction to the Problem
The problem under investigation in this research is the issue of obesity and weight management. This topic was selected because it the issues is affecting many people today around the world and most significantly in the United States. Thousands of people worldwide are dying from obesity and overweight related illnesses such as diabetes, cancer, high blood pressure among many others (Obesity & weight control: Health risks, weight loss & bariatric surgery, n.d.). Therefore, it has a huge impact on the healthcare system since it has increased the problems that healthcare professionals and facilities are facing. Hospitals are now congested mainly due to diet related illnesses, obesity being at the top of the list, which causes short staffing due to the increasing patients numbers relative to providers’ numbers. The providers, especially nurses, may then suffer from burnout and thus affecting the quality of care that they provide. Several weight management programs have then been created in order to tackle the serious problem of obesity. Therefore, conducting a proper research on obesity and weight management programs is very crucial since it will help in providing in-depth understanding of the whole issue and thus useful in developing and implementing ways that can curb the problem by proper implementation of these programs. This will improve the conditions of healthcare facilities and eventually the quality of care provided.
The Problem
The problem is obesity and weight management programs. Obesity is a medical condition that occurs when an individual has excess body fat or weight that might have some significant effect on his or her health (Hu, 2008). On the other hand, weight management is the process of embracing long-term lifestyle modification to keep a healthy body weight on depending on the age, gender, and height of an individual. They include methods such as eating heathy food and increasing the levels of physical activity. Weight management programs are then the initiatives that are created in controlling the weight of individuals in order to control such conditions as obesity. Managing one’s weight through these programs is very important part of their health because they avoid being overweight and obese to reduce the risks of medical conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and stroke. The intake of diet considered unhealthy, lack of physical exercise and practicing unhealthy lifestyles such as too much intake of alcohol, smoking may lead to increase in weight, and thus a person is considered overweight. This is when the body contains too much body fat above the required amount. Obesity then occurs after being overweight when the calorie intake of a person goes higher than the amount of energy that .
Running head PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 1 .docxtodd581
Running head: PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 1
Perceived Benefits and Barriers about the MMR Vaccine among the Parents of a Pediatric
Population in South Florida
Florida International University
PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 2
Background
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 1 in 4 people
in the United States will be hospitalized and one out of every 1,000 people with measles will
develop brain swelling that could lead to brain damage. Given the possible severity when
obtaining Measles, the CDC recommends to protect children against measles by obtaining a
vaccine that provides enduring insurance against all strains of measles (Measles, 2018). The
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella vaccine (MMR) is administered in two doses in order to prevent
an individual from obtaining one of those diseases. The first dose was given to children when
they are about 13 months old, which offers 90 to 95% protection against those diseases. The
second dose increases those protection odds to become 99%, which is administered before a
child turns five years old. In order for the vaccine to be immune in our system, we need to
achieve at least 95% of immunity to those diseases (Gardner, 2010).
Side effects of MMR vaccine
There is for all intents and purposes no medication without reactions. Gentle symptoms of MMR
vaccine include the following: fever, mild rash, and swelling of the glands in the cheeks or neck.
Moderate reactions include: febrile seizures, brief joint inflammation, and impermanent
thrombocytopenia. Serious side effects of MMR vaccine are amazingly uncommon, but can
include serious allergic responses. Other serious side effects are rare to the point that it is
difficult to recognize whether they are caused by the vaccine, which includes: deafness, long-
term seizures, coma, lowered consciousness, and lasting brain damage (Mahmić-Kaknjo, 2017).
PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 3
Barriers
Obtaining immunization has been viewed as one of the best general wellbeing accomplishments
of the twentieth century for their job in killing smallpox and controlling polio, measles, rubella,
and different irresistible ailments in the United States. Regardless of their adequacy in
forestalling and destroying illness, routine youth vaccine take-up remains problematic. Parent
refusal of immunizations has added to flare-ups of vaccine preventable infections, for example,
measles and pertussis (Maglione, 2014). Late episodes of measles in the United Kingdom and
United States have awoken reestablished worry about vaccination dismissal. The rate of
vaccination take-up has fallen. Individuals' view of vaccine protection and effectiveness has
appeared to be an imperative factor for immunization take-up that, in the meantime, can spread
between people (Medus, 2014).
Research has shown that guardians' frames of mind .
Running Head PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1PATHOPHYSIOLOGY5.docxtodd581
Running Head: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 5
Pathophysiology
Student name
School
Instructor
Date
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a joint inflammatory disorder that can, at times, extend the effects to other body organs like lungs and blood vessels; The condition complicates the body's immune system with the advancement of the symptoms( explain types of symptoms) and citation needed(>>>>>>>>) Patients suffering from RA are prune to severe conditions that may arise as the condition matures. patients have distinct symptoms expressed outwardly based on the level and stage of the inflammatory disorder, some of which are similar to those expressed by the patients in the case study. The condition is not hereditary or family born but thought to result from genetic risk factors such as…… (citation needed) The patient in the case study was aware that increased inflammatory could result in the highlighted symptoms and thus presented them to identify whether they were emanating from the condition or any other source of infection.
Identify the genes that may be associated with the development of the disease.
A variety of gene pairs are associated with the RA condition as significant risk factors. The causative genes to the condition are suspended in the immune system function ( citation). Change in human Leukocyte antigen genes (HLA) in the significant contributor to Rheumatoid Arthritis ( citation needed). The genes, RLA-DRB1, are highly associated with triggering the Rheumatoid Arthritis condition. It is associated with the production f body proteins. The HLA proteins assist the immune system in distinguishing immune proteins and those proteins produced by body invaders like viruses (Soo P, n.d). Variation in other genes has a little impact on the condition ( citation needed).
Explain the process of immunosuppression and the effect it has on body systems.
Immunosuppression is a process that subdues the human immune system to individuals undergoing organ transplants or those with autoimmune conditions like Rheumatoid Arthritis(>>>>>>>>). The process involves administering drugs to ensure that the immune system does not repel the organs being transplanted (McCance & Huether, 2019). The physicians must first carry an examination of different body organs them makes a prescription to the patient. After the examination, a strict medical plan or therapy session is created, which patients should stickily follow. During the process, the doctor monitors the patients effectively on a close observation. Immunosuppression has different side effects in the body, some of which arise due to the drugs ( citation needed). The effects include; decrease in bony density, a decrease in muscle functioning, effect on the operation of muscle fiber, which reduces muscle protein production and cases of hyperglycemia and severe diabetes. The effects get controlled through regular exercise. This paragraph should lead to the 4th or next paragraph this p
Invasiv.
Running head PASTORAL COUNSELLING ON MENTAL HEALTH1PASTORAL .docxtodd581
Running head: PASTORAL COUNSELLING ON MENTAL HEALTH 1
PASTORAL COUNSELLING ON MENTAL HEALTH 36
Pastoral Counseling on Mental Health
Student’s Name
Course
Institutional Affiliation
Pastoral Counseling on Mental Health
Chapter 4 Results4.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the researcher is going to present the results and findings obtained from the research. The primary objective of the study was to find out the effects of pastoral counseling on mental health. The researcher conducted a research survey to obtain the relevant data that was required to achieve the research objective. The data collection tool that was used in this study was a survey questionnaire that contained a total of 21 questions. The design of the questionnaire was in line with the specific objectives of this study. This chapter will present the respondents' background information, and the findings obtained from the analysis in line with the research objectives.
4.2 Data Analysis
Descriptive statistics were used in the discussion of the findings of the research. The results were explained using percentages. The target respondents of the study were sampled using simple random sampling. However, the primary target sample was that of people who had experienced some form of mental health at a certain point in their lives. The primary criterion for sampling was that the individual participant must have attained the age of 18 years and above.
4.3 Response Rate
Herein the response rate is the total number of people who completed the survey correctly and met the requirements of the researcher. In this study, a total of 106 participants completed the study. Before the survey was conducted, the respondents were taken through the details of the survey before they could give consent or decline. The reason they were chosen to take part in the study was that they were members of the Deliverance Center for all Nations Church and that they were of 18 years and above.
Further, they were informed of the candidate undertaking the research. Additionally, the researcher told the respondents that the objective of the study was to find out whether the church members sought pastoral counseling as a remedy for addressing mental health issues and whether pastoral counseling had a positive impact on the organization. The respondents were made aware that there was no benefit whatsoever of taking part in the research, and it was voluntary. The potential risks that the respondents would experience in the study were made known to them, which were the same risks one would encounter in their daily lives. The participants were informed that the information they gave would be confidential, and no one else will access them apart from the researcher. Possible contacts were availed to the respondents in case they intended to contact a third party regarding the research.
Once the participants had been taken through the details, they were asked whether they were willing to proceed with the survey or .
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Running head PROJECT MANAGEMENT BY USING AGILE METHODOLOGY 1PR.docx
1. Running head: PROJECT MANAGEMENT BY USING AGILE
METHODOLOGY 1
PROJECT MANAGEMENT BY USING AGILE
METHODOLOGY 27
Project Management by Using Agile Methodology
Name: Soumitra Girish Shilotri
Institution: Harrisburg University of Science and Technology
Project Management by Using Agile MethodologyAbstract
In project managements and especially, the management of
software projects, there have been a change from the traditional
project planning to agile project planning. Agile project
management for a while has been viewed as new
transformations that will help in revolutionizing the software
industry.
It is evident that agile project management is arising as an
2. emerging way for development software projects. The idea of
agile is something that has been existence for some decades,
and even though information and utilization are improving,
agile project management is not the automatic remedy.
Comprehending the right time to utilize agile and the type of
success factor to consider, it is significant to accomplish goals
and objectives.
Agile project management is perceived as a modern and new
methodology that keeps rising. It advocates that the application
of agile practices that is not adequate. Indeed, to effectively and
efficiently start a new business enterprise, projects or products,
there is need to strengthen emphasis on the customers. Even if
the word agile had been existence for some years, a new agile
methodology is still in the process of formation with the urge of
doing agile even to higher level.
The main aim of this particular research paper is to change the
mindset of project managers for using agile methodologies for
projects in FDA regulated industries. More specifically, there is
a need for checking the agile practices that are essential for the
project to be success. In essence, to figure this out, there is a
case of considering some previous researches about the agile
projects.
This research paper continues to explore how agile development
method, prevalent in several industries and currently recognized
as the standard guideline by the FDA industries. It addresses
shortcomings in the waterfall development and how it can be
used for the sake of meeting the safety, reliability, and
regulation demands of the medical devices and diagnostic
industries.
Key Words
Agile practices, project management, FDA industries, Kanban,
Scrum, Project Management Life Cycle, agile methodologies.
3. Table of Contents
Abstract2
Key Words3
Introduction5
Problem Statement and Justification6
Problem Statement6
Research Questions7
Justification7
Hypothesis9
Literature Review10
Incorporation of Agile Methodology in FDA Regulated
Industry24
Conclusion and Summary28
References31
Introduction
4. The theme of the research paper is about changing the mindset
of project managers for applying agile project management for
projects in FDA regulated industries. The emphasis lies on the
agile methodologies and agile practices. Intrinsically, agile
project management is something new in the development of
some projects. More and more organizations are applying agile
methodologies in delivering projects in a faster and smarter way
(Stettina & Hörz, 2015). Indeed, Agile methodologies were
initially designed for projects that deal with software, but since
it is beneficial, it is now utilized in a variety of projects (Larson
& Chang, 2016).
Agile software development was systematically reviewed in
2008 (Diebold et al., 2015). It was concluded that a lot of
studies need to be done through the development of the agile
methodologies as well as several benefits and limitations that
are identifiable; its effectiveness may be low. Based on the
review, quality studies about agile methodologies need to be
developed. As such, the research paper is thus relevant for the
purpose of achieving the effectiveness of the agile
methodologies in the FDA industry.
Many projects have failed or contested every year. Through the
CHAOS Manifesto, it was noted that only 37% of all projects
are termed successful, 44% of the projects were contested (there
are either late or having missing features), and 19% of projects
were termed failed (there were either canceled or forwarded but
not utilized). Indeed, there have been gradual improvements on
the rates of success, up from 30% in 2005 (Torrecilla-Salinas et
al., 2015).
The paper continues to indicate the size of the project is more
crucial than whether or the methodologies applied are agile or
traditional. It is argued that the reasons for the use of an agile
methodology that make more accessible in the creation of both
small and large. However, large projects are ten times more
likely to fail, unlike small projects.
Agile knowledge, as well as the usage of agile, is increasing.
According to the 9th State of Agile Survey shows that 46% of
5. the participants are applying agile methodologies in most of the
projects (Stettina & Hörz, 2015). Besides, at least 92% of the
organizations as reported by the survey have some usage of the
agile development (Larson & Chang, 2016). Eventually, scrum
is given highest preference as the agile methodology, which is
utilized by 55% of the agile team members (Torrecilla-Salinas
et al., 2015). Therefore, the usage will possibly increase in most
of the projects regardless of the industry.
The research paper is hence organized into other parts which
consist of (1) Problem Statement and Justification, (2) relevant
literature review regarding the agile methodologies, (3)
Incorporation of Agile Methodology in FDA Regulated Industry
and (4) conclusion and summary.Problem Statement and
JustificationProblem Statement
An ordinary alert in several software industries is that through
the application of the agile project management styles, the
project has higher probability of succeeding. Despite the fact
that the strength of the empirical evidence does not reach the
threshold, agile has been perceived for some time to be
something that would revolutionize the development of projects
that are associated with software as the FDA industry
(Torrecilla-Salinas et al., 2015). Several studies on the agile
projects elucidate that there might be some certainty in this
particular subject. Bilgaiyan, Mishra & Das, (2016) performed
large-scale research for the sake of testing if using agile
methodologies influences the success of projects. They noted
some indications that the application of the agile methodologies
is indeed correlated to high success rates. It was depicted for
some groups of success including efficiency, general project
success, and success of stakeholders (Stettina & Hörz, 2015;
Kostalova, Tetrevova & Svedik, 2015). Ordinarily, the search in
this paper will succeed in agile based projects with an emphasis
on how agile practices will be factored in terms of their
importance for the sake of achieving project success.
Research Questions
The research question guiding this research comprises of the
6. following:
1. How to change the mindset of project managers for using
agile methodologies for projects in FDA regulated industries?
2. What should managers do in order to incorporate agile in
FDA Regulated Industry?
3. How can agile project management-based practices result in
the improvements of project success in the upcoming FDA
Regulated Industry?Justification
Project management is a normal phenomenon in various
organizations. In essence, several companies encounter many
challenges while dealing with multiple projects simultaneously;
therefore, they are not capable of finishing it at the right time.
Further to wastage of time, projects are becoming quite
expensive in terms of usage of resources as well as failure to
achieve the projected objectives. Hence, there is a need to
incorporate agile in the management of companies to assist in
proper planning, management as well as the implementation of
projects in the FDA regulated industry. Usman, Mendes &
Börstler, (2015) explains agile project managements as methods
that help in assigning various tasks associated with the intended
projects to be used in the accomplishing goals of the company
regardless of the strict deadlines.
Despite the existing traditional methodology, agile methodology
implementation is still tricky particularly during a situation
when standard needs to be maintained. Since agile has been
seen to help in the definition and to secure the project success
factors, any problem can shift the whole project. As a result,
companies may end up experiencing problems such as delays
when the right methodology is not used. Besides, the quality of
the project can also be changed and finally affect the reputation
and the whole image of an organization (Torrecilla-Salinas et
al., 2015). In most cases, problems are caused due to poor
implementation of the right methodology while attempting to
get the right way of achieving the project's objectives.
According to Usman, Mendes & Börstler, (2015), an appropriate
methodology lies agile methodologies is an effective way of
7. getting solutions to the problems affecting the accomplishment
of the issues. In most scenarios, issues are created due to
inadequate focus on the priorities of the project's goals and
objectives. Activities and tasks are supposed to be done in a
way that will allow the project to succeed (Usman, Mendes &
Börstler, 2015). Therefore, project managers need to change
their mindset in the application of the agile methodologies for
projects in FDA regulated industries for the sake of
accomplishment of the project goals and objectives with the
scheduled timeframe.
The world is becoming more advanced in technology; thus
business enterprises must focus on the relevant issues to be
competitive in the corporate world. Ideally, some of the things
that make a company outstanding in the market are how it
manages and conducts its projects (Stettina & Hörz, 2015;
Kostalova, Tetrevova & Svedik, 2015). Often, many companies
are struggling to be more innovative as well as being
technologically advanced. Hence, such companies are faced
with a lot of complicated issues. As such, agile project
management is perceived as a viable remedy to assist in dealing
with the activities within the project. Unfortunately, there are
several factors to consider in the incorporation of the agile
project management methodology to achieve projects’
objectives. Organizations that adopt agile project management
methodology should expect positive improvements in the
project success. Nonetheless, without appropriate redress of the
factors, the expected gains can be an unachievable dream.
The significance of this study is based on the main objective,
"to change the mindset of project managers for using agile
methodologies for projects in FDA regulated industries." The
application of agile project management is inevitable,
particularly, in this period of technological advancement,
whereby organizations are confronted with sophisticated and
multiple projects that may need appropriate initiation and
planning (Stettina & Hörz, 2015; Kostalova, Tetrevova &
Svedik, 2015). Agile project management is critical in the
8. organization and preparation of the projects. It is vital in the
clarification of the performance metrics as well as the
accounting and oversight of the project activities. Consequently,
project managers have to be competent enough in the
identification and finding of remedy to any problems that can
hinder the successful adoption of the agile project manager in
the projects. It is crucial in the utilization of resources
effectively whereas conducting any project. Intrinsically, this
research assists in understanding how project managers can use
agile in project management.
Hypothesis
The study targets to test the following hypothesis anchored on
the analysis of a variety of existing literature on agile project
management:
1. Effects of using agile methodologies for projects in FDA
regulated industries by project managers.
2. Actions of managers in incorporating agile methodologies in
FDA Regulated Industry
3. Contribution of agile practices in the improvements of
project success in the upcoming FDA Regulated
Industry.Literature Review
In this chapter, begins by describing the project management in
general and specifically in the United States Food and Drug
Administration. Moreover, there is a provision of the review of
essential agile methodologies and practices and discuss some
existing studies that are performed on the agile project
management parameters. Eventually, there will be summarized
links between the literature review and the research questions.
Definition of Software Project Success
There are many means of defining the projects’ success.
Inherently, the traditional methodology is the application of the
project management paradigm in which the scope of cost and
time ends in forming a triangle (Rigby, Sutherland & Takeuchi,
2016). Quality is always included as an element that is separate
in the triangle.
9. The scope is described as a set of functional features that should
be delivered during the lifetime of a project. Time refers to the
actual duration that is needed for the completion of projects
within their scope. On the other hand, the costs are the number
of resources necessary for the projects to be completed. Ideally,
making any change to one of the features in the triangle affects
other elements in the triangle (Serrador & Pinto, 2015;
Papadopoulos, 2015; Dingsøyr & Lassenius, 2016).
Quality is crucial in the development of software products.
Indeed, the quality is described in many approaches, however,
for the products that use software; there are always some forms
of quality such as functional, process, and structural quality
(Pope-Ruark, 2015).
Structural quality can be defined as the source of quality code
of products. It comprises of the maintainability, efficiency, and
robustness among others as well as how it conforms to the
definition of coding practices (Kupiainen, Mäntylä, & Itkonen,
2015).
Functional quality refers to ways in which the products work for
the targeted users, mainly, the manner in which the software is
conforming to the described necessities and designs, the number
of bugs, the level of the excellent performance and its easiness
to use and learn (Mergel, 2016).
Process quality is described as the means at which systems are
formed with the existing processes. The main elements of the
process quality comprise achieving the rates of delivery,
attaining the required budgets, and repetitive development
processes that reliable in the delivery of quality software
(Kupiainen, Mäntylä, & Itkonen, 2015).
For the projects to be termed as successful when they are
completed on time, in the prescribed budget plus all the
necessary elements and functions. Nevertheless, it is
challenging for determination whether specific projects are
successful or not. A variety of people most likely stakeholders
are involved in the project may have different perceptions of
10. what consists of success (Silva et al., 2015; Dingsøyr &
Lassenius, 2016). Whereas external stakeholders typically
consider time and cost, internal stakeholders always utilize
quality and scope as the best ways of determining success
(Torrecilla-Salinas et al., 2015; Mergel, 2016). Alzoubi, Gill &
Al-Ani, (2016) describes quality as effective evaluation by
customers of respective behavoral objects that create customers'
satisfactions. As a vital component of the functional quality,
customers' satisfaction is considered as the essential component
of quality (Vijayasarathy & Butler, 2016). It has support from
the 9th Annual State of Agile Survey (Mergel, 2016) in which
customers/users' satisfactions were positioned number three
notably depending on the measurement of success (Sommer et
al., 2015). Product quality and on-time delivery ranked first and
second in the order. Besides, the product score and business
values ranked positions four and five respectively.
Project Management
Projects are defined as temporary activities that lead to unique
products, services or results. Indeed, projects have a planned
beginning and the end. In reality, the end of the project is
reached when the goals and objectives of the project have been
met, or the project is stopped due to some reasons. Therefore,
project management is seen as a way of utilizing skills,
information, and approaches in various project tasks for the
sake of meeting the project requirements (Perkusich et al.,
2015; Saltz & Crowston, 2017; Diebold et al., 2015). According
to Flora, (2018), the project management comprises of five
processes such as initiation, planning, executing, monitoring
and controlling, and closing (Sommer et al., 2015). In the
traditional project management (TPM) most of these processes
are performed linearly and incrementally (Vijayasarathy &
Butler, 2016). In Agile Project Management, these processes are
delivered in a more iterative and adaptive means (Perkusich et
al., 2015).
Based on these processes, Flora, (2018) describes various
11. project management life cycle processes. Intuitively, processes
include iterative, incremental, and extreme among other
processes. The decision about the project management life cycle
model to opt for solely depends on the goal uncertainty and the
solution level (Kupiainen, Mäntylä, & Itkonen, 2015). The
linear and incremental project management life cycle lies under
the traditional project management. Indeed, they have levels of
the solution that are low, and the objective of the project is
specific (Saltz & Crowston, 2017), while the adaptive and
iterative project management life cycle lies under the Agile
project managements. They have high levels of solutions and
the objective of the projects still specific (Vijayasarathy &
Butler, 2016). Finally, the extreme project management life
cycle is lying under the extreme project management. They have
high levels of the solution with goals of project uncertain
(Sommer et al., 2015). Figure 1 is giving all the illustration.
Figure 1: Project Management Life Cycle
Traditional Project Management Life Cycle
In the linear process, each project management model is done in
the necessary sequence. Indeed, the model is not encouraging
changes in the scope. Products are completed as described by
the scopes that are formed at the beginning of the projects.
The incremental process is somehow same as the linear process,
but the scopes are done in the form of increment. It offers the
provision of the best customer feedback as well as changes in
the scope as encouraged in the model. The benefits are different
from the linear model because the end products are closer to the
demands of the customers.
Agile Project Management
Situations where the goals are clear but solutions and how to
find them becomes unclear then an agile project management
model is utilized (Stettina & Hörz, 2015; Kostalova, Tetrevova
12. & Svedik, 2015; Vijayasarathy & Butler, 2016). In essence,
these forms of project are described as complicated and need a
method that is non-traditional for the successful execution of
the project (Saltz & Crowston, 2017).
In the traditional project management, every action is planned
out into upfront details. It is known as the plan-driven
approach. On the other hand, the agile project management
project is a change driven (Rigby, Sutherland & Takeuchi,
2016). It implies that rather than avoiding changes in the
projects, changes should be welcomed. It results in more
dynamic relationships between the teams that create products
and the external stakeholders (Kupiainen, Mäntylä, & Itkonen,
2015). In essence, stakeholders must be involved in the process,
but the results of the project need to be close to their demands.
Since the end solutions are uncertain at the start, they are
described during projects as feedback according to the
customers and various stakeholders.
Agile Project Management Life Cycle
The iterative process is used improving the incremental model
through inclusion of the planning in the loop of implementation.
Indeed, every circuit generates potentially shippable codes that
stakeholders can provide feedback on them (Kostalova,
Tetrevova & Svedik, 2015). Often feedback is welcome and
considered as a vital component of the process. According to
the input as well as the general mission of the products, another
iteration is always organized, managed, and employed (Silva et
al., 2015). In this case, solutions are not adequately noted at
the start, but it is described through the lifecycle of the project.
In figure 2 designed by Yamato et al., (2015) depicts an
iterative model and how most of the processes such as planning
tends to be repeated in the loop.
Agile methods can be categorized as both iterative and
incremental. It is incremental since the work undergoes pre-
division into small batches and iterative since the scopes of all
batches are described just prior to the beginning of loops.
13. Intrinsically, the iterative natures make the whole processes to
be quite flexible.
Figure 2: Iterative Project Management Life Cycle Model
Agile Project management can also be defined as the adaptive
process that is quite same as the iterative processes though they
have short loop periods, making it much easy in responding to
the shifting necessities (Kostalova, Tetrevova & Svedik, 2015).
The primary difference between the iterative and adaptive
models are most of the solutions are uncertain in the adaptive
models. Indeed, the fewer that are determined, the higher the
risks and complicated it would be. Whenever complication
becomes too high, the adaptive models becoming a bit favorable
(Saltz & Crowston, 2017).
Agile Methods
A variety of approaches has various practices. When opting for
techniques for provided projects, these practices need to be
factored in making sure they are suitable precisely in the
projects (Kostalova, Tetrevova & Svedik, 2015). In reality, not
all methods describe to all the practices, but instead they focus
on other aspects. Scrum has the capability of explaining
practices in terms of events and artifacts (Silva et al., 2015).
Extreme programming can describe more than 24 practices in
words of engineering practices.
On the other hand, Kanban comprises of the description of the
five principles that at times are viewed as the practices.
Methods are considered as a group of best practices, values, and
laws that have proved to work for certain forms of projects
(Bilgaiyan, Mishra & Das, 2016). This chapter discusses some
of the commonly applied agile methods.
Kanban
Kanban inclines to mindset instead of methodology. It implies
that it offers little specific rules in the manner which process is
14. followed, but instead it focuses on possessing the exact attitude
(Sohi et al., 2016). Kanban does not have many principles, and
Khmelevsky Li & Madnick, (2017) identify at least five
principles for the sake of creating of a lean behavior in projects:
limiting work-in-progress, managing flow, visualizing
workflow, making the process to be explicit, and improving
collaboration (Dingsøyr & Lassenius, 2016).
Every item chosen for the development originates from the
prioritized backlog described as a Kanban board. Kanban boards
have several columns where every column is depicted to
represent status. Every item comes from the column and always
moves from one point to another point when they are being
worked on (Bilgaiyan, Mishra & Das, 2016). The work-in-
progress limit sets every column by showing the number of
items that can be held by a column at any given time. In case,
there are too many items appearing to be clustered in one
column, and the whole is responsible for solving those problems
in order to ensure that the flow is working again (Perkusich et
al., 2015).
Figure 3: An Example of Kanban Board
In figure 3, items are placed in a column and appeared to be
higher, and they have higher priorities. They make Kanban an
excellent option for maintaining activities where priorities
always change.
Scrum
Scrum is a framework that is both incremental and iterative,
mainly formed for the management of software in some projects
in the agile ways. Intrinsically, scrum was described around the
mid-1990s, but its popularity increased from 2001 after
founding the Agile Alliance (Sohi et al., 2016). The Scrum
framework has a definition that revolves around roles, events,
and artifacts (Usman, Mendes & Börstler, 2015). Besides, the
Scrum framework is depicted to define only three roles
including product owners, team members, and scrum meters
15. (Bilgaiyan, Mishra & Das, 2016). The product owner is
involved in controlling the product backlog as well as defining
the requirement. The Scrum masters are ensuring that processes
are duly followed and resolving the impediment. Lastly, team
comprises of other persons such as developer, designer, and
testers among others.
Scrum consists of some events including sprint plan, day to day
standups, sprint retrospectives, and sprint reviews. Every event
has been time-boxed and must facilitate the fast response as
well as a constant flow of information that exist between
stakeholders and team members (Usman, Mendes & Börstler,
2015). A sprint ordinarily is a two-four weekly cycles in which
team members work on an agreed activities (Sohi et al., 2016).
The most significant artifacts comprise of the product backlogs,
sprint backlogs, and product increments (Khmelevsky Li &
Madnick, 2017). The product backlogs contain requirements
that should be developed in the future sprints. The sprint
backlogs include requirements that are recently being operated
on as the active component of the sprints that are ongoing.
Eventually, the products’ increments are the results of the
duties which were performed during sprints.
Figure 4: Scrum Process Flow
In the figure 4 above, the scrum model flow is illustrated. In
every sprint, during the plan, the product owners and the team
members decide on the sets of items that come from the
products’ backlogs for the sake of putting them into the sprint
backlogs (Sohi et al., 2016). The team members work during the
sprint to form shippable products that are potential increments
according to the goods found in the sprints’ backlogs (Diebold
et al., 2015). Daily, there is a scrum meeting to share
information and find solutions to the problems.
Extreme Programming
Extreme programming is referred bas software centered on the
agile methods. Objectively, Usman, Mendes & Börstler who are
16. one of the first initiators of the agile manifestos and
participated in the creation of extreme programming in 1999
(Usman, Mendes & Börstler, 2015). Currently, extreme
programming has defined about five core values, fifteen
principles, thirteen leading practices, and eleven corollary
practices (Perkusich et al., 2015). Ideally, these aspects are to
be used in the improvement of code quality as well as product
value, and creation of the best development practices (Sommer
et al., 2015; Flora, 2018). Besides, extreme programming
advocates for the short development iterations and emphasizes
on transforming several practices into appropriate action. The
leading practices are quickly adopted and should provide instant
results (Khmelevsky Li & Madnick, 2017). On the other hand,
the corollary practices are somehow sophisticated and demand
more experience in the implementation in the projects
(Torrecilla-Salinas et al., 2015).
The FDA and Agile
Whereas various professionals in the industry believe that FDA
regulations need waterfall, neither quality system regulation nor
other regulations are based on the prescribed development
methodology. There is a sense of confusion that comes up in
various standards that FDA does not consider though written in
a manner to elucidate waterfall (Sohi et al., 2016). Ideally, the
FDA completely cautions against applying the waterfall for
sophisticated devices: the model of the waterfall is useful in
activities that are limited while for advanced devices, another
model is preferred (Diebold et al., 2015). Despite the challenges
in the adoption of agile, several firms in the industry such as
Pathfinder give recognition to the agile value and the adopted
methodology for the sake of complying with the applicable
standards and guidelines. Indeed, they have to apply them in
developing and launching FDA products that are cleared and
approved (Layton & Ostermiller, 2017). For the sake of
17. providing clarity as well as the guidance on aligning the agile at
both concept and practical levels.
Incorporation of Agile in FDA Regulated Industry by Project
Managers
The Agile can be incorporated in the industry by the project
managers through three major principles that can be used in
promoting safety for medical tool software: risk management,
quality management, and software engineering (Diebold et al.,
2015). Indeed, agile can be used in addressing all these
principles in a manner that is superior to the traditional
waterfall (Torrecilla-Salinas et al., 2015).
It can start by comparing risk management with Agile. Like
other perspectives of the software development processes, not
all risks are detected at the start of the project and at the same
time majority of the hazards are discovered as the system is
evolving (Layton & Ostermiller, 2017). As acknowledged in the
ISO 14971, the international standards for the risk management
system for the medical devices: risk is always introduced in the
product lifecycle and fact, risk becomes apparent in the product
life cycle that can be managed through activities that can take
an entirely different occasion in the product life cycle (Larson
& Chang, 2016). The application of the agile can be depicted in
the risk management at every level of the product life cycle,
with output and output from every task within a particular level
— besides, risk analysis, evaluation, and risk controls that are
done in the sprints or iterations. There are aspects of
maintaining backlogs of requirements with related risk scores
for each task (Layton & Ostermiller, 2017). For any problem,
increment, risk assessment forms part of the definition done.
The new hazards have been introduced; the DFMEA needs to be
updated (Stettina & Hörz, 2015). Customers' stories are used in
the implementation of mitigations as well as reviewing the
results in the demonstration of iteration. Early embedment of
risk management in the process, there is discovery and
elimination or mitigation of more risks and doing much earlier
18. in the phase of change. The approach is thoroughly illustrated in
the modified of AAMI TIR45: 2012 version in figure 5.
Figure 5: Modified version of AAMI TIR45: 2012
Attaining Quality at Speed with Agile
Quality is one of the primary objectives of the agile
methodology, and a variety of central core agile practices that
are designed for the sake of improving software quality at the
same time maintaining the speed of the project (Larson &
Chang, 2016). Intuitively, traditional software development
members always spend a third or half of their time on defecting
the troubleshooting and reworking, and agile practices have a
design to be used in catching and fixing early defects when they
are comfortable and cheap to catch and fix (Torrecilla-Salinas et
al., 2015).
Incorporation of the human factors in agile to improve
effectiveness and risk mitigation. Intrinsically, human factors in
the software become more significant. With more complication,
excellent access and availability and mostly the user types that
come with the richness of opportunity for the users' error
(Stettina & Hörz, 2015). Majority of the risks for sophisticated
medical devices are directly associated with human factors such
as permitted misuses, user interface design, user interface
confusions, and user complacency which are not adapted to the
users' workflow (Larson & Chang, 2016).
Conclusion
In this chapter, several topics are created in the theoretical
foundation for the research. There is a description of the
identified in the project success for the software projects
through considering four components; quality, time, scope, and
cost. There is background information about traditional project
management and agile project management. Besides, there are
many ways of using agile. Various agile methodologies have
several practices, devices, and ways. Indeed, there are several
19. practices and not equivalently essential in attaining success.
Most of the agile practices used in the identification of the State
of Agile Survey. Ideally, the combination of all these identified
practices from the topics covered and finally describing
practices mostly significant for agile projects.
The Agile can be incorporated in the industry by the project
managers through three major principles that can be used in
promoting safety for medical tool software: risk management,
quality management, and software engineering. The
combination of agile practices and methodologies can be used to
change the mindset of project managers in conducting projects
in FDA regulated industries.Incorporation of Agile
Methodology in FDA Regulated Industry
When agile methodology was initially introduced, there were
some comprehendible resistances because it had not been
proved as a new approach. While some organizations were
adopting agile in different industries, a variety of researches
were performed for the sake of analyzing the effectiveness of
agile (Saltz & Crowston, 2017). The Standish group did a report
known as CHAOS report which is published yearly since 1994;
it is one of the studies that are respected among the software
projects (Kostalova, Tetrevova & Svedik, 2015; Vijayasarathy
& Butler, 2016). Indeed, it has continuously depicted a high
correlation between the agile and the success of several
organizations since its adoption in the mid-2000s.
By 2012, the Standish Group applied one of the best languages
to explain the significance of agile: "an agile process is
universally a solution for the software development project
failures. In fact, the software applications that are developed
through the process have higher success rates than traditional
project management and with much lower cost as well as time-
saving (Vijayasarathy & Butler, 2016). Other researches
comprise of the medical service industry, which has depicted
continuous improvements in the project quality and success
(Mergel, 2016).
Agile project management is suitable for the FDA regulated
20. environment. Over the last two decades, agile has been used and
depicted better results in several industries such as the FDA
regulated industries in terms of reliability and safety. Since the
agile methodologies have proved to produce better results,
therefore they can be used in the medical service and diagnostic
industry despite being adopted in the slow pace (Stettina &
Hörz, 2015; Kostalova, Tetrevova & Svedik, 2015;
Vijayasarathy & Butler, 2016). The objections to the adoption
of agile in the medical device industry have focused on the
following issues:
Medical devices should be reliable, effective and preferable
safe, as well as they cannot pose some added risks to the
patients. Agile methodologies do not have enough rigor and
complexity to be applied in safety critical systems
(Vijayasarathy & Butler, 2016). Agile methodologies eschew
planning, processes that are controlled, and documentation,
most of which are needed by the Quality System and Regulation
of FDA (Torrecilla-Salinas et al., 2015).
Even if agile methodologies had proper processes to comply
with the FDA regulations, it would not matter since the FDA is
not prescribing to the waterfall processes (Saltz & Crowston,
2017).
As can be seen all these concerns are based on the
misconception. In reality, agile methodologies applied
appropriately leads to the improvement of reliability,
effectiveness, and safety if it is compatible with the Quality
System and Regulation of FDA, and indeed, recognized as part
of the standard by the FDA (Rigby, Sutherland & Takeuchi,
2016).
Whereas various professionals in the industry believe that
regulations of FDA need waterfall, neither of the Quality
System and Regulation of FDA nor other regulations can be
formed to prescribe to the specific development of the
methodology. There is confusion that arises since most of the
standards do not recognize several ways elucidated by the
traditional project management (Kostalova, Tetrevova &
21. Svedik, 2015). Intrinsically, the FDA completely cautions
against the usage of the traditional project management for the
sophisticated devices: the practice of the waterfall's model is
useful though limited for complicated devices same as the
engineering models which are more representatives (Saltz &
Crowston, 2017).
Even though there are barriers in the adoption of agile, several
companies in the industry such as Pathfinder, indeed have
recognized the usefulness of agile methodologies and have
adopted the methodology in all its standards and guidelines
(Mergel, 2016); therefore, it has used it in the development and
launching of products that are cleared and approved by the
FDA.
Agile methodologies through the promotion of safety of medical
device software are addressed through the following principles;
risk management, quality management, and software
engineering. All these principles help in showing how the agile
methodologies are seen to be superior to the traditional project
management methods.
Risk management with agile methodology is crucial since it
helps in the integration of the risk with agile practices. In
reality, the combination helps in the embedment of risk
management at stages of the project’s lifecycle with input and
output from every task with that stage (Silva et al., 2015;
Dingsøyr & Lassenius, 2016). Besides, the risk analysis, risk
control, and risk evaluation are done in particular iteration for
the sake of maintaining the backlog of requirements which are
related to the risks identified in each stage of the project
lifecycle. Through embedment, risk management is discovered
early in the project lifecycle, and it is immediately eliminated
or mitigated followed by reviewing the results during the
iteration demonstration as well as the release of the reviews.
In the traditional project management in the product
development, release dates are always fixed since most of the
dangers are discovered late thus leading to high cost and
consumption of more time to eliminate or mitigate, making the
22. projects to either being extended or inadequately worked with
or tested (Kostalova, Tetrevova & Svedik, 2015). Intrinsically,
the hazard response is quite challenging unless it is performed
at early stages in the project lifecycle. Intuitively, agile
methodologies allow exceptional and targeted prioritization of
characteristics after every iteration. Ideally, the application of
the risk-based prioritization of attributes and consistent risk
assessment; there is a high possibility of spending the right
effort on the most critical risk sections at a low cost. It can be
related to the incorporation of human factors in the
improvement of effectiveness and risk mitigation.
Human factors are essential in the development of software used
in projects. With complications, excellent access and
availability provide a great opportunity in the industry. Most of
the risks for complicated medical devices that are connected to
the human factors such as user interface confusions and user
interface designs that cannot be adapted to user workflow (Silva
et al., 2015; Dingsøyr & Lassenius, 2016). The expectations of
the FDA on user errors that get much rigorous and higher focus
on being placed on comparative safety as well as effectiveness
(Silva et al., 2015) and conducting formative usability tests as
well as dealing with the best usability issues by training and
labeling that are no longer acceptable. Insufficient focus on the
user experiences can have significant business influences:
systems that are difficult to apply and do not offer what users
need, when it is required, in actionable ways, do not get used.
Besides, systems that do not get utilized do not lead to future
sales (Vijayasarathy & Butler, 2016). Inherently, human factors,
experience, and methodologies to the team assigned to develop
products contribute to the dramatic improvements of the project
quality and speed, and user satisfaction (Kostalova, Tetrevova
& Svedik, 2015).
Agile methodologies can be adapted in the direct incorporation
of human factors into the process of development. User
experience and human factors create task flow, storyboard, and
wireframe, as well as, creating detailed designs with the binding
23. acceptance to help product developers to have clear guidelines.
Product developers have the capability of getting usability
feedback from the product end users as improvements are made
by the software development team (Rigby, Sutherland &
Takeuchi, 2016). Therefore, hazards associated with the human
factors are mitigated at early stages to help in quick designing
and testing. It is significant in achieving project quality at the
right speed with agile methodologies.
Quality is one of the primary targets of the agile methodologies,
and several of the agile practices that are designed for the sake
of improving the project quality at the same time maintaining
the projected velocity (Stettina & Hörz, 2015). Whereas
traditional project management makes the development team
spend at least half of their time for defecting troubleshooting
and rework, agile methodologies are designed in a way that they
have capability of catching and fixing defects early enough,
when they are needed at the most comfortable time and cheapest
cost to fix such errors (Silva et al., 2015; Dingsøyr &
Lassenius, 2016). Eventually, the agile practices that include
users' stories, tests, and tests based on the development,
consistent integration and tolerance on the zero bugs that are
designed for the sake of improving and maintaining the project
quality. It allows the team to move much faster with fewer
defects than in the traditional project management
methodologies (Bilgaiyan, Mishra & Das, 2016). Therefore,
agile methodologies are supported by several practices that
result in the improvement of quality, reduction of risks, and
improvement of project speed.Conclusion and Summary
The goal of this research was to get the changing the mindset of
project managers for application of the agile management for
projects in FDA regulated industries. Besides, it extended to
looking at how agile practices are contributing to the success of
projects. Most of the studies reviewed depicted significant
relevance of the agile methodologies; however, their
perceptions about importance are entirely different.
At least five agile practices were discovered to be extremely
24. significant. The most crucial aspect for the application of the
iterative development as well as the sprint reviews was noted to
the earliest feedback from the customers. Intrinsically, iterative
development is applied to deal with the changing priorities as
well as uncertainty in solution and accomplishing a shorter time
to get to the market. Incremental sprint planning, stories, and
designs were utilized while responding to the changing
priorities and needs of the customers.
The main reason for the application of the sprint retrospective
and collaborative improvement was meant to enhance the
process for improving the effectiveness of the product
development teams. The objective of which was to attain a
change in the mindset of project managers for using agile
methodologies for projects in FDA regulated industries in terms
of improving the working environment as well as working pace.
Probably they were depicted as the most significant practices
that product development team can utilize.
All the practices perceived to be significant were associated
with quality and scope. It is not amazing since all the
participants were treated as the internal stakeholders and most
of the stakeholders always utilize quality and scope as the best
criteria for the determination of success. In summary, agile
practices and other practices such as incremental designs, sprint
retrospective are considered as the most crucial in the research.
It was reported that results are indicating that practices can
improve customer feedback and the processes used by the
product development team, as well as assisting the team in
comprehending the essential needs of customers as very
important with a lot of significance.
Agile methodology if duly incorporated to the quality system
regulations of FDA, it has the capability of providing superior
outcomes to the current traditional project management
methods, particularly for the complicated system with
significant software elements.
Agile methodologies are designed for the sake of getting more
feedback early and even during the product design process as
25. well as applying this feedback to improve products consistently.
Consequently, it is suitable for the development of sophisticated
systems that have new requirements. Ideally, the loop of
feedback is adaptable in the incorporation of risk management,
human factors, and validation. The agile methodologies are
critically through making organizations adapt quickly to
changes, rapid reduction of uncertain requirements,
development of project speed and reduction of waste, and
reduction of risks and defects. Therefore, organizations should
incorporate agile methodology to have better opportunities in
the rise of challenges posed by the dynamic changes in
regulations, reimbursements, and technological landscape and
converting them to competitive market success and advantage.
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease Case Study
The patient is an 11-year-old girl who has been complaining of
intermittent right lower quadrant pain and diarrhea for the past
year. She is small for her age. Her physical examination
indicates some mild right lower quadrant tenderness and
fullness.
Studies
Results
Hemoglobin (Hgb),
8.6 g/dL (normal: >12 g/dL)
Hematocrit (Hct),
28% (normal: 31%-43%)
Vitamin B12 level,
68 pg/mL (normal: 100-700 pg/mL)
Meckel scan,
No evidence of Meckel diverticulum
D-Xylose absorption,
60 min: 8 mg/dL (normal: >15-20 mg/dL)
120 min: 6 mg/dL (normal: >20 mg/dL)
Lactose tolerance,
No change in glucose level (normal: >20 mg/dL rise in glucose)
Small bowel series,
Constriction of multiple segments of the small intestine
Diagnostic Analysis
The child's small bowel series is compatible with Crohn disease
of the small intestine. Intestinal absorption is diminished, as
indicated by the abnormal D-xylose and lactose tolerance tests.
29. Absorption is so bad that she cannot absorb vitamin B12. As a
result, she has vitamin B12 deficiency anemia. She was placed
on an aggressive immunosuppressive regimen, and her condition
improved significantly. Unfortunately, 2 years later she
experienced unremitting obstructive symptoms and required
surgery. One year after surgery, her gastrointestinal function
was normal, and her anemia had resolved. Her growth status
matched her age group. Her absorption tests were normal, as
were her B12 levels. Her immunosuppressive drugs were
discontinued, and she is doing well.
Critical Thinking Questions
1. Why was this patient placed on immunosuppressive therapy?
2. Why was the Meckel scan ordered for this patient?
3. What are the clinical differences and treatment options for
Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease? (always on boards)
4. What is prognosis for patients with IBD and what are the
follow up recommendations for managing disease?
Running head: OVERCOMING CHALLENGES OF
IMPLEMENTING PMO2
OVERCOMING CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING PMO2
OVERCOMING PMO PROPBLEMS FACED IN PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
Srinivasa Yadlapalli
Harrisburg University
GRAD 695 PGMT
30. Overcoming Challenges of Implementing PMOAbstract
Project Management Office (PMO)is a common phenomenon in
many organizations. Many of these firms are confronted with
the challenge to manage multiple competing projects
successfully which is possible through the incorporation of
PMO. In this regard, firms are ratcheting up their governance
structure and corporate culture by implementing PMO.
However, many existing anecdotal pieces of evidence indicates
that PMO enforcement is quite an uphill task. This research
highlights the main challenges involved in implementing PMO
and the possible ways that can be applied by organizations to
overcome the difficulties. The research addresses issues such
as: Why do organizations implement PMO? What are the
challenges of implementing PMO? What measures are put in
place to deal with the challenges involved? The project,
basically, analyzes the existing literature on PMO and how to
overcome challenges associated with it. It also helps in ranking
the challenges in order of importance. Thirdly, the literature is
critical in discovering how various top-level organizations have
overcome the major challenges of PMO. Some of the major
PMO challenges highlighted in the research include; (1) lack of
experienced personnel to manage the PMO software, (2) Poor
PMO leadership, (3) inappropriate change management strategy,
(4) rigid corporate culture due to the organization’s resistance
31. to change. The research also addresses various mitigation
measures that can be undertaken to overcome the challenges
associated with PMO. The actions include, among others, hiring
experienced project managers and personnel to help in the
proper implementation of the PMO. Besides, the organization
needs a flexible change management strategy that is in tandem
with the implementation processes. Other measures include
efficient utilization and allocation of resources, standardizing
process before the PMO implementation stage, hiring the most
talented project managers to manage the implementation team,
having strong PMO champion and opinion leaders who can
demonstrate the value of PMO. Lastly, the research
acknowledges the difficulty in implementing PMO tools and
calls for proper project management and planning culture to
mitigate the challenges.Key Words:
project manager, Project Management, Implementing PMO,
Project Management Office (PMO)
Table of Contents
Contents
Abstract2
32. Key Words:3
Introduction5
Problem Statement and Justification7
Problem Statement7
Research questions7
Justification8
Hypothesis10
Literature Review10
Definition and History of PMO10
The Changing Roles of PMO13
Challenges of implementing PMO15
Conclusion17
Proposed
Solution
Approaches to the Challenges17
Conclusion and Summary22
References24
Introduction
33. Organizations are faced with many challenges including the
challenge of PMO to deliver value to the organizations.
Regardless, the Project Management Office (PMO) plays a
critical role in spearheading the success of a project by
improving its overall productivity, performance, and
profitability. In this regard, the main reason for implementing
PMO is to empower the organization to thrive. The world is now
more advanced, and IT-enabled innovations are taking center
stage of many organizations focusing on the execution of the
organizational projects. The Standish Group report of 1994
cited only 16% of successful IT projects within the stipulated
time and budget (Aubry & Hobbs 2011). In 2006 Standish report
found out that the estimated success rate of IT projects varied
from 35% to 67% in a survey of over 400 project managers
(PMs) (Letavec 2006). The statistics create a clear impression
that about 33 to 65% of projects are somehow less successful.
Such a scenario results in both cost and time overruns. It also
causes a deficiency in features and function prompting the
organization’s failure to meet customer expectations.
Aubry & Hobbs (2011) note that many large-scale organizations
are confronted with the challenge to manage IT projects due to
increasing organizational complexities, technological
complexity and size of projects that continue to grow over time.
Most of the project failures can be attributed to inadequate
skills, knowledge, and expertise in project management
34. discipline. Therefore, the organizations must initiate
appropriate measures to address the challenges causing the
project failures. In that regard, the organization should first
address its software capability before implement any project
management discipline. The assumption is that organizations
with higher software capabilities yield the most successful
project outcomes. A firm’s software capability can be accessed
by either OPM3 (Organizational Project Management Maturity
Model) or CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration)
models. OPM3 and CMMI are products from the Project
Management Institute (PMI) and Software Engineering Institute
respectively. They focus on testing the maturity of the process
involved in project management.
Another approach of improving organizational project
management is by establishing PMO strategy into its operations
(Letavec 2006). The focus of this revolves around identifying
the obstacles that impedes PMO implementation. Many existing
literature advocates for the implementation of PMOs to improve
the performance and outcome of projects. One of the most
regularly mentioned significance of PMO is the training and
mentoring of project managers and personnel. PMOs are also
instrumental in developing standards for project management
and delivery of the project’s objectives. PMO would also
facilitate the development of best project management practices
in an organization, i.e., appropriate planning and resource
35. allocation. Most companies are in the dilemma of choosing the
approach that would successfully implement the PMOs. Without
an appropriate approach, the PMO initiatives are futile. Hence,
the challenges must be identified and evaluated to curb their
threat on the implementation of PMO. Project coordinators and
managers must be guided on how to overcome the challenges
they are likely to encounter during the implementation exercise
of PMO. Therefore, more research needs to be conducted to help
in understanding the challenges associated with PMO
implementation and the best possible ways of addressing the
problems.
The paper is thus organized into other four sections which
include (1)problem statement and justification, (2)review of the
relevant literature relating to PMOs, (3)proposed solution
approach and (4)conclusion. Problem Statement and
JustificationProblem Statement
PMO is a relatively recent phenomenon having lasted for about
10 to 15 years only. Nevertheless, it is emerging as a prominent
feature in many organizations engaged in multiple and
sophisticated projects. For many organizations, PMO is applied
as a centralized unit for planning and overseeing project
management. Despite, the positivity of PMO, many
organizations continue to face challenges in implementing PMO
as part of project management. The problems are so ingrained
that the organizations sometimes opt to abandon the use of
36. PMO. Due to the challenges in implementation, PMO has not
been successful in realizing the kind of improvements that
project stakeholders hoped to achieve. The challenges range
from incompetent personnel and project leaders to inefficiency
in resource allocations for the successful implementation of
PMO. In most cases, the project managers are clueless about
matters about PMO; thus, making the whole project
unattainable. In such a scenario, the managers lack the requisite
guidelines on how to tackle any potential challenges associated
with PMO implementation. Research questions
The research questions guiding the research include the
following:
· What are the Main challenges in PMO implementation in
project management?
· Do the challenges have any significance?
· What measures should organizations adapt to curb the
challenges associated with PMO?
· What is the role of PMO in project management?Justification
PMO has become a common phenomenon in many
organizations. Most companies encounter numerous problems in
handling multiple projects simultaneously; hence, they could
not finish the projects within the stipulated time. In addition to
time wastage, the projects become unnecessarily costly, in
terms of resource utilization and failure to meet the expected
objectives. Therefore, most companies have opted to
37. incorporate PMO to help them in proper planning, management
and implementation of projects. Dai & Wells (2004) describes
PMO as an organizational body or entity assigned various tasks
relating to a given project intended to be accomplished by an
organization. PMO has a direct influence on the management
process of a project, i.e., it facilitates project management
functions.
Despite any existent Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), PMO
implementation is still challenging, especially when it comes to
maintaining standard in project management. Since it is the
PMO that is responsible for defining and maintain project
management process, any slight problem in the department
(PMO) is likely to alter the whole project. Such a problem
impacts negatively on the overall budget and schedule of the
projects. As a result, the organization experience delays in the
completion of the project. Besides, the quality of the project is
altered and eventually harming the image and reputation of the
company. The problems can also occur due to lack of proper
change management mechanism. According to Aubry & Hobbs
(2011), a proper change management model is an effective
remedy to challenges associated with PMO. The problems are
also necessitated through a lack of a prioritization during the
project. Activities are supposed to be placed or performed in
order of priority throughout the project management exercise
(Hornstein 2015).
38. The world is more technologically advanced; hence, businesses
must tighten up to be relevant in the competitive corporate
world. Some of the things that make organizations stand out in
the market are how they manage and conduct their projects
(Aubry & Hobbs 2011). Often, organizations are striving to be
more innovative and technologically advanced. Therefore, such
organizations are confronted with multiple complex projects. As
such, PMO becomes the only viable solution to help in handling
the tasks associated with the project. Unfortunately, there exist
challenges in PMO implementation which must be addressed for
the organizations to achieve its objectives. Companies that
implement PMO expects positive improvements in the success
of the project. However, without proper redress of those
challenges, the improvements expected by project-oriented
companies remains an unachievable dream.
The significance of this research is anchored on its main
objective, “to overcome challenges associated with PMO
implementation.” The use of PMO is inevitable, especially, in
this era of advanced technology, whereby companies are
confronted with complex projects that require proper planning
and initiation,” (Aubry & Hobbs 2011). PMO is a collection of
management, planning and review process involved in a project.
It is useful in clarifying performance metrics and the
responsibilities of oversight and accountability. Project
managers must be competent enough to identify and find a
39. solution to any challenges that would hinder the successful
implementation of PMO in project management. It is important
to utilize resource efficiently while performing any project.
Most projects fail due to limited resources and incompetent
project stakeholders. This study helps in understanding the
nature of problems that PMO face during project management.
It also accesses the probable cause of the challenges and the
best possible measures to undertake in addressing them.
Hypothesis
The research aims to test the following hypothesis based on
analysis of different existing literature on PMO:
· The challenges in implementing PMO cause of project failure.
· PMOs are catalysts of positive project outcomes
· Inefficiency in resources hinders the successful
implementation of PMO
· Incompetent Project Managers impedes the functionality of
PMO and overall project completion.Literature Review
The review of the relevant literature about PMO follows a
theoretical framework. The literature outlines the meaning of
PMO and the various perspectives that project stakeholders
should keep in mind before implementing PMO into an
organization’s project framework. In this case, the goal of the
literature review is to assess the meaning and significance of
PMO. It also discusses the main challenges in the
implementation of PMO.Definition and History of PMO
40. According to Kwak & Dai (2000), the use of PMO can be dated
back to 1930s. Today, PMO is a popular aspect of many project-
oriented organizations. The project office long-term vision is to
facilitate an organization’s projects to success. Kwak & Dai
(2000), provides two key definitions of the Project Management
Office. The authors describe PMO as an organizational entity
that helps project managers and other project stakeholders on
the strategic issues about the project in question. The project
teams are advised of the functional entities in the organization
to help them in implementing the project management
principles, practices, tools, methodologies, resources, and
techniques. Secondly, the authors, Kwak & Dai (2000),
attributes PMO to the entity vital for managing a given project
headed by project managers.
The article, ”The project management office as an
organizational innovation,” by Hobbs, Aubry & Thuillier (2008)
views PMO as a formal, centralized layer of control that
facilitates the information sharing amongst projects teams
which include senior management, staffs and project
management. PMO provides the opportunity for centralized
integration within an organization (Aubry, Hobbs & Thuillier
2007). For instance, PMO is a crucial source of knowledge that
is instrumental in the effective and efficient enforcement of
organizational projects, such as IT project or a marketing
project. Other researchers such as Singh, Keil & Kasi (2009);
41. Παπαχαραλάμπους & Papacharalampous (2017), (Aubry, Hobbs
& Thuillier 2011), and Hornstein (2015) views PMO
implementation as fundamental part of the organization. As an
administrative mechanism, PMO harness project activities and
procedures with the policies and cultures of the enterprise.
Therefore, successful implementation of PMO reflects the
organization’s maturity and advancement in project
management.
Παπαχαραλάμπους & Papacharalampous (2017), argues that
PMO’s is to ensure corporation amongst teams and groups
within an enterprise; thus, PMO ensures that team coordinates
well and working as planned. The author further provides
insights into the project office’s role in facilitating the
functionality of project teams. However, Hauck (2007) insists
that PMO is the most valid approach for the simultaneous
management of multiple projects in a multi-functional setting.
Letavec (2006) and Hornstein (2015) argue that PMO ensures
the efficient utilization of finite organizational resources. It
rejuvenates an organization’s growth by facilitating the parallel
efforts involved in a multi-sectoral business environment.
Through PMO, the project teams and managers are aware of
their roles in the project. Every organization wants to fulfill its
mission in providing goods and services that meet the market
demand and customer specifications. The organization must also
ensure that it realizes increased sales to create enough profit for
42. the shareholders. The organization, therefore, must adopt the
best practices in project management by ensuring that its
projects are properly planned and executed Hornstein 2015).
The Project Management institute defined PMO as a firm’s
entity assigned various roles based on the types of projects
under the organization’s domain (PMI 2015). In this regard, the
implementation of PMO, undoubtedly, poses significant change
in the culture and structure of any given organization. Hauck
(2007) asserts that every institution has a unique culture due to
the different individuals sharing common work ethics and
values. Hence; PMO must facilitate the structural development
of a system that supports systemic, repeatable and documented
processes. As argued by Hobbs, Aubry & Thuillier (2008),
PMOs must be geared towards conduct projects in the right way.
In that sense, the most fundamental functional groups of PMOs
are monitoring and control of projects. According to Hobbs &
Aubry 2007, the role of PMO in enhancing project management
competencies include: PMO helps in reporting the status of the
project to the senior management. Secondly, it critical in the
development and implementation of standard methodologies and
metrics for measuring the success of a project. Fourth, PMO
mentors and guides project managers are improving their
functionality. Fifth help in monitoring of project performance.
Sixth, it documents the training and development of personnel.
PMOs also monitor the project information system and maintain
43. the project scoreboard.
Based on the literature reviews, it is evident that PMOs plays a
crucial role in the management of an organization. Therefore,
PMOs can be viewed as part of the organizational innovation
that improves project management practices resulting in the
transformation of an organization. Since its inception in the
1930s, PMO has been reported in numerous fields including
business entities, healthcare organizations, aerospace, telecom,
and defense industries (Kwak & Dai 2000). Today, there is a
widespread interest in the establishment of PMO as a means of
improving the performance of IT projects in different
organizations. The aim is to limit issues of project failure and
overall failure in the organizations’ performance. Most PMOs
were established in the mid-1990s as a means to oversee IT-
related project, e.g., the Y2K project. However, some of the
organizations opted to disband their PMOs on completion of the
IT projects. Other companies retained the PMOs by expanding
their scopes to perform other projects. PMO is now a popular
phenomenon in most organizations and has been instrumental in
the management and execution of projects. The Changing Roles
of PMO
PMO is not only helpful to the project manager but also a
relevant aspect of every organization. It helps in the
understanding of professional practices involved in project
management (Dai & Wells 2004). It also facilitates the
44. integration of business interests with the efforts of project
management. Letavec 2006 suggests four different roles
facilitated through proper implementation of PMO, i.e.,
consulting, management of knowledge, the setting of standards
of doing the project, and hands-on implementation of the
program. Otherwise, PMO has many other different roles all of
which aims at improving the overall success of the project. The
many different roles have contributed to the configurations of a
wide spectrum of different PMOs. On one spectrum is PMO-
light which plays a rather passive role in facilitating project
managers. In such configuration, the PMO features very
minimal staffs and does not have direct control over the
management of projects.
Nonetheless, such PMO still helps in creating standards for
implementation of the project and acts as a repository for
project information. On the contrary, PMO-heavy offers more
direct control over the project and project teams. In such a
configuration, PMO plays a more proactive role and is
responsible for the overall outcome of the project. The two
configurations of PMO are set such that they facilitate the
project management (Hobbs, Aubry & Thuillier 2008). First,
PMO offers a consulting opportunity for Project managers
through training and guidance on the best project management
practices. Secondly, the centralized version which involves the
guidance of temporary staffs loaned out to business units to
45. perform certain organizational projects. Organizations need to
focus more on the PMO-Heavy model more than the PMO-Light
Model. According to Hauck, C. (2007), PMO-Light model of
configuration exhibits little resistance to change. Nevertheless,
the model occupies just a supporting role of PMO. It also has
minimal influence on the project execution implying that it
cannot be directly liable for the failure of the project. The
model is highly criticized for its limited impact on the project
execution.
Besides, the PMOs’ role in the organization depending on the
configuration adopted by the enterprise, i.e., PMO-Heavy or
PMO-Light. Above all, the structure and functionality of PMO
are continuously evolving depending on the organizations
changing needs and capability (Dai & Wells 2004). The PMO
competency and associated roles and abilities can be
highlighted as follows:
Image 001: The changing roles of PMO.
Source: (Singh, Keil & Kasi 2009).
The figure indicates how PMO and organization achieve more
maturity. The PMO plays the basic project oversight role. It
also acts as a formidable epicenter of excellence that is in a
strategic position to meet organizational business goals. In that
regard, PMO establishes itself as a basic ingredient of achieving
organizational competency.Challenges of implementing PMO
Stanleigh (2006) argues that the implementation rate of PMO is
46. very low, i.e., most of the project-oriented organizations have
been unsuccessful in implementing PMO. Stanleigh conducted a
survey of 750 organizations to test the implementation rate of
PMO into their system. Based on the survey, Stanleigh (2006)
discovered that over 75% of the companies that adopted PMO
initiative abandoned it citing failure to meet its intended
purpose. The organizations shut down the PMOs after realizing
no added value to their ongoing and prospective projects. A
similar conclusion was made by Hobbs, Aubry & Thuillier
(2008) upon the survey of over 500 project managers. The
researchers noted that most of the PMOs are too expensive and
has very minimal contribution to the project and organizational
performance. Based on the researchers’ findings, the outcome of
PMOs is often unpredictable. They (PMOs) are unstable
structures, i.e., companies waste too much time and resources in
reconfiguring the PMOs every time they malfunction or fail to
meet their intended purpose. The findings are also backed up by
Singh, Keil & Kasi (2009) and Dai & Wells (2004) who
considers the implementation of PMO as the most difficult task
of an organization.
There exist many factors that impact on the success of PMO
implementation. Such factors include the agreed upon structure
and whether the organization’s corporate culture is conducive
for the development of PMO (Παπαχαραλάμπους &
Papacharalampous 2017). Other factors are the scope of
47. governance and mission of the organization. Hauck (2007)
argued that with a clearly defined mission, structure and scope
of governance, the likelihood of the PMO failing is very high.
Stanleigh (2006) also stresses the importance of PMO being part
of the companies’ corporate culture. He suggests that project
management exercise must reflect, an organization’s corporate
culture.
According to Aubry & Hobbs (2011), the possible major causes
of failure in implementation of PMO are as follows: (1) In cases
where there is no clearly defined value proposition for PMO,
the project, definitely, fails to meet its objective. ( 2) The
PMOs might lack the ability to consolidate and utilize resources
effectively leading to many wastages. (3) Incompetent program
managers who have not idea on how to implement PMO. The
implementation of PMO also becomes a challenge in situations
where PMOs become too authoritative and starts to
micromanage organizational projects. In some scenarios, PMOs
create unnecessary overhead costs making the organizational
project very expensive (Aubry, Hobbs & Thuillier (2007).
Besides, today’s business landscape is continuously changing,
and PMOs are typically struggling to achieve the desired
objectives.
Other challenges include the failure of the project planners to
develop a PMO based on specific needs of the company and lack
of commitment by stakeholders in implementing the common
48. methodologies and tools of PMO. Thirdly, an inadequate
support system from the senior management and PMO
stakeholders. Besides, the organizers of the project can have
trouble in identifying the most suitable and experienced
personnel to occupy the PMO. In some cases, there is no
specific training and communication mechanism on how to
implement PMO. Sometimes, the project manager may fail to
align the PMO implementation strategy with that of the
organization. The implementation challenge further persists due
to poorly designed scope and size of PMO. Conclusion
The literature review provides an elaborate illustration of PMO
and the challenges associated with its implementation. The
publications assert that the main reason why organizations
incorporate PMOs into their system is to facilitate project
management. The project manager must ensure that all the tasks
associated with a project are handled within the stipulated time
frame. Successful completion of a project is a vital component
for enhancing organizational growth and success. The main
challenge associated with implementing PMOs is the case of a
rigid corporate culture and the firms’ resistance to change. The
lack of competent and experienced project managers and PMO
leadership is also an impediment to successful implementation
of PMO. In a nutshell, successful implementation process
requires that the role, responsibility, and authority of PMO is
simple, clear and coherent.Proposed